Resumen: El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar cómo la propuesta de la nueva retórica de Chaïm Perelman se constituye fundamentalmente en una teoría de la racionalidad práctica en perspectiva argumentativa. Para el desarrollo de esta tesis procedemos de la siguiente manera: primero se describe el giro pragmático que lleva a Perelman a señalar los límites de la lógica formal deductivista para el campo de los valores en algunos de sus textos de juventud; a continuación se muestra la apuesta de (...) Perelman por una nueva retórica como un tipo de aplicación de la racionalidad, desarrollada en su Tratado de la argumentación y algunos textos posteriores a 1958; y finalmente se desarrolla la noción perelmaniana de lo razonable en el marco de la argumentación jurídica, para mostrar cómo, desde esta perspectiva, Perelman se vincula al debate de la segunda mitad del siglo XX conocido como la “doctrina de los casos difíciles en derecho”.: The purpose of this work is to show how Chaïm Perelman’s new rhetoric proposal fundamentally constitutes a theory of practical rationality in an argumentative perspective. To develop this thesis, we proceed as follows: first, we describe the pragmatic turn that leads Perelman to point out the limits of formal deductivist logic in the field of values, in some of his youth texts; then, Perelman’s bet on new rhetoric is presented as a kind of application of rationality, developed in his Treaty of Argumentation and in some texts written after 1958; finally, the Perelmanian notion of reason is developed in the framework of legal argumentation, to show how, from this perspective, Perelman is linked to the debate of the second half of the twentieth century known as the “doctrine of difficult cases in law”. (shrink)

La traduction latine du livre de Maïmonide Moreh Nevukhim | Guide des égarés, a été l'ouvrage juif le plus influent des derniers millénaires (Di Segni, 2019 ; Rubio, 2006 ; Wohlman, 1988, 1995 ; Kohler, 2017). Elle marqua le début de la scolastique, fille du judaïsme élevée par des penseurs juifs, selon l'historien Heinrich Graetz (Geschichte der Juden, L. 6, Leipzig 1861, p. xii). Imprimée par la première presse mécanique de Gutenberg, son influence en Occident s'étendit jusqu'au Vème concile du (...) Latran (1512-1517) « où les savants furent encouragés à lever les difficultés qui semblaient diviser l'ensemble de la théologie et de la philosophie — (Leibniz, Théodicée, 11 ) ». Pendant des siècles, le Guide a révolutionné le programme d'instruction scolaire en réintégrant dans le domaine de la foi les lois de la pensée (dont la quatrième est devenue le principe de la raison suffisante de Leibniz). Cette collection complète de notes qui expose les idées du Guide fournit tous les passages sélectionnés et réécrits par Leibniz. Cette première traduction complète bilingue annotée des manuscrits originaux en latin sert de porte d'entrée à la foi conforme à la Raison. -/- « L'excellent livre du Rabbin Moïse Maïmonide, le Guide des égarés, est plus philosophique que je ne l'avais imaginé et mérite une lecture attentive. L'auteur, distingué par son intelligence en philosophie, était versé dans les mathématiques, l'art médical, et aussi dans la connaissance de Saintes Écritures. » — G. W. LEIBNIZ, 1685, Anthologie de Leibniz du Guide de Maïmonide, Chapitre III. (shrink)

Here, we deal with the question of under which circumstances can scientists achieve a legitimate understanding of defective theories qua defective. We claim that scientists understand a theory if they can recognize the theory’s underlying inference pattern(s) and if they can reconstruct and explain what is going on in specific cases of defective theories as well as consider what the theory would do if non-defective –even before finding ways of fixing it. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of this approach to (...) understanding the meta-metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, specifically with regard to Quasi-set theory. We illustrate this by employing Quasi-set theory to structure a defective scientific theory and make possible the understanding of the theory. (shrink)

MATERIEL LITTERAIRE. LES TRAITES EXEGETIQUES DE PHILON D'ALEXANDRIE (1ER S. AP.J.C.) : LES TRAITS CONSERVES APPARTENANT A LA SERIE DES ALLEGORIES DES LOIS SACREES (GENESE I-XVII), AINSI QUE LES DEVELOPPEMENTS ALLEGORIQUES DE L'EXPOSITION DES LOIS ET DES QUESTIONS-REPONSES SUR LA GENESE ET SUR L'EXODE. POINT DE DEPART. LES TESTIMONIA PHILONIENS SUR L'EXISTENCE D'ALLEGORISTES JUIFS RADICAUX. OBJECTIFS. RETROUVER LES VESTIGES D'UN COMMENTAIRE ALLEGORIQUE DU PENTATEUQUE D'ORIGINE JUDEO-ALEXANDRINE UTILISE PAR PHILON DANS L'ELABORATION DE SA PROPRE ALLEGORIE. METHODE. ANALYSER SELON L'ORDRE DES VERSETS (...) BIBLIQUES (ET NON CELUI DES TRAITES DE PHILON) LES EXEGESES MULTIPLES PROPOSEES A DIFFERENTS ENDROITS DE L'OEUVRE AFIN DE DECELER LES INCOHERENCES ET METTRE EN LUMIERE DES CONTINUITES THEMATIQUES DANS L'ALLEGORIE. RESULTATS. DECOUVERTE D'UNE SOURCE LITTERAIRE HOMOGENE: UN COMMENTAIRE CURSIF DE L'ECRITURE APPLIQUANT UNE METHODE ALLEGORIQUE RIGOUREUSE AFIN DE DEGAGER, PAR DELA LA DENONCIATION DE L'ABSURDITE OU DE L'INCONVENANCE DU SENS LITTERAL, LA PHILOSOPHIE CACHEE DE MOISE, SOURCE DE LA PENSEE DES GRECS. UNE NOUVELLE IMAGE DE PHILON: MALGRE TOUT LE MATERIEL EXEGETIQUE QU'IL EMPRUNTE A SA SOURCE, IL RESTE UN JUIF PIEUX HOSTILE A L'ALLEGORIE RADICALE ET A LA DEMYTHOLOGISATION DU JUDAISME QU'ELLE ENTENDAIT METTRE EN OEUVRE. (shrink)

L’édition critique des œuvres de Moïse ben Sabbataï, philosophe juif actif (à Rome?) vers 1340, avait signalé, parmi d’autres sources latines lues dans les traductions en hébreu de son contemporain Juda de Rome, un exemplum présentant le sage athénien Solon sur son lit de mort en champion de la doctrine de l’élévation intellectuelle en vue de la vie éternelle. Cette note identifie comme sa source un chapitre d’Albert le Grand, De natura et origine animae II, 13, dont la traduction en (...) hébreu se trouve dans un ouvrage inédit de Juda de Rome, son Commentaire du Qaddīš et de la Qeduššāh. La traduction du chapitre est éditée, l’histoire de l’ exemplum reconstituée et son emploi par les trois auteurs, remis en contexte et interprété. (shrink)

J'emprunte le titre de cette étude au stock des slogans révolutionnaires répétés dans les rues de Paris lors des journées mémorables de mai 1968.Que signifiait au juste ce slogan pour ceux qui l'employaient à l'époque? Il n'est pas facile de le dire avec précision. On devine néanmoins qu'il exprimait la revendication que fin soit mise à l'usure et à la sclérose supposées du régime en place, par l'invention de nouveaux modes d'action, de gouvernement, de lois, peut-être, et d'institutions inédites.

La théologie de l'inspiration a sûrement pâti de la tradition critique de l'exégèse depuis le XVIIe siècle. En effet, la perspective critique exige que les " langues de feu " se répartissent sur des intervenants toujours plus nombreux - et également anonymes -, les " auteurs " prenant les traits de rédacteurs successifs, de compilateurs et d'éditeurs, sans parler des traducteurs . Dans un tel contexte, où situer et comment comprendre le phénomène de l'inspiration ? Afin de démêler les choses, (...) il est sans doute intéressant d'interroger le texte inspiré lui-même : de précieuses analogies s'y présentent, qui permettent d'aborder la question de l'inspiration par son biais " poétique " . Dans ces pages, J.-P. Sonnet, tout en se limitant aux leçons de l'Ancien Testament , et en se fondant sur les réflexions du poéticien israélien, Meir Sternberg, dans son ouvrage The Poetics of Biblical Narrative, montre que le récit biblique offre une double analogie pour penser l'inspiration des auteurs de la Bible.The theology of inspiration has surely suffered from the critical tradition of exegesis since the 17th century. Indeed, the critical perspective demands that the "tongues of fire" spread themselves on the ever increasing - as well as anonymous - commentators, with the "authors" taking on the characteristics of successive editors, compilers and publishers, not to mention translators . In such a context, where do we situate the phenomenon of inspiration and how should we understand it? In order to sort things out, it is no doubt interesting to question the inspired text itself: precious analogies present themselves, which permit us to approach the question of inspiration from its "poetic" angle , and basing himself on the reflections of the Israeli poetizer Meir Sternberg in his work The Poetics of Biblical Narrative, shows that the biblical narrative offers a double analogy for thinking about the inspiration of the biblical authors. (shrink)

A platitude in epistemology is that an individual’s belief does not qualify as knowledge if it is true by luck. Individuals, however, are not the only bearers of knowledge. Many epistemologists agree that groups can also possess knowledge in a way that is genuinely collective. If groups can know, it is natural to think that, just as true individual beliefs fall short of knowledge due to individual epistemic luck, true collective beliefs may fall short of knowledge because of collective epistemic (...) luck. This paper argues, first, that the dominant view of epistemic luck in the literature, the modal view, does not yield a satisfactory account of lucky collective beliefs. Second, it argues that collective epistemic luck is better explained in terms of groups lacking forms of control over collective belief formation that are specific to the different procedures for forming collective beliefs. One of the main implications of this, we will argue, is that groups whose beliefs are formed via internal deliberation are more vulnerable to knowledge-undermining collective luck than groups that form their beliefs via non-deliberative methods, such as non-deliberative anonymous voting. The bottom line is that the greater exposure to knowledge-undermining luck that deliberation gives rise to provides a reason for thinking that non-deliberative methods of group belief formation have greater epistemic value. (shrink)

We defend the moral and legal right to secede in accordance with plebiscitary theory. Our paper has three main goals. First, by offering a schematic characterization of plebiscitary theory, the main arguments in its favour (and the main objections to them), we contribute to clarify the structure of this complex debate. Second, we stress the point that, if the moral right to secede is established, the resistance for its inclusion into positive law is unjustified. Finally, by addressing old and new (...) objections to plebiscitary theory, we hope to make a compelling case for a wider recognition of secessionist rights. (shrink)

O seguinte artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a interpretação realizada pelo filósofo e místico alemão Mestre Eckhart, das figuras de Marta e Maria no sermão de número 86 A Excelência de Marta sobre Maria. Apoiado neste sermão, faremos algumas análises filosóficas dos conceitos de vida contemplativa e vida ativa, pois compreendemos que ao realizar a interpretação da superioridade de Marta sobre Maria, Mestre Eckhart estabelece um novo paradigma interpretativo da vida contemplativa e ativa na filosofia medieval. Palavras-chaves: Mestre Eckhart. Mística. (...) Vida contemplativa. Vida ativa. Marta e Maria. (shrink)

This paper presents a formalism that combines useful properties of both logic and probabilities. Like logic, the formalism admits qualitative sentences and provides symbolic machinery for deriving deductively closed beliefs and, like probability, it permits us to express if-then rules with different levels of firmness and to retract beliefs in response to changing observations. Rules are interpreted as order-of-magnitude approximations of conditional probabilities which impose constraints over the rankings of worlds. Inferences are supported by a unique priority ordering on rules (...) which is syntactically derived from the knowledge base. This ordering accounts for rule interactions, respects specificity considerations and facilitates the construction of coherent states of beliefs. Practical algorithms are developed and analyzed for testing consistency, computing rule ordering, and answering queries. Imprecise observations are incorporated using qualitative versions of Jeffrey's rule and Bayesian updating, with the result that coherent belief revision is embodied naturally and tractably. Finally, causal rules are interpreted as imposing Markovian conditions that further constrain world rankings to reflect the modularity of causal organizations. These constraints are shown to facilitate reasoning about causal projections, explanations, actions and change. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir com a crítica aos PNPG e suas determinações na produção do conhecimento dos professores de Educação Física das IES do estado da Bahia no período de 1982 a 2012, através da análise epistemológica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, cujos dados foram analisado a luz do método do materialismo histórico e dialético. Os resultados apontam que os PNPG apresentam em seus objetivos e diretrizes uma concepção de pós-graduação que estimula o produtivismo acadêmico e a aproximação (...) da ciência ao capital que determinam uma produção predominantemente desenvolvida com base na lógica formal. (shrink)

Objectives To analyse the perspective of clinical research stakeholders concerning post-trial access to study medication. Methods Questionnaires and informed consents were sent through e-mail to 599 ethics committee (EC) members, 290 clinical investigators (HIV/AIDS and Diabetes) and 53 sponsors in Brazil. Investigators were also asked to submit the questionnaire to their research patients. Two reminders were sent to participants. Results The response rate was 21%, 20% and 45% in EC, investigators and sponsors’ groups, respectively. 54 patients answered the questionnaire through (...) their doctors. The least informative item in the consent form was how to obtain the study medication after trial. If a benefit were demonstrated in the study, 60% of research participants and 35% of EC answered that all patients should continue receiving study medication after trial; 43% of investigators believed the medication should be given to participants, and 40% to subjects who participated and benefited from treatment. For 50% of the sponsors, study medication should be assured to participants who had benefited from treatment. The majority of responders answered that medication should be provided free by sponsors; investigators and sponsors believed the medication should be kept until available in the public health sector; EC members said that the patient should keep the benefit; patients answered that benefits should be assured for life. Conclusions Due to the study limitations, the results cannot be generalised; however, the data can contribute to discussion of this complex topic through analysing the views of stakeholders in clinical research in Brazil. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo hablaremos del desarrollo filosófico que Hegel hace de la ópera en su Estética. Para ello, haremos una breve explicación sobre las características de las dos versiones que hoy tenemos de esta obra hegeliana; esto tanto en su origen histórico como en las implicaciones teóricas de cada uno de estos textos. Posteriormente, localizaremos la ópera en cada una de las versiones de la Estética, para poder así exponer las particularidades y diferencias teóricas entre ambos materiales bibliográficos. Cabe (...) mencionar que profundizaremos en la ópera pensada como Gesamtkunstwerk, noción encontrada en la versión más reciente de los cursos de estética de Hegel, puesto que consideramos, además de su novedad, que es una noción del espíritu que nos conduce a nuevas precisiones en el estudio del pensamiento del filósofo de Stuttgart. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to expand the theoretical field of discursive injustice by identifying a specific kind of discursive injustice, namely, the kind we are subject to when we are unjustly prevented from exchanging reasons with others. Broadly speaking, discursive injustice is the kind of injustice we suffer when we are unjustly harmed as language users, most notably when we are prevented from using language in ways we are entitled to. The dominant approach to discursive injustice has focused (...) on the corruption of the illocutionary force of a speech act due to the hearer’s improper uptake. I claim that there is a genuinely distinct kind of discursive injustice, which I label as deliberative injustice, that cannot be accounted for by the dominant approach to discursive injustice. In my view, what makes deliberative injustice discursively unjust is that it amounts to denying someone a normative position that she is entitled to as a language user, which I understand in terms of being a source of reasons. Moreover, I explore two ways of trying to illuminate deliberative injustice by appealing to the social level of analysis, namely, by resorting to a structural explanation to explain how it comes about, and by asking what it signifies for the collective life of groups. In this regard, I show that the structural explanation has some explanatory limitations, and that deliberative injustice essentially constitutes a collective failure. (shrink)

The uncertainty concerning the genre of the Ḥorvat ʿUza ostracon 1 is problematized through the lens of linguistic anthropology. Although a denotative approach to the linguistic forms in this Hebrew ostracon is well attested, less attention has been paid to the indexical meaning of specific stylistic features and their semi- otic register implications. Several linguistic-ideological concepts are drawn upon to examine how the act of inscription and specialized linguistic forms align the discursive genre of the ostracon with prophecy. I seek (...) to determine what salient discourse forms in the ostracon index the employment of habitual utterance styles of prophecy that construct context, genre, and social identity. (shrink)