Results for ' continuous reward'

987 found
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  1.  11
    Extinction following continuous reward and latent extinction.Thomas Clifford - 1964 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 68 (5):456.
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  2.  15
    Extinction of a continuously rewarded barpressing response following continuous or partial reinforcement of a running response in rats.Robert L. Woods & Charles I. Brooks - 1977 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 10 (4):317-318.
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  3.  6
    Comparison of the relative strength of an incentive based on partial and continuous reward.K. Edward Renner & Bert S. Moore - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 83 (2p1):255.
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  4.  18
    Resistance to extinction of the continuously rewarded response in within-subject partial-reinforcement experiments.Michael E. Rashotte - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 76 (2p1):206.
  5.  15
    Effect of interpolated extinction on the reacquisition of partially and continuously rewarded responses.C. Thomas Surridge, Joanna Boehnert & Abram Amsel - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (4):564.
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  6.  19
    Performance to varied reward following continuous reward training in the runway.Richard S. Calef, David C. Hopkins, Earl R. McHewitt & Frederick R. Maxwell - 1973 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2 (2):103-104.
  7.  18
    Discrimination of the reward in learning with partial and continuous reinforcement.Stewart H. Hulse - 1962 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 64 (3):227.
  8.  17
    Negative incentive contrast in humans with partial versus continuous reinforcement and repeated reductions in reward.Lawrence Weinstein - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 94 (2):210.
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  9.  10
    Extinction of a partially and continuously reinforced response with and without a rewarded alternative.Edward L. Wike - 1953 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 46 (4):255.
  10.  22
    Defanging Peirce’s Hopeful Monster: Community, Continuity, and the Risks and Rewards of Inquiry.Brandon Daniel-Hughes - 2016 - American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 37 (2):123-136.
    Conservatism is part of the legacy of the pragmatic tradition’s deep respect for the continuity of inquiry. Despite his commitment to open and fallible inquiry, Charles Sanders Peirce remained his entire life a kind of religious conservative, arguing for a community that would be, in Douglas Anderson’s words “conservative in its practice and liberal in its theory.”1 The following argument is largely about Peirce’s career-long struggle to reconcile conservative practice and liberal theory, especially as they impact his philosophy of inquiry. (...)
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  11.  42
    Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit.Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Dardo Tomasi, Frank Telang & Ruben Baler - 2010 - Bioessays 32 (9):748-755.
    Based on brain imaging findings, we present a model according to which addiction emerges as an imbalance in the information processing and integration among various brain circuits and functions. The dysfunctions reflect (a) decreased sensitivity of reward circuits, (b) enhanced sensitivity of memory circuits to conditioned expectations to drugs and drug cues, stress reactivity, and (c) negative mood, and a weakened control circuit. Although initial experimentation with a drug of abuse is largely a voluntary behavior, continued drug use can (...)
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  12.  22
    Rewarding Collaborative Research: Role Congruity Bias and the Gender Pay Gap in Academe.Christine Wiedman - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 167 (4):793-807.
    Research on academic pay finds an unexplained gender pay gap that has not fully dissolved over time and that appears to increase with years of experience. In this study, I consider how role congruity bias contributes to this pay gap. Bias is more likely to manifest in a context where there is some ambiguity about performance and where stereotypes are stronger. I predict that bias in the attribution of credit for coauthored research leads to lower returns to research for female (...)
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  13.  15
    Reward schedule effects following severely limited acquisition training.E. J. Capaldi, A. T. Lanier & R. C. Godbout - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (3p1):521.
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  14.  16
    Partial delay of reward in the double alleyway.Joseph A. Sgro, Neil H. Cohn & Stephen D. Dudley - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (2):458.
  15.  19
    Research Participants Should Be Rewarded Rather than “Compensated for Time and Burdens”.Joanna Różyńska - 2021 - American Journal of Bioethics 21 (3):53-55.
    Paying research subjects for their participation in biomedical studies is an increasingly common and acceptable practice. Nevertheless, it continues to raise numerous conceptual, ethical, and pract...
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  16.  29
    The effects of reward and knowledge of results on the performance of a simple vigilance task.Raymond R. Sipowicz, J. Robert Ware & Robert A. Baker - 1962 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 64 (1):58.
  17. When, What, and How Much to Reward in Reinforcement Learning-Based Models of Cognition.Christian P. Janssen & Wayne D. Gray - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (2):333-358.
    Reinforcement learning approaches to cognitive modeling represent task acquisition as learning to choose the sequence of steps that accomplishes the task while maximizing a reward. However, an apparently unrecognized problem for modelers is choosing when, what, and how much to reward; that is, when (the moment: end of trial, subtask, or some other interval of task performance), what (the objective function: e.g., performance time or performance accuracy), and how much (the magnitude: with binary, categorical, or continuous values). (...)
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  18.  6
    The Role of Predictions, Their Confirmation, and Reward in Maintaining the Self-Concept.Aviv Mokady & Niv Reggev - 2022 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16:824085.
    The predictive processing framework posits that people continuously use predictive principles when interacting with, learning from, and interpreting their surroundings. Here, we suggest that the same framework may help explain how people process self-relevant knowledge and maintain a stable and positive self-concept. Specifically, we recast two prominent self-relevant motivations, self-verification and self-enhancement, in predictive processing (PP) terms. We suggest that these self-relevant motivations interact with the self-concept (i.e., priors) to create strong predictions. These predictions, in turn, influence how people interpret (...)
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  19.  70
    Explaining Addiction: How Far Does the Reward Account of Motivation Take Us?Jeanette Kennett & Doug McConnell - 2013 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 56 (5):470 - 489.
    ABSTRACT Choice theorists such as George Ainslie and Gene Heyman argue that the drug-seeking behaviour of addicts is best understood in the same terms that explain everyday choices. Everyday choices, they claim, aim to maximise the reward from available incentives. Continuing drug-use is, therefore, what addicts most want given the incentives they are aware of but they will change their behaviour if and when better incentives become available. This model might explain many typical cases of addiction, but there are (...)
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  20.  27
    Change and Continuity in Irish Politics: The General Election of 2007.Timothy J. White - 2010 - The European Legacy 15 (3):341-352.
    Bertie Ahern, the incumbent Taoiseach or Prime Minister of Ireland, was elected to a third term in the general election of 24 May 2007. While Ahern's party, Fianna F il, was able to retain its governing coalition, the level of support of some of the other parties changed dramatically. Fine Gael, the principal opposition party, saw its number of seats in the parliament, D il ireann, increase by nineteen. Some of the minor parties did less well than expected or compared (...)
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  21.  13
    Effects of event probability and cost on performance in a continuous motor task.Alfred G. Klipple & King M. Roberts - 1969 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 82 (1p1):75.
  22.  15
    Changes in the intensity of primary frustration during continuous nonreward.Charles I. Brooks & Jeffrey A. Goldman - 1971 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 90 (1):153.
  23.  7
    Resistance to extinction as a function of continuous or intermittent presentation of a training cue.Melvin H. Marx - 1958 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 56 (3):251.
  24.  16
    Law Society Seminars/Events.Continuing Legal Education - forthcoming - Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology.
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  25. Ronsard, polemic, and palinode.Continuation du Discours la Royne & Remonstrance Au Peuple de France - 1999 - Mediaevalia 22 (1999-2000):75.
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  26.  21
    When inspiration strikes, don't bottle it up! Write to me at: Philosophy Now 43a Jerningham Road• London• SE14 5NQ, UK or email rick. lewis@ philosophynow. org Keep them short and keep them coming! [REVIEW]God Correspondents, Debate Will Continue & No Doubt - forthcoming - Philosophy Now.
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  27.  23
    合理的政策形成アルゴリズムの連続値入力への拡張.木村 元 宮崎 和光 - 2007 - Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 22 (3):332-341.
    Reinforcement Learning is a kind of machine learning. We know Profit Sharing, the Rational Policy Making algorithm, the Penalty Avoiding Rational Policy Making algorithm and PS-r* to guarantee the rationality in a typical class of the Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes. However they cannot treat continuous state spaces. In this paper, we present a solution to adapt them in continuous state spaces. We give RPM a mechanism to treat continuous state spaces in the environment that has the (...)
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  28.  35
    Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation.Kent C. Berridge - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:317391.
    This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over emotion have recently risen again. For example, are emotions necessarily subjective feelings? Do animals have emotions? I review evidence that emotions exist also as core psychological processes, which have objectively detectable features, and which can occur either with subjective feelings or without them. Evidence is offered also that studies of emotion in animals can give new (...)
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  29. Justifying the arts: Drama and intercultural education.Michael Fleming - 2006 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 40 (1):115-120.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Justifying the Arts:Drama and Intercultural EducationMike Fleming (bio)IntroductionFor teachers of arts subjects, questions about justification can be tiresome in the same way that contemporary aestheticians may feel fatigue about defining art.1 Providing justification can feel more like an exercise in rhetoric than theoretical enquiry, induced more by political necessity than intellectual challenge. If the value of the arts is not self-evident, it is difficult to advance arguments to convince (...)
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  30.  23
    It's not a bug, it's boredom: Effortful willpower balances exploitation and exploration.Maik Bieleke & Wanja Wolff - 2021 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 44.
    The continuous revaluation of rewards lies at the core of Ainslie's account of willpower. Yet, he does not explicate the underlying experiential mechanisms. We draw upon theoretical, neuroscientific, and computational evidence to demonstrate that boredom evokes revaluation. By biasing behavior toward exploration, boredom necessitates effortful willpower to balance it against exploitation, thereby rendering suppression a highly adaptive function of willpower.
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  31.  33
    Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline.Allison Mickel & Nylah Byrd - 2022 - History of the Human Sciences 35 (2):3-28.
    Like any science, archaeology relies on trust between actors involved in the production of knowledge. In the early history of archaeology, this epistemic trust was complicated by histories of Orientalism in the Middle East and colonialism more broadly. The racial and power dynamics underpinning 19th- and early 20th-century archaeology precluded the possibility of interpersonal moral trust between foreign archaeologists and locally hired labourers. In light of this, archaeologists created systems of reward, punishment, and surveillance to ensure the honest behaviour (...)
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  32.  19
    マルチエージェント連続タスクにおける報酬設計の実験的考察: RoboCup Soccer Keepaway タスクを例として.Tanaka Nobuyuki Arai Sachiyo - 2006 - Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 21 (6):537-546.
    In this paper, we discuss guidelines for a reward design problem that defines when and what amount of reward should be given to the agent/s, within the context of reinforcement learning approach. We would like to take keepaway soccer as a standard task of the multiagent domain which requires skilled teamwork. The difficulties of designing reward for this task are due to its features as follows: i) since it belongs to the continuing task which has no explicit (...)
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  33. Free and Always Will Be? On Social Media Participation as it Undermines Individual Autonomy.Kathryn J. Norlock - 2021 - Canadian Journal of Practical Philosophy 5 (1):52-65.
    Open Access: Social media participation undermines individual autonomy in ways that ought to concern ethicists. Discussions in the philosophical literature are concerned primarily with egregious conduct online such as harassment and shaming, keeping the focus on obvious ills to which no one could consent; this prevents a wider understanding of the risks and harms of quotidian social media participation. Two particular concerns occupy me: social media participation carries the risks of (1) negatively formative experiences and (2) continuous partial attention (...)
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  34. Subjective, intersubjective, objective.Donald Davidson - 1996 - In Philosophy. Bristol: Thoemmes. pp. 555-558.
    This is the long-awaited third volume of philosophical writings by Davidson, whose influence on philosophy since the 1960s has been deep and broad. His first two collections, published by Oxford in the early 1980s, are recognized as contemporary classics. His ideas have continued to flow; now, in this new work, he presents a selection of his best work on knowledge, mind, and language from the last two decades. It is a rich and rewarding feast for anyone interested in philosophy, and (...)
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  35.  56
    Subjective Performance Evaluation and Gender Discrimination.Victor S. Maas & Raquel Torres-González - 2011 - Journal of Business Ethics 101 (4):667-681.
    Gender discrimination continues to be a problem in organizations. It is therefore important that organizations use performance evaluation methods that ensure equal opportunities for men and women. This article reports the results of an experiment to investigate whether and, if so, how the gender of the rater and that of the ratee moderate the relationship between the level of subjectivity in performance appraisals and organizational attractiveness. Participants in the experiment were 313 undergraduate students. We predicted, and indeed established, that as (...)
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  36.  99
    Willpower with and without effort.George Ainslie - 2021 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 44:e30.
    Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. We agree that willpower is the psychological function that resists temptations – variously known as impulses, addictions, or bad habits; that it operates simultaneously with temptations, without prior commitment; and that use of it is limited by its cost, commonly called effort, as well as by the person's skill at executive functioning. However, accounts are (...)
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  37.  97
    A commentary to Kant's 'Critique of pure reason'.Norman Kemp Smith - 1923 - New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
    Of all the major philosophical works, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is one of the most rewarding, yet one of the most difficult. Norman Kemp Smith's Commentary elucidates not only textural questions and minor issues, but also the central problems which arise, he contends, from the conflicting tendencies of Kant's own thinking. Kemp Smith's Commentary continues to be in demand with Kant scholars, and it is being reissued here with a new introduction by Sebastian Gardner to set it in its (...)
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  38. The Role of the Practice of Excellence Strategies in Education to Achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage to Institutions of Higher Education-Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at Al-Azhar University in Gaza a Model.Mazen J. Al Shobaki & Samy S. Abu Naser - 2017 - International Journal of Digital Publication Technology 1 (2):135-157.
    This study aims to look at the role of the practice of excellence strategies in education in achieving sustainable competitive advantage for the Higher educational institutions of the faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at Al-Azhar University in Gaza, a model, and the study considered the competitive advantage of educational institutions stems from the impact on the level of each student, employee, and the institution. The study was based on the premise that the development of strategies for excellence in education, (...)
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  39.  23
    Spinoza: a collection of critical essays.Marjorie Grene - 1973 - Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
    This is another volume in the Modern Studies in Philosophy, a series of anthologies under the general editorship of Prof. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, which present contemporary interpretations and evaluations of the works of major philosophers. This volume, consisting of a collection of papers by an impressive gallery of scholars, offers a plurality of perspectives on Spinoza. Each interpretation conflicts with some other; yet each illuminates some aspect of the subject. All the papers reflect the "tensions" and "conflicts" which make for (...)
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  40.  10
    Professional Ethics in Three Professions during the Holocaust.Michael F. Polgar - 2019 - Conatus 4 (2):207.
    Modern scholars and bioethicists continue to learn from the Holocaust. Scholarship and history show that the authoritarian Nazi state limited and steered the development and power of professions and professional ethics during the Holocaust. Eliminationist anti-Semitism drove German professions and many professionals to join in policies and programs of mass deportation and ultimately genocidal mass murder, while also excluding many professionals from paid work. For many physicians and other medical professionals, humane and truly ethical practices were limited by constrained professional (...)
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  41.  44
    Why It's Ok to Not Be Monogamous.Justin L. Clardy - 2023 - Routledge.
    The downsides of monogamy are felt by most people engaged in long-term relationships, including restrictions on self-discovery, limits on friendship, sexual boredom, and a circumscribed understanding of intimacy. Yet, a "happily ever after" monogamy is assumed to be the ideal form of romantic love in many modern societies: a relationship that is morally ideal and will bring the most happiness to its two partners. -/- In Why It’s OK to Not Be Monogamous, Justin L. Clardy deeply questions these assumptions. He (...)
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  42.  16
    Business, institutions, and ethics: a text with cases and readings.John William Dienhart - 2000 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    Business, Institutions, and Ethics: A Text with Cases and Readings is the first text to use the analysis of social institutions to examine business ethics. It explains fundamental concepts in ethics and how to apply them to business and economics. The author shows how social institutions are constituted by an integrated set of ethical, economic, and legal principles, and then uses these principles to study the ethics of commerce at the individual, organizational, and market levels. This unique work features thirty-four (...)
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  43.  12
    The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy.Hans-Georg Gadamer (ed.) - 1986 - Yale University Press.
    One of this century's most important philosophers here focuses on Plato's Protagoras, Phaedo, Republic, and Philebus and on Aristotle's three moral treatises to show the essential continuity of Platonic and Aristotelian reflection on the nature of the good. "Well translated and usefully annotated by P. Christopher Smith.... Gadamer's book exhibits a broad and grand vision as well as a great love for the Greek thinkers."--Alexander Nehemas, New York Times Book Review "The translation is highly readable. The translator's introduction and frequent (...)
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  44.  77
    Breve storia dell'etica.Sergio Cremaschi - 2012 - Roma RM, Italia: Carocci.
    The book reconstructs the history of Western ethics. The approach chosen focuses the endless dialectic of moral codes, or different kinds of ethos, moral doctrines that are preached in order to bring about a reform of existing ethos, and ethical theories that have taken shape in the context of controversies about the ethos and moral doctrines as means of justifying or reforming moral doctrines. Such dialectic is what is meant here by the phrase ‘moral traditions’, taken as a name for (...)
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  45. The Transition to Experiencing: II. The Evolution of Associative Learning Based on Feelings.Simona Ginsburg & Eva Jablonka - 2007 - Biological Theory 2 (3):231-243.
    We discuss the evolutionary transition from animals with limited experiencing to animals with unlimited experiencing and basic consciousness. This transition was, we suggest, intimately linked with the evolution of associative learning and with flexible reward systems based on, and modifiable by, learning. During associative learning, new pathways relating stimuli and effects are formed within a highly integrated and continuously active nervous system. We argue that the memory traces left by such new stimulus-effect relations form dynamic, flexible, and varied global (...)
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  46. Chuang Tzu.Burton Watson (ed.) - 1967 - Columbia University Press.
    Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu were three of the most important philosophers in ancient China. This collection of their basic writings points to three very different positions within in the spectrum of Chinese thought and reveals the diversity of of the Chinese intellectual tradition.Presenting the principle doctrines of Mo Tzu and his followers, early rivals of the Confucian school, this section includes writings on music, fatalism, Confucians, and "universal love" -the cornerstone of Mo-ist philosophyHsün Tzu provided the (...)
     
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  47. A Dance Between the Reduction and Reflexivity: Explicating the "Phenomenological Psychological Attitude".Linda Finlay - 2008 - Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 39 (1):1-32.
    This article explores the nature of "the phenomenological attitude," which is understood as the process of retaining a wonder and openness to the world while reflexively restraining pre-understandings, as it applies to psychological research. A brief history identifies key philosphical ideas outlining Husserl's formulation of the reductions and subsequent existential-hermeneutic elaborations, and how these have been applied in empirical psychological research. Then three concrete descriptions of engaging the phenomenological attitude are offered, highlighting the way the epoché of the natural sciences, (...)
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  48.  86
    Behavioral Immune System Responses to Coronavirus: A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Explanation of Conformity, Warmth Toward Others and Attitudes Toward Lockdown.Alison M. Bacon & Philip J. Corr - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Behavioral immune system describes psychological mechanisms that detect cues to infectious pathogens in the immediate environment, trigger disease-relevant responses and facilitate behavioral avoidance/escape. BIS activation elicits a perceived vulnerability to disease which can result in conformity with social norms. However, a response to superficial cues can result in aversive responses to people that pose no actual threat, leading to an aversion to unfamiliar others, and likelihood of prejudice. Pathogen-neutralizing behaviors, therefore, have implications for social interaction as well as illness behaviors (...)
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  49.  35
    Against the use and publication of contemporary unethical research: the case of Chinese transplant research.Wendy C. Higgins, Wendy A. Rogers, Angela Ballantyne & Wendy Lipworth - 2020 - Journal of Medical Ethics 46 (10):678-684.
    Recent calls for retraction of a large body of Chinese transplant research and of Dr Jiankui He’s gene editing research has led to renewed interest in the question of publication, retraction and use of unethical biomedical research. In Part 1 of this paper, we briefly review the now well-established consequentialist and deontological arguments for and against the use of unethical research. We argue that, while there are potentially compelling justifications for use under some circumstances, these justifications fail when unethical practices (...)
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  50. The Aesthetic Response: The Reader in Macbeth.Ali Salami - 2012 - Folia Linguistica Et Litteraria 12.
    This article seeks to explore the different strategies the Bard uses in order to evoke sympathy in the reader for Macbeth who is so persistent in the path of evil. What strategy does Shakespeare use in order to provoke such a deep emotional response from his readers? By using paradoxes in the play, the Bard creates a world of illusion, fear and wild imagination. The paradoxical world in Macbeth startles us into marvel and fear, challenges our commonly held opinions, and (...)
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