Resumo Houve, durante o século XX, uma persistente recorrência do tema da síntese ou integração das artes, em especial no campo da arquitetura: desde as vanguardas dos anos de 1920 até a ressurgência do tema, no imediato Pós-II Guerra, com Le Corbusier, Sigfried Giedion e Fernand Léger. No Brasil, nos anos de 1950, o entusiasmo de Mário Pedrosa com a construção da nova capital seguiu o lema Brasília, a cidade nova, síntese das artes. A literatura correspondente menciona com frequência os (...) nomes do arquiteto Gottfried Semper, um teórico oitocentista do estilo, e sua cooperação com o compositor Richard Wagner. O interesse contemporâneo pelo tema da síntese ou integração das artes e suas relações com arte e arquitetura aponta para os trabalhos desses dois autores como a proposição inicial, no âmbito da Gesamtkunstwerk ou a obra de arte total. Neste estudo, examina-se a feição especulativa com que Wagner sustentou a Gesamtkunstwerk, como passo estratégico para os estudos sobre o tema.There had been througout the 20th century a persistent recurrence of the theme of the synthesis or integration of arts, in the field of architecture at least. It was present amongst the early twentieth century vanguards but had a bounce back in the early postwar period with Le Corbusier, Sigfried Giedion and Fernand Léger. In Brazil in the 1950s, art critic Mário Pedrosa under the mote Brasilia enthusiastically hailed the construction of Brasília the New City, Synthesis of Arts. The corresponding literature points out to architect and historian Gottfried Semper, a nineteenth century theorist of style, who cooperated closely with composer and operist Richard Wagner as the authors who put forth the original conceptions of the Gesamtkunstwerk or total artwork. In this study, we examine the speculative guise with which Wagner held up the Gesamtkunstwerk, as a strategic step for the studies on the theme. (shrink)

As neuroscience progresses, we will not only gain a better understanding of how our brains work, but also a better understanding of how to modify them, and as a result, our mental states. An important question we are faced with is whether the state could be justified in implementing such methods on criminal offenders, without their consent, for the purposes of rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism; a practice that is already legal in some jurisdictions. By focusing on a prominent type (...) of view of free action, which I call bypassing views, this paper evaluates how such interventions may negatively impact the freedom of their subjects. The paper concludes that there will be a tension between the goals of rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism, on the one hand, and the negative impact such interventions may have on free action, on the other. Other things equal, the better that a particular intervention is at achieving the former, the more likely it is to result in the latter. (shrink)

The classification of medical interventions as either invasive or non-invasive is commonly regarded to be morally important. On the most commonly endorsed account of invasiveness, a medical intervention is invasive if and only if it involves either breaking the skin (‘incision’) or inserting an object into the body (‘insertion’). Building on recent discussions of the concept of invasiveness, we show that this standard account fails to capture three aspects of existing usage of the concept of invasiveness in relation to medical (...) interventions—namely, (1) usage implying that invasiveness comes in degrees, (2) that the invasiveness of an intervention can depend on the characteristics of the salient alternative interventions, and (3) that medical interventions can be invasive in non-physical ways. We then offer the beginnings of a revised account that, we argue, is able to capture a wider range of existing usage. Central to our account is a distinction between two properties: basic invasiveness and threshold invasiveness. We end by assessing what the standard account gets right, and what more needs to be done to complete our schematic account. (shrink)

A common style of argument in the literature on free will and moral responsibility is the Manipulation Argument. These tend to begin with a case of an agent in a deterministic universe who is manipulated, say, via brain surgery, into performing some action. Intuitively, this agent is not responsible for that action. Yet, since there is no relevant difference, with respect to whether an agent is responsible, between the manipulated agent and a typical agent in a deterministic universe, responsibility is (...) not compatible with the truth of determinism. In response, some theorists have argued that there is a relevant difference, and have developed two sorts of accounts of that difference: bypassing views, and manipulator-focused views. Manipulator-focused views suggest that the difference concerns the presence of a manipulator, whereas bypassing views suggest that the relevant difference concerns the fact that the action issues from attitudes that the manipulated agent acquired in a way that bypassed her capacities for control over her mental life. One sort of case used to decide between these sorts of accounts is a case of machine induction, which is just like a manipulation case, yet the change in the agent is the result of some natural force. Against the received view, Xiaofei Liu argues that such cases pose problems for bypassing views, and favor manipulator-focused views instead. This paper addresses Liu’s arguments, as well as a variety of cases, concluding that cases of machine induction do not provide motivation for a bypassing theorist to adopt a manipulator-focused view. (shrink)

Crutchfield and Redinger argue that consciousness-altering chemical restraints are less “liberty-intrusive” (or as we will sometimes put it, just less “intrusive”) than physical restraints. Physica...

In discussions of nudging, transparency is often taken to be important; it is often suggested that a significant moral consideration to take into account when nudging is whether the nudge is transparent. Another consideration taken to be relevant is whether the nudge is easy to resist. Sometimes, these two considerations are taken to be importantly related: if we have reason to make nudges easy to resist, then we have reason to make them transparent, insofar as a nudge’s transparency is relevant (...) to whether the nudge is easy to resist. In this paper, we critically scrutinize this view. First, we draw out the purported connections between transparency and resistibility, combining them into what we call the Resistibility-to-Transparency Argument (RTA). Then, we do some conceptual groundwork elaborating on different forms of transparency mentioned in the debate. With this in place, we argue that in order to be plausible, the RTA must appeal to certain forms of transparency; those on which the transparency of a nudge depends on the nudgee’s ability to become aware of the relevant facts about the nudge. We then argue against the common assumption that in order for a nudge to be easy to resist for an individual, that individual needs to have the capacity to easily become aware of the relevant nudge facts. We conclude that the connection between the easy resistibility of a nudge and its transparency is, at best, a weak one. (shrink)

In the theoretical literature on moral responsibility, one sometimes comes across cases of manipulated agents. In cases of this type, the agent is a victim of wholesale manipulation, involving the implantation of various pro-attitudes (desires, values, etc.) along with the deletion of competing pro-attitudes. As a result of this manipulation, the agent ends up performing some action unlike any that she would have performed were it not for the manipulation. These sorts of cases are sometimes thought to motivate historical views (...) of responsibility, on which the agent’s past is relevant to whether she is responsible for a specific action. In a recent paper, Daniel Sharp and David Wasserman bring these theoretical discussions on moral responsibility to bear on practical issues regarding neurological modifications of individuals. After proposing and arguing for a historical view, Sharp and Wasserman offer some insight into how such a view may help us in determining the responsibility of subjects who have undergone Deep Brain Stimulation. This paper aims to join this discussion, by arguing that the correct historical view to be applied will also appeal to the agent’s control over her mental life and the fact that this was bypassed. I conclude with some brief comments on the practical implications of such a historical view. (shrink)

In discussions on moral responsibility for actions, a commonly discussed case is one in which an agent is manipulated into performing some action. On some views, such agents lack responsibility for those actions partly because they issue from attitudes that were acquired in an inappropriate way. In this paper, it is argued that such views are in need of revision. After introducing a new problematic case of a manipulated agent, revisions are offered for specific views. The paper concludes with a (...) discussion of the views in a broader context, as well as some potential implications of the revisions. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Kristin Mickelson argues that Alfred Mele’s Zygote Argument, a popular argument for the claim that the truth of determinism would preclude free action or moral responsibility, is not valid. This sort of objection is meant to generalize to various manipulation arguments. According to Mickelson, the only way to make such arguments valid is to supplement them with an argument that is an inference to the best explanation. In this paper, I argue that there are two other (...) ways in which the proponent of such manipulation arguments can modify their argument, neither of which requires an inference to the best explanation. I then briefly consider and respond to a worry with one of these proposed solutions. (shrink)

Neurointerventions—interventions that physically or chemically modulate brain states—are sometimes imposed on criminal offenders for the purposes of diminishing the risk that they will recidivate, or, more generally, of facilitating their rehabilitation. One objection to the nonconsensual implementation of such interventions holds that this expresses a disrespectful message, and is thus impermissible. In this paper, we respond to this objection, focusing on the most developed version of it—that presented by Elizabeth Shaw. We consider a variety of messages that might be expressed (...) by nonconsensual neurointerventions. Depending on the message, we argue either that such interventions do not invariably express this message, that expressing this message is not invariably disrespectful, or that the appeal to disrespect is redundant. (shrink)

Arguably, agents can be at least partly responsible for their unhealthy lifestyles and/or the health outcomes of said lifestyles. Health care policies that take an agent’s responsibility into account—for example, by reducing priority for treatment, increasing premiums, and so on—face a variety of objections. One of these is the harshness objection: the objection that such policies, and the practices they would justify, are too harsh in the ways that they hold patients accountable. This chapter discusses the harshness objection and evaluates (...) different versions of it. First, I clarify some of the concepts this objection relies on, including “responsibility” and “holding accountable.” Making use of these clarification, I then distinguish between different versions of the objection, which object to different aspects of the policy and practices. Finally, I assess the strength of differing versions of the objection, as well as the strength of some responses to it. I conclude with some thoughts about how such policies will need to be designed to avoid the objection. (shrink)

We are grateful to the commentators for their close reading of our article 1 and for their challenging and interesting responses to it. We do not have space to respond to all of the objections that they raise, so in this reply, we address only a selection of them. Some commentaries question the usefulness of developing an account of the sort we provide, 2 or of revising the Standard Account (SA) in doing so. 3–5 Our schema is intended to provide (...) a framework for developing a full account of invasiveness that captures existing uses of the term. On the assumption that the term is used somewhat reliably and consistently–and we are inclined to agree with some of our commentators 3 4 that people are not terribly confused or mistaken in how they employ the term–an account that captures these... (shrink)

In a recent book, Ann Whittle develops a view of freedom and responsiblity according to which their attribution to agents is sensitive to the speakers' contexts. This review provides a summary of the main argument, and briefly mentions some points that will be of interest in further developing the view.

The knowledge representation and reasoning of both humans and artificial systems often involves conditionals. A conditional connects a consequence which holds given a precondition. It can be easily recognized in natural languages with certain key words, like “if” in English. A vast amount of literature in both fields, both artificial intelligence and psychology, deals with the questions of how such conditionals can be best represented and how these conditionals can model human reasoning. On the other hand, findings in the psychology (...) of reasoning, such as those in the Suppression Task, have led to a paradigm shift from the monotonicity assumptions in human inferences towards nonmonotonic reasoning. Nonmonotonic reasoning is sensitive for information change, that is, inferences are drawn cautiously such that retraction of previous information is not required with the addition of new information. While many formalisms of nonmonotonic reasoning have been proposed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, their capability to model properties of human reasoning has not yet been extensively investigated. In this paper, we analyzed systematically from both a formal and an empirical perspective the power of formal nonmonotonic systems to model possible explicit defeaters, as in the Suppression Task, and more implicit conditional rules that trigger nonmonotonic reasoning by the keywords in such rules. The results indicated that the classical evaluation for the correctness of inferences has to be extended in the three major aspects regarding the inference system, the knowledge base, and possible assumed exceptions for the rule. (shrink)

Natural environments have a restorative effect from mental/attentional fatigue, prevent stress, and help to revitalize psychological and physical resources. These benefits are crucial for promoting active aging, which is particularly relevant given the phenomenon of population aging in recent decades. To be considered restorative, green spaces have to meet specific requirements in ecological and psychological terms that can be assessed through Post-Occupancy Evaluation, a multimethod approach commonly used by environmental psychologists and landscape architects after construction to evaluate the design outcomes (...) from the users’ perspective. Generally, POEs consist of surveys and/or interviews accompanied by more or less structured observations of onsite users’ behavior. Despite this, various practical constraints can prevent physical access to the renovated area. Exploiting digital tools for such an assessment can be a crucial support in such circumstances. The current study presents the visual POE of a restorative garden for older adults in Milan, Italy. We developed a web application, that includes the exp-EIA© patented method, which allows participants to virtually explore a visual simulation of the environment and provide their feedback. We identified 3 representative viewpoints in the redeveloped garden differing from each other for the functions and the design principles that inspired the transformation. For each point of view, we created 360° Virtual Reality photographs, that can be navigated by looking around, i.e., panning, from the standing point of each view. In connection to each virtual scene, a survey was conducted. The focus was the psychological experience related to each viewpoint, assessed with two psychometric scales investigating the constructs of emotions and restoration ; such information is integrated with behavioral aspects, including the main activities prefigured by participants and their visual exploration of the VR photography. The results of the virtual exploration show that the garden is perceived as restorative, with a more intense effect in a spot purposely designed. The emotions experienced in the garden are positive and a mild level of arousal is observed. The behavioral dimension is characterized by predominantly contemplative activities and contact with nature. A cartographic representation of the psychological and behavioral data is developed, to support the maintenance of the garden. (shrink)

When it comes to determining how healthcare resources should be allocated, there are many factors that could—and perhaps should—be taken into account. One such factor is a patient’s responsibility for his or her illness, or for the behavior that caused it. Policies that take responsibility for the unhealthy lifestyle or its outcomes into account—responsibility-sensitive policies—have faced a series of criticisms. One holds that agents often fail to meet either the control or epistemic conditions on responsibility with regard to their unhealthy (...) lifestyles or their outcomes. Another holds that even if patients sometimes are responsible for these items, we cannot know whether a particular patient is responsible for them. In this article, we propose a type of responsibility-sensitive policy that may be able to surmount these difficulties. Under this type of policy, patients are empowered to change to a healthier lifestyle by being given what we call a ‘Golden Opportunity’ to change. Such a policy would not only avoid concerns about patients’ fulfilment of conditions on responsibility for their lifestyles, it would also allow healthcare authorities to be justified in believing that a patient who does not change her lifestyle is responsible for the unhealthy lifestyle. We conclude with a discussion of avenues for further work, and place this policy in the broader context of the debate on responsibility for health. (shrink)

Part I of Frege’s Grundgesetze is devoted to the “exposition [Darlegung]” of his formal system.

Both Frege's Grundgesetze, and Lagrange's treatises on analytical functions pursue a foundational purpose. Still, the former's program is not only crucially different from the latter's. It also depends on a different idea of what foundation of mathematics should be like . Despite this contrast, the notion of function plays similar roles in their respective programs. The purpose of my paper is emphasising this similarity. In doing it, I hope to contribute to a better understanding of Frege's logicism, especially in relation (...) to its crucial differences with a set-theoretic foundational perspective. This should also spread some light on a question arisen by J. Hintikka and G. Sandu in a widely discussed paper, namely whether Frege should or should not be credited with the notion of arbitrary function underlying our standard interpretation of second-order logic. In section 1, I account for Lagrange's notion of function. In section 2, I advance some remarks on connected historical matters. This will provide an appropriate framework for discussing the role played by the notion of function in Frege's Grundgesetze. Section 3 is devoted to this. Some concluding remarks will close the paper. (shrink)

A volume with 14 chapters on various aspects of the relationship between responsibility and healthcare, plus a substantial introduction that offers a comprehensive overview of the relevant debates and how they relate to one another. -/- Questions of responsibility arise at all levels of health care. Most prominent has been the issue of patient responsibility. Some health conditions that risk death or serious harm are partly the result of lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise, or extreme sports. Are (...) patients with such conditions responsible for them? If so, might healthcare providers, be they state-run systems or private entities, be justified in treating such patients differently? And if they are, which forms of differential treatment are justified? Responsibility isn’t just relevant for patients. Even when individuals affect their health through voluntary behaviour, other influences are also at work before, during, and after the patient’s interaction with the health care system. What are the responsibilities of individual clinicians and other medical professionals, when thinking about individual and public health? What about institutions such as governments or national health care services, or society as a whole? This collection brings together work by world-renowned experts in population ethics, distributive justice, philosophy of action, cognitive science, and medical ethics in order to push the debate forward by elucidating our understanding of these questions, their possible answers, and how they are related. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende oferecer uma apresentação e análise do artigo “On the distinction between Peirce’s abduction and Lipton’s Inference to the best explanation”, de Daniel Campos. Apresentamos uma reconstrução da argumentação de Campos a favor da distinção entre abdução e inferência da melhor explicação, enfatizando a interpretação de Campos sobre inferência da melhor explicação na perspectiva de Peter Lipton. Em contraposição a Campos, que defende uma distinção parcial entre abdução e a inferência da melhor explicação, neste artigo sugerimos uma distinção (...) completa entre as formas de raciocínio. (shrink)

The Case of Jim: Jim was arrested arriving at the house of an unattended minor, having brought with him some alcoholic drinks, condoms, and an overnight bag. Records of online conversations Jim was having with the minor give the court strong evidence that the purpose of this meet-up was to engage in sexual relations with the minor. In the course of searching his home computer, investigators also found child pornography. Jim was charged with intent to sexually abuse a child and (...) possession of child pornography. He was given due process, and convicted, by a jury of his peers, on both counts. This is not the first time that Jim has been convicted of a sexual offence. He had been found guilty of possession of child pornography in the past, and served time for it. What should we do with Jim? (shrink)

No decorrer do debate sobre o realismo científico, alguns antirrealistas, tal como Leo Tolstói e Larry Laudan, criaram um desafio cético para os realistas, questionando, com base na história da ciência, a crença realista de continuidade entre as teorias do passado, atuais e futuras. Stathis Psillos ofereceu uma réplica que ficou conhecida como realismo seletivo ou divide et impera, alegando que, através de um minucioso exame, podemos encontrar elementos teóricos de continuidade entre teorias passadas e atuais, assegurando, por analogia, que (...) as teorias futuras também possuirão elementos de continuidade com as atuais. A estratégia de Psillos, se bem empregada, pode evidenciar que a leitura realista de história da ciência também possui suas virtudes e deve ser considerada. Todavia, no presente artigo, argumentamos que mesmo que o realismo seletivo de Psillos se mostre aplicável, ele deve ser considerado como uma crítica a concepções descontinuístas em história da ciência e não necessariamente ao antirrealismo científico em geral, posto que o empirismo construtivo de Bas van Fraassen, por exemplo, admite a continuidade teórica na ciência. (shrink)

O argumento da abdução de Charles Peirce, ou raciocínio abdutivo, frequentemente foi identificado na literatura de Filosofia da Ciência com o argumento da inferência da melhor explicação (IBE) de Gilbert Harman. Essa identificação, embora muito comum, foi esclarecida como um equívoco, visto que enquanto a abdução descreve um processo gerativo de teorias, a IBE de Harman trata de um processo seletivo entre alternativas teóricas rivais. Todavia, Peter Lipton, buscando desenvolver IBE, apresentou uma estrutura muito similar à abdução peirciana com a (...) finalidade de oferecer um modelo capaz de descrever tanto os momentos de geração, quanto de seleção de teorias. O objetivo deste artigo é o de mostrar que as duas diferentes concepções de IBE (a de Harman e de Lipton) implicam diferentes concepções sobre a própria noção de aceitação: enquanto Harman deixa a aceitação para uma etapa avaliatória final, Lipton coloca a aceitação no interior do processo de geração de uma produção científica. (shrink)

Scott Sehon recently argued that the standard notion of determinism employed in the Consequence Argument makes it so that, if our world turns out to be deterministic, then an interventionist God is logically impossible. He further argues that because of this, we should revise our notion of determinism. In this paper I show that Sehon’s argument for the claim that the truth of determinism, in this sense, would make an interventionist God logically impossible ultimately fails. I then offer and respond (...) to a weaker version of the argument for the claim that we should revise our notion of determinism. (shrink)

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the various ways that responsibility may be relevant to health care, in order to situate the chapters in this volume in their broader context. The chapter begins by outlining relevant concepts, and explaining why it is worth considering the role of responsibility in health care. The chapter then turns to various ways in which patients might be held responsible in a health care system, before considering objections to these practices. Finally, the chapter considers (...) the role of responsibility in health care beyond holding patients responsible, by considering the responsibility of medical professionals, and of institutions. (shrink)

In the Tractatus, it is stated that questions about logical formatting cannot be meaningfully formulated, since it is precisely the application of logical rules which enables the formulation of a question whatsoever; analogously, Wittgenstein’s celebrated infinite regress argument on rule-following seems to undermine any explanation of deduction, as relying on a logical argument. On the other hand, some recent mathematical developments of the Curry-Howard bridge between proof theory and type theory address the issue of describing the “subjective” side of logic, (...) that is, the concrete manipulation of rules and proofs in space and time. It is advocated that such developments can shed some light on the question of logical formatting and its apparently unintelligible paradoxes, thus reconsidering Wittgenstein’s verdict. (shrink)

Este repertorio registra los artículos sobre Platón que se encuentran en la Hemeroteca de la Biblioteca Central de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. El listado abarca las publicaciones existentes hasta el primer semestre del año 2000.

ObjectiveHead and neck cancer treatments are known to significantly affect functionality and appearance, leading to an increased risk for body image disturbances. Yet, few longitudinal studies exist to examine body image in these patients. Based on a conceptual model, the current study aimed to determine, in patients newly diagnosed with HNC: the prevalence, level, and course of body image concerns; correlates of upon cancer diagnosis body image concerns; predictors of immediate post-treatment body image concerns; and association between body image concerns (...) and levels of anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, support, and alcohol and drug misuse.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty-three, newly diagnosed with a primary HNC were assessed using structured clinical interviews and psychometric measures at three, and 6 months after diagnosis. Primary outcome was 3-month, as it was most salient to body image disturbance. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on the potential body image predictors, based on the model.ResultsSixty-eight percent of patients with HNC presented some level of body image concerns. Body image concerns at baseline and post-treatment were significantly related and significantly increased from pre- to post-treatment. Immediately post-treatment, 89% presented some level of body image concerns. Correlates of body image concerns in patients with HNC at baseline included: physical symptom burden, difficulties with communication and eating, coping with the cancer diagnosis using denial, suicidal ideation, and having had a past anxiety diagnosis. When controlling for sociodemographic and medical variables, body image concerns in patients with HNC in the immediate post-treatment were predicted by: baseline body image, physical symptom burden, and neuroticism.ConclusionThis longitudinal study helps identify patients more susceptible to experience body image disturbance following head and neck cancer. Clinicians ought to pay special attention to body image concerns upon cancer diagnosis, physical symptom burden, and neuroticism, and may want to target these factors in future preventive interventions. (shrink)

El artículo esboza algunos hitos fundamentales del desarrollo de las ciencias sociales en el siglo XX que dieron cabida al interés por las vidas ordinarias, en disputa con el privilegio de atención concedido entonces a las élites y los grandes personajes, de donde se configura un marco epistemológico que acoge el estudio de los individuos y grupos sociales subordinados en la modernidad, dotado de un nuevo arsenal de métodos y técnicas basados en los testimonios orales y documentos personales. A (...) través del seguimiento de dicha ruta, condicionada por los múltiples tributos de las ciencias de la cultura, la literatura, la sistematización del pensamiento pedagógico y la variopinta experiencia histórica global, se comprenden las condiciones de emergencia del paradigma biográfico narrativo en educación. (shrink)

O presente texto é uma tradução da Introdução redigida por Gianni Vattimo à sua tradução para o italiano do magnum opus de Hans-Georg Gadamer, Verdade e Método. A tradução de Vattimo da obra de Gadamer foi, dentre todas as línguas, a primeira a ser realizada, e contou com a assistência do próprio autor em questões pertinentes ao processo tradutivo. Devido à primazia e à notória importância de tal tradução, sua Introdução,publicada originalmente em 1972, possui relevante mérito, constituindo verdadeiro marco (...) nos estudos da filosofia de Gadamer. Do ponto de vista material, o texto versa principalmente sobre a posição do pensamento de Gadamer ante a tradição filosófica, sobretudo em relação ao contexto contemporâneo; ao situar a filosofia de Gadamer, fornece uma abertura interpretativa fiel e sagaz ao seu pensamento. (shrink)

De Homero a Heráclito, este trabajo estudia las distintas caracterizaciones de la ley divina en la Grecia arcaica. Analiza la sustitución metonímica de la divinidad como fuente de derecho por el nómos ciudadano, y muestra la violencia simbólica y el olvido activo asociados a ese proceso de fundación política a partir del siglo V. Por último, reconstruye la axiología del marco oral de las antiguas teonomías e incide en el papel desempeñado por la escritura en la refiguración de la (...) esfera jurídica griega durante el período clásico. (shrink)

A finalidade explícita na arquitetura e ênfase na utilidade, no aspecto de uma aplicação prática, intrigou filósofos alemães como Immanuel Kant e August Schlegel. O entrelaçamento entre beleza e finalidade na arquitetura fora notado cedo por Marco Vitrúvio Polião, que aponta utilidade, solidez e beleza como características fundamentais da obra arquitetônica. Segundo Guyer, a partir de Kant, o pensamento filosófico sobre a arquitetura começa a apresentar um distanciamento em relação a Vitrúvio, de modo que, mesmo sem total renúncia à (...) tríade vitruviana no pensamento de Kant, este defende ser a característica principal da arquitetura representar ideias estéticas. A tese de Guyer aponta o desenvolvimento desse ponto de Kant em Schelling, Hegel e Schopenhauer, todavia com uma lacuna: August Schlegel, fundador do primeiro sistema de belas artes com sua Kunstlehre. Buscaremos aprofundar como a tese de Guyer não só é válida, mas ganha mais solidez no caso de August Schlegel e do papel que este confere à imaginação na arquitetura. Após a indicação de elementos vitruvianos e pós-vitruvianos em Kant e Schlegel, indicaremos as divergências entre ambos na apreciação da arquitetura, a partir de suas articulações entre arquitetura e finalidade. (shrink)

Este manuscrito objetiva analisar, no âmbito do direito transnacional, do direito nacional e das convenções estabelecidas no mercado, características atinentes à certificação de orgânicos, tema extremamente relevante para a segurança alimentar. Desde 1970, o movimento orgânico se apresenta como um modelo alternativo em contestação aos impactos ambientais gerados pela agricultura industrial e pelos ditames da Revolução Verde. É nesta conjuntura que a Federação Internacional de Agricultura Orgânica (IFOAM) instaura um marco regulatório (certificação por auditoria) de abrangência global para este (...) setor, que, apesar de apresentar natureza privada, logra de legitimidade em inúmeros países. É oportuno destacar que a regulação não é exclusivamente oriunda do setor público, ela pode ser desenvolvida concomitantemente aos modelos estatais, assim, podemos ter modelos estatais nacionais, globais, inclusive oriundos do setor privado. Por seu turno, a legislação nacional também recepcionou estas diretrizes transnacionais, contudo alcançou identidade própria ao reconhecer os sistemas participativos de garantia da qualidade orgânica (SPG/OPAC) no intuito de contemplar a agricultura familiar de base agroecológica, o que, posteriormente, consubstanciará em uma inovação normativa em sede de soft law em nível internacional. Sem olvidar, inequivocamente, da exceção legal disposta para regularização da produção orgânica e agroecológica com vistas à venda direta da produção orgânica e agroecológica através das Organizações de Controle Social (OCS). Quanto à metodologia será utilizado o método dialético, abordagem qualitativa e objetivo analítico-descritivo, de sorte que a revisão bibliográfica será fundamental para analisar os materiais disponíveis sobre esta temática. (shrink)

Neste artigo, apresentamos parte de um estudo realizado em um grupo aberto do Facebook de negacionistas das vacinas. Com referenciais teóricos pautados na Teoria AtorRede (ANT) e nos estudos de Bruno Latour, Anne-Marie Mol e John Law, tivemos o objetivo de mapear os processos de atuação e de construção de realidades de um grupo de negacionistas da vacina. Além da ANT, nossas orientações metodológicas estiveram pautadas também na Análise de Rede Social (ARS). Assim, investigamos posts e o conteúdo dos comentários (...) produzidos por membros da comunidade entre os meses de março e abril de 2021. Nossos resultados indicam que os participantes dessa comunidade antivacina produzem realidades em que se observam movimentos de ataque e de defesa contra a ciência. Diante disso, sugerimos que também nos posicionemos diante desta guerra em prol da defesa da ciência, dos cientistas, do conhecimento científico, assim como da democracia e da composição de um bom mundo comum. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:"Un editore, un dotto studioso … silenzioso e costante, instancabile": con questo elogio, in occasione della presentazione del Supplementum ad Bullarium Franciscanum di P. Cesare Cenci, O.F.M., presso l'università francescana di Via Merulana , P. Sergio Pagano, B., Prefetto dell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano, tracciava il profilo umano ed intellettuale dell'autore, elogiandone l'attesa pubblicazione come opera "in cui si coniugano diverse virtù "storiche" – per dir così – come l'accortezza diplomatica (...) necessaria per la comprensione tipologica dei testi, la destrezza paleografica nella lettura delle non facili grafie delle fonti , l'erudizione che sorregge le note, la visione matura dei problemi legati all'Ordine francescano e, non ultimo, il solido possesso di uno stile latino, molto vicino alla stessa terminologia coeva curiale delle fonti, che si diffonde in tutta l'opera" , 459-60.A distanza di quasi tre anni, martedì 16 gennaio 2007, nella splendida coreografia neogotica dell'Aula "Sant'Antonio" della Pontificia Università Antonianum di Roma, in occasione della Festa dell'Università e del Gran Cancelliere, si è svolta la cerimonia di conferimento della laurea "honoris causa" in Teologia al Prof. P. Cesare Cenci, docente di Codicologia.Hanno partecipato al solenne atto accademico – il quale ha avuto un solo precedente, che risale al 17 novembre 1955, con la consegna del medesimo riconoscimento al biblista francescano P. Gabriele Maria Allegra – il Vicario della Provincia Veneta di S. Antonio di Padova , P. Vittorio Bellè, Definitori Generali dell'Ordine francescano, decani e professori dell'Antonianum, rappresentanti delle università ecclesiastiche romane, P. Servus Gieben dell'Istituto Storico dei Cappuccini, membri del Collegio "S. Bonaventura" dei PP. Editori di Grottaferrata, il nipote Luciano Cenci, accompagnato dalla gentile consorte e figlio, ed esponenti del mondo accademico romano e nazionale.L'esecuzione di brani di Bach da parte del soprano Alessandra Migliorini ha introdotto la cerimonia. Il Segretario Generale dell'Antonianum, P. Marek Wach, O.F.M., ha ricordato le tre principali virtù di P. Cenci: la fedeltà assidua allo studio, la serietà della competenza che richiede disciplina e la passione per la ricerca scientifica, uno stile di vita che gli ha consentito di coniugare la vocazione della minoritas francescana con quella del ricercatore erudito.Ha fatto seguito l'intervento del Rettore, Prof. P. Johannes B. Freyer, O.F.M., che ha riferito le partecipazioni e le felicitazioni ricevute, tramite l'invio di telegrammi, fax ed e-mail, da esponenti del mondo accademico nazionale ed internazionale, in particolare specialisti nel settore del francescanesimo, dalla Società Internazionale di Studi Francescani e dalla Conferenza mondiale dei Rettori delle Università francescane, che si sono incontrati a Denver nella settimana che ha preceduto la cerimonia di consegna del prestigioso riconoscimento accademico al dotto francescano.P. Freyer ha ripercorso le tappe salienti del percorso biografico di P. Cenci: nato a Costalunga di Monteforte d'Alpone il 5 gennaio 1925, nel 1936 entrò nell'ordine francescano nel Collegio Serafico di Chiampo . Dopo il noviziato a S. Francesco del Deserto , compì gli studi liceali a Cormons , Monselice e Chiampo ; nel biennio 1945-46 studiò teologia a S. Michele in Isola e Motta di Livenza , dove, il 25 marzo 1947, emise la professione solenne. Il 26 giugno 1949 venne ordinato sacerdote da Mons. Giuseppe Zaffonato, Vescovo di Vittorio Veneto.Dopo essere stato destinato ad un centro missionario di cultura, del quale era stata programmata l'istituzione in Egitto presso Il Cairo , chiese di partire missionario per l'America centrale . I superiori decisero diversamente: venne inviato a studiare teologia morale presso il Pontificio Ateneo Antonianum di Roma . Terminato il curriculum accademico, fu incaricato dell'insegnamento di Teologia morale nello studentato teologico di Motta di Livenza e presso lo studio teologico "S. Bernardino" di Verona, dal 1957 al 1959, anno nel quale venne aggregato ai PP. Editori del Collegio "San.. (shrink)

A presente obra é o resultado de dois seminários de pesquisa que reuniram a Cátedra UNESCO Archai da Universidade de Brasília, o Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos da Universidade de Coimbra e o Grupo Filosofia Antiga da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais em dezembro de 2011 em Brasília e em março de 2012 na antiga cidade de Eleia, com o objetivo de realizar uma estudo exploratório tendo em vista a preparação de uma nova edição em língua portuguesa da obra (...) "Vidas e Doutrinas dos Filósofos Ilustres" de Diógenes Laércio. O estudo preparatório resultou nesta coleção de ensaios inéditos e ricos de estímulos e sugestões para a compreensão, imediatamente, da obra de Diógenes Laércio. O volume traz para o debate um panorama de questões sobre a obra e a sua recepção, assim como estudos mais específicos dedicados a uma passagem ou a uma das biografias, desejando desta forma constituir-se num trabalho de referência para os pesquisadores de Diógenes Laércio em língua portuguesa. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo, analisamos as representações que foram postas em circulação sobre os atores sociais envolvidos no conflito educativo que teve lugar na Cidade de Buenos Aires, em setembro de 2017. Para isso, questionamos os posicionamentos manifestados nos principais jornais argentinos, La Nación e Página/12. Partimos da ideia de que o discurso relatado constitui um mecanismo discursivo a partir do qual os jornais configuram o marco ideológico no qual se inscrevem a partir das problemáticas que abordam, resultando em um (...) espaço privilegiado de acesso a seus posicionamentos sobre esses temas. Dessa maneira, propomos fornecer ferramentas para analisar o discurso relatado como um mecanismo que regula as possíveis interpretações de um texto através da hierarquia e legitimação de diferentes vozes e posições que ele incorpora. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the representations in circulation about the social actors that participated in the education-related conflict which took place in Buenos Aires, in September of 2017. We analyze the positions adopted by two of the main newspapers in Argentina, La Nación and Página/12. In order to perform this analysis, we consider reported speech as a discursive mechanism employed by newspapers to establish the ideological framework within which they inscribe the topics they address. Thus, reported speech constitutes a privileged resource to analyze the ideological positionings taken up by these newspapers. We aim at contributing to the analysis of reported speech as a mechanism that regulates which interpretations are possible for a given text through the hierarchization and legitimization of the different voices and stances that a newspaper incorporates. RESUMEN En este artículo, analizamos las representaciones que se pusieron en circulación sobre los actores sociales involucrados en el conflicto educativo que tuvo lugar en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en septiembre de 2017. Para ello, indagamos en los posicionamientos manifestados por dos de los principales diarios argentinos, La Nación y Página/12. Partimos de la idea de que el discurso referido constituye un mecanismo discursivo a partir del cual los diarios configuran el marco ideológico en el que inscriben las problemáticas que abordan, por lo que resulta un espacio privilegiado para acceder a sus posicionamientos sobre esos temas. De esta manera, nos proponemos aportar herramientas para analizar el discurso referido en tanto mecanismo que regula las interpretaciones posibles de un texto a través de la jerarquización y legitimación de las diferentes voces y posturas que incorpora. (shrink)

En este artículo, indagamos desde un enfoque dialógico y polifónico del lenguaje (Martin & White, 2005; Voloshinov, 1929), en qué medida la Educación Sexual Integral (ESI), en la Argentina, a partir de la coyuntura inaugurada en 2015 por la marcha de “Ni Una Menos”, ha configurado un discurso emergente que ha movilizado un cambio de paradigma en las prácticas educativas formales. El análisis de dos materiales elaborados para implementar la ESI en el contexto áulico, en el marco del programa (...) Jóvenes y Memoria, dependiente de la Comisión Provincial por la Memoria del Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, y por el Ministerio de Educación de la Nación nos permitió observar que los cambios sociales y culturales y la ampliación de derechos en materia de género y sexualidad han dejado sus huellas en el discurso pedagógico. Sin embargo, notamos diferencias significativas entre ambos textos. Por un lado, observamos en uno de ellos un estilo heteroglósico, que abre el espacio para la polémica, la reflexión y la crítica de los sentidos ya legitimados. En cambio, el otro material mantiene un estilo monoglósico, fenómeno que clausura la circulación de sentidos alternativos. Más allá de estas diferencias, en ambos textos observamos la predominancia del discurso legal, hecho que contrasta con los materiales elaborados en una primera etapa de implementación de la ESI, en los que imperaban los discursos científicos del campo de la salud. Consideramos necesario continuar este tipo de análisis con un enfoque complementario que adopte una perspectiva etnográfica para indagar en los discursos que circulan en las prácticas educativas en el contexto áulico. (shrink)