The debate on whether and how the Internet can protect and foster human rights has become a defining issue of our time. This debate often focuses on Internet governance from a regulatory perspective, underestimating the influence and power of the governance of the Internet’s architecture. The technical decisions made by Internet Standard Developing Organisations that build and maintain the technical infrastructure of the Internet influences how information flows. They rearrange the shape of the technically mediated public sphere, including which rights (...) it protects and which practices it enables. In this article, we contribute to the debate on SDOs’ ethical responsibility to bring their work in line with human rights. We defend three theses. First, SDOs’ work is inherently political. Second, the Internet Engineering Task Force, one of the most influential SDOs, has a moral obligation to ensure its work is coherent with, and fosters, human rights. Third, the IETF should enable the actualisation of human rights through the protocols and standards it designs by implementing a responsibility-by-design approach to engineering. We conclude by presenting some initial recommendations on how to ensure that work carried out by the IETF may enable human rights. (shrink)

The environment can elicit biological responses such as oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation as a consequence of chemical, physical, or psychological changes. As population studies are essential for establishing these environment-organism interactions, biomarkers of OS or inflammation are critical in formulating mechanistic hypotheses. By using examples of stress induced by various mechanisms, we focus on the biomarkers that have been used to assess OS and inflammation in these conditions. We discuss the difference between biomarkers that are the result of a (...) chemical reaction (such as lipid peroxides or oxidized proteins that are a result of the reaction of molecules with reactive oxygen species) and those that represent the biological response to stress, such as the transcription factor NRF2 or inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. The high-throughput and holistic approaches to biomarker discovery used extensively in large-scale molecular epidemiological exposome are also discussed in the context of human exposure to environmental stressors. We propose to consider the role of biomarkers as signs and to distinguish between signs that are just indicators of biological processes and proxies that one can interact with and modify the disease process. (shrink)

Simulation process and mirroring mechanism appear to be necessary to the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Prefrontal areas were found to support this simulation mechanism. The present research analyzed the role of premotor area in processing emotional faces with different valence , considering both conscious and unconscious pathways. High-frequency rTMS stimulation was applied to prefrontal area to induce an activation response when overt and covert processing was implicated. Twenty-two subjects were asked to detect emotion/no emotion . Error rates and response (...) times were considered in response to the experimental conditions. ERs and RTs decreased in case of premotor brain activation, specifically in response to fear, for both conscious and unconscious condition. The present results highlight the role of the premotor system for facial expression processing, supporting the existence of two analogous mechanisms for conscious and unconscious condition. (shrink)

The present study aims at analyzing the role of nativeness, the amount of input in L1 acquisition and the multilingual competence in the performance of Italian-German bilingual speakers. We compare novel data from the performance of adult L2 learners (L1: Italian; late L2: German) and that of heritage speakers (heritage language: Italian; majority language: German) to previous data from monolingual speakers of Italian. The comparison deals with the produced word order at the syntax-discourse interface in sentences containing New Information Subjects (...) in answers to questions that prompt the identification of the clausal subject. Overall, adult L2 speakers and heritage speakers perform alike but crucially differently from Italian monolinguals. These data reveal that multilingual proficiency determines an increased variety in the adopted answering strategies; in particular, the German-like strategy is active in Italian. Nativeness alone is thus no guarantee for a homogeneous performance across groups, nor do we find similar patterns of performance in speakers who grew up as monolinguals. Data also show heritage speakers’ sensitivity to verb classes, with answering strategies varying in accordance with the verb argument structure. Participants’ productions reveal an interesting relation in sentences with transitive verbs between subject position (pre-/postverbal) and object form (lexical DP/clitic pronoun). (shrink)

Philosophers have relied on visual metaphors to analyse ideas and explain their theories at least since Plato. Descartes is famous for his system of axes, and Wittgenstein for his first design of truth table diagrams. Today, visualisation is a form of ‘computer-aided seeing’ information in data. Hence, information is the fundamental ‘currency’ exchanged through a visualisation pipeline. In this article, we examine the types of information that may occur at different stages of a general visualization pipeline. We do so from (...) a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. The quantitative analysis is developed on the basis of Shannon’s information theory. The qualitative analysis is developed on the basis of Floridi’s taxonomy in the philosophy of information. We then discuss in detail how the condition of the ‘data processing inequality’ can be broken in a visualisation pipeline. This theoretic finding underlines the usefulness and importance of visualisation in dealing with the increasing problem of data deluge. We show that the subject of visualisation should be studied using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, preferably in an interdisciplinary synergy between information theory and the philosophy of information. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre a concepção de democracia, apresentada por Bergson, em As duas fontes da moral e da religião, enquanto movimento humano e social de resistência e de aspiração, no contexto de uma teoria da vida concebida, ela própria, como um movimento que se dá em dois sentidos, o da determinação e o da criação.: This article reflects on the conception of democracy presented by Bergson in The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. Democracy (...) is there conceived as a human and social movement of resistance and aspiration in the context of a theory of life; and life is itself conceived as a movement that takes place in two senses, that of determination and that of creation. (shrink)

Research has stressed the importance of universities in developing entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) and their possible social and economic impacts on society. Concerning this commitment, social entrepreneurs (SEs) favor university actions that facilitate the improvement of their individual capital. However, research on this topic has received little attention. This study investigated how universities contribute to the advancement of EEs. It also examines the mechanisms that universities employ to support SEs. Two survey instruments were administered: one to 418 SEs, and the other (...) to 494 people affiliated with universities. The results indicate that universities can be key actors in EEs because they can mobilize resources aligned with their institutional commitments, including training, facilities, and contact with several stakeholders. Additionally, SEs rely on training opportunities and connections with other stakeholders to implement entrepreneurial initiatives. Accordingly, our study highlights the critical role universities play in the development and survival of SEs. (shrink)

O presente texto tem por objetivo examinar as relações existentes entre a crítica às idéias abstratas, apresentada por Berkeley na “Introdução” ao Tratado sobre os princípios do entendimento humano, e a argumentação desenvolvida nos primeiros parágrafos da Parte I do mesmo texto, em que o autor propõe seu imaterialismo. A hipótese levantada a partir de tal exame defende uma relação direta entre o nominalismo de Berkeley e o caráter inaceitável, para o autor, da distinção entre o ser e o aparecer (...) da matéria postulada pelas teorias da representação. Critique of abstration and representation in Berkeley’s immaterialismThe objective of this essay is to examine the relations that exist between the critique of abstract ideas, presented by Berkeley in the “Introduction” to the A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge and the arguments developed in the first paragraphs of its Part I, in which Berkeley proposes his immaterialism. The hypothesis advanced, based on our analysis, is that there is a direct relation between Berkeley’s nominalism and the unacceptable character, according to Berkeley, of the distinction between the appearance and the matter postulated by the theories of representation. (shrink)

Neste artigo, proponho interpretar a redução berkelianista das coisas às ideias levando em conta uma aproximação entre a crítica à dupla existência dos objetos, subjacente a essa redução, e a crítica às teorias clássicas da representação, desenvolvida por Bergson no âmbito de sua teoria da percepção.

En 2015 empieza una epidemia causada por el virus del zika en Brasil, siendo luego asociada a problemas teratógenos congénitos. A partir de la sospecha de esta relación, surgen, en dos vertientes, artículos defendiendo el aborto: presentándolo como uno de los tratamientos para las mujeres embarazadas; utilizando la crisis sanitaria y la confusión de la opinión pública como una estrategia para despenalizar el aborto. Las dos vías son injustas al exigir que los recursos ya escasos fuesen destinados al aborto y (...) no a la prevención, tratamiento y cuidados necesarios a los afectados. Se concluye que los datos científicos, en si mismos, son acordes a la inmoralidad del aborto, siendo justamente la falta de rigor científico y/o las cuestiones ideológicas los que lo promueven. (shrink)

O presente artigo lança luz sobre as flutuações semânticas do termo “liberdade” na obra de Leonardo Bruni, buscando nuançar sua apreensão por parte da tradição anglófona de pensamento político conhecida como neorrepublicanismo. A partir da análise conceitual e estilística de diversas passagens centrais da obra do autor florentino, o artigo visa retornar aos usos e significados da palavra “liberdade” em Bruni, colocando a questão da relação entre um âmbito de utilização “teórica” e um âmbito de utilização histórica ou narrativa.

The article examines the patient-doctor relationship, relying on Michel Foucault’s concept of the clinical gaze. We argue that during the last decades, a profound transformation of the social nature of medicine took place, one that Foucault’s understanding of the clinical gaze cannot adequately account for. First, the article offers an elaboration of the three-node network of clinical gaze, the clinic, and nosology to explain the positioning of the doctor and the patient within the specific social ontology generated by the rise (...) of medicine. We then discuss intensive but irresolute developments brought by technological advancements, especially the X-ray tube. Finally, we argue that in the contemporary clinic, equipped with a plethora of sophisticated devices, the position of the doctor endured the most radical transformation in comparison with Foucault’s proponent of the clinical gaze at the dawn of modern medicine. (shrink)

The article examines the patient-doctor relationship, relying on Michel Foucault’s concept of the clinical gaze. We argue that during the last decades, a profound transformation of the social nature of medicine took place, one that Foucault’s understanding of the clinical gaze cannot adequately account for. First, the article offers an elaboration of the three-node network of clinical gaze, the clinic, and nosology to explain the positioning of the doctor and the patient within the specific social ontology generated by the rise (...) of medicine. We then discuss intensive but irresolute developments brought by technological advancements, especially the X-ray tube. Finally, we argue that in the contemporary clinic, equipped with a plethora of sophisticated devices, the position of the doctor endured the most radical transformation in comparison with Foucault’s proponent of the clinical gaze at the dawn of modern medicine. (shrink)

RESUMENEl objetivo es analizar la génesis y la relación teórica Herder-Kant en la Metacrítica que insiste en la existencia concreta de los propios pensamientos, ideas y sistemas filosóficos cuyo verdadero a priori sería el lenguaje utilizado por los hombres que piensan; pero estos hombres no son universales abstractos, sino singulares concretos que dependen de una lengua, de una nación, en fin, de unas costumbres y formas de ser determinadas que los hace estar unidos íntimamente a su suelo-raíz. De esta manera, (...) Herder abre el horizonte de la hermenéutica y del multiculturalismo.PALABRAS CLAVELENGUAJE, PENSAMIENTO, FILOSOFÍA CRÍTICA ABSTRACTThe article intends to analyze the genesis of Herder-Kant theoretical relation in Methacritic, that insists on the concrete existence of thoughts, ideas and philosophical systems which a priori would be the language used by the thinking men. But these men are not universal abstracts, but concrete singulars, who depend on a nation, a language, habits and determined ways of being, that make them be strongly linked to their root-ground. In that way, Herder opens the horizon of hermeneutics and multiculturalism.KEYWORDSLANGUAGE, THOUGHT, CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY. (shrink)

São reconhecidas as condições historicamente desiguais de povos indígenas, em múltiplos determinantes sociais, graus de reconhecimento e acesso a direitos específicos, com especial impacto sobre sua saúde. Estudos contemporâneos evidenciam uma consistente replicação de desigualdades nas condições de vida e saúde de indígenas, quando comparados a não indígenas, na América Latina como em países de diferentes continentes. Através de uma análise sociopolítica e histórica, calcada na etnografia de documentos produzidos sobretudo em meio ao curso das epidemias que exterminariam cerca de (...) 15% da população Yanomami da Amazônia brasileira, na década de 80, e de seu caráter impulsionador da criação formal do Primeiro Distrito Sanitário Indígena do país, abordo parte do longo percurso de mobilizações indígenas e indigenistas em torno da construção de uma Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde de Povos Indígenas. É quando uma gestão das epidemias e violações de direitos humanos, operada por uma rede transdisciplinar e transnacional atua contrariamente à invisibilidade deste segmento populacional, produzindo dados específicos sobre sua saúde e território, gerando efeitos legais inéditos no aparato do Estado brasileiro. Por outro lado, ao destacar o caráter fundamental e recomendável da participação de indígenas na formulação e implementação de políticas de saúde, contrasto o sólido percurso da política de saúde indígena ao pouco diálogo entre Estado, Povos indígenas e ações de saúde específicas no Brasil, diante da corrente Pandemia de Covid-19. (shrink)

Theauthorproposesanewvariantofsemanticminimalismcombininganti-intentionalism(theviewaccordingtowhich thesemanticcontentofutteredsentencesisindependentofspeakerintentions)withtherejectionofpropositional ism(theviewaccordingtowhichthesemanticcontentofutteredsentencesalwaysreachesthelevelofaproposition,i .e.acontentpotentiallyfiguringastheobjectofanattitude).Investigatingthespecificsofdemonstrativeexpre ssionsasatouchstoneforherminimalistaccount,bydecouplingthenotionofatruth-conditionfromthatofaproposi tiontheauthormanagestostaywithintheboundsofatruth-conditionalaccount,whiletakingintoaccountthatthere ferentsofdemonstrativeexpressionscannotbedeterminedwithoutreferencetospeakerintentions.

Vivimos en el Antropoceno, tomado en sentido amplio, donde lo geológico y lo histórico convergen porque la acción humana lo hace posible. El cambio climático y la explotación global de recursos naturales y de las estructuras capitalistas conducen al género humano hacia el colapso de la civilización tal como la conocemos. Hay algunas relaciones importantes entre Antropoceno y colapso que muestran a la vez el poder y la impotencia de la humanidad.

This work fulfills the need for a conceptual and technical framework to improve understanding of Information Quality (IQ) and Information Quality standards. The meaning and practical implementation of IQ are addressed, as it is relevant to any field where there is a need to handle data and issues such as accessibility, accuracy, completeness, currency, integrity, reliability, timeliness, usability, the role of metrics and so forth are all a part of Information Quality. -/- In order to support the cross-fertilization of theory (...) and practice, the latest research is presented in this book. The perspectives of experts from beyond the origins of IQ in computer science are included: library and information science practitioners and academics, philosophers of information, of engineering and technology, and of science are all contributors to this volume. -/- The chapters in this volume are based on the work of a collaborative research project involving the Arts and Humanities Research Council and Google and led by Professor Luciano Floridi, University of Oxford. -/- This work will be of interest to anyone handling data, including those from commercial, public, governmental and academic organizations. The expert editors’ contributions introduce issues of interest to scientists, database curators and philosophers, even though the issues may be disguised in the language and examples common to a different discipline. (shrink)

In this article, Adriana Cavarero and Nidesh Lawtoo resume a dialogue on mimetic inclinations in view of furthering a relational, embodied and affective conception of subjectivity that challenges homo erectus from the immanent perspective of homo mimeticus. If a dominant philosophical tradition tends to restrict mimesis to an illusory representation of reality, Plato was the first to know that mimesis also operates as an affective force, or pathos, that dispossesses the subject. While Plato tended to emphasize the pathological implications (...) of mimesis, Cavarero and Lawtoo agree that both mimesis and inclinations go beyond good and evil and can be put to both pathological and democratic use. Picking up a dialogue started during a walk in New York City, Cavarero and Lawtoo, take their shared interests in Joseph Conrad's relating narratives as an occasion to discuss good and bad mimetic inclinations in contemporary politics and ethics. Joined in conclusion by the Gendered Mimesis team (Willow Verkerk, Isabelle Dahms and Giulia Rignano), topics addressed include new fascism, surging democracy, ethical responsibility for vulnerable others, hypermaternity and public happiness in a precarious world. (shrink)

Seventy-three children between 6 and 7 years of age were presented with a problem having ambiguous subgoal ordering. Performance in this task showed reliable fingerprints: a non-monotonic dependence of performance as a function of the distance between the beginning and the end-states of the problem, very high levels of performance when the first move was correct, and states in which accuracy of the first move was significantly below chance. These features are consistent with a non-Markov planning agent, with an inherently (...) inertial decision process, and that uses heuristics and partial problem knowledge to plan its actions. We applied a statistical framework to fit and test the quality of a proposed planning model. Our framework allows us to parse out independent contributions to problem-solving based on the construction of the value function and on general mechanisms of the search process in the tree of solutions. We show that the latter are correlated with children's performance on an independent measure of planning, while the former is highly domain specific. (shrink)

O uso de drogas é complexo e multicausal com impactos para as pessoas, famílias e sociedade. Este estudo investigou legislações, políticas públicas e estratégias, que possam diminuir vulnerabilidades e contribuir para os ODS. Foi realizado levantamento documental, em legislações e documentos, para análise da realidade social, a partir das experiências profissionais, e ainda levantamento bibliográfico, na BVS e LILACS, de 2016 a 2018. Observou-se que o Estado se mantém disciplinador e entre as políticas mais relevantes estão a Redução de Danos, (...) os CAPS e o Consultório de Rua, marcadas pelo empirismo, obstáculos e desafios em relação à universalidade e equidade. Estratégias intersetoriais, podem ser utilizadas para se obter melhores condições de saúde e bem-estar, saneamento e água, educação, trabalho. A promoção da saúde corrobora na redução das vulnerabilidades e equidade, com maior sensibilização e qualificação dos profissionais das redes de atenção social, para acolher a população com competência e dignidade. (shrink)

Inducement prizes have been long used to stimulate individuals and groups to accomplish diverse goals. Lately, governments have become more and more interested in these prizes and sought to include this kind of incentives within the set of policy tools available to promote science, technology, and innovation. To date, however, there has been little empirically-based scientific knowledge on how to design, manage, and evaluate innovation prizes. This note discusses aspects of the prize phenomenon and the opportunities and challenges related with (...) the use of innovation prizes as a government policy instrument. Compared to other incentive mechanisms, prizes are likely to present advantages to, for example, accelerate the development and commercialization of technologies that are held back for diverse reasons and help to leverage public money with external ideas, collaborative efforts, and the participation of diverse individuals and organizations. Still, despite these advantages and other interesting features of prizes, there are key questions that policy-makers and scholars must address to better understand this kind of incentives and further improve prize designs and implementations before governments move forward to a more widespread use of innovation prizes in science and technology policies. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - O artigo tematiza as chamadas provas da existência de Deus na filosofia de René Descartes. A primeira, propriamente cartesiana, parte da idéia de infinito, presente no eu, para a existência do Ser infinito; a segunda, versão cartesiana do argumento da contingentia mundi, parte da existência do eu contingente que possui a idéia para a existência de Deus; a terceira é uma reedição do argumento ontológico de Santo Anselmo.

The text presents a short account of the history of the philosophically relevant key concepts of feminist theory – sex and gender. Those concepts were crucial in the process of the constitution of gender studies as well as for the manouvering of feminist practice. On the other hand, however, as Judith Butler demonstrates exceptionally, these concepts are also the points of a fruitful debate, opening the possibility for resignification, different ways of thinking about the fundamental assumptions of feminist theory. While (...) it leaves feminist theory devoid of a firm,fixed position, ensuing instability, it offers a specific, subversive potential for a theory in general, while expanding the domains of inclusiveness in practice. (shrink)

Insistiranje na tome da ljudska prava i prava coveka nisu jedno i isto, kako bi se u prvi mah moglo zakljuciti na temelju pojma "covek" koji se javlja u oba naziva, predstavlja okosnicu ovog rada. Razvijanjem ovog motiva u tekstu nastojim da pokazem sledece: da je pojam "covek", iako po definiciji inkluzivan i u apstraktnom smislu nediskriminativan, u vreme kada i prakticki ulazi u upotrebu zapravo zasnovan na precutnom iskljucivanju i da je samo na temelju tog iskljucivanja mogao da oznacava (...) "slobodne i jednake". Iako paralelni ili istovremeni nastanak i implementacija prava coveka i nacionalnih prava isprva deluje protivrecno, nastojim da pokazem da je taj paradoks samo prividan, buduci da je sam pojam coveka ogranicen i iskljucujuci, te utoliko kompatibilan s ekskluzivnoscu koja je nuzni uslov pojma nacije. Posledice nacionalizama - svetski ratovi, pre svega - iznele su na videlo nemogucnost opstanka koncepcije slobode i jednakosti zasnovane na bratstvu ljudi, i nemogucnost demokratije koja je samo parcijalna iako hini univerzalnost. Kodifikovanje univerzalnih ljudskih prava predstavlja odgovor na ovu unutrasnju diskrepanciju u jednakoj meri u kojoj je reakcija na razornost svih tipova nacionalizama. Pojam zivota, koji u tekstu obrazlazem, korespondira temeljnom zahtevu na pravo na zivot, koje vise ne pripada "coveku", vec svakome/svakoj. (shrink)