This article seeks to understand why femininity seems to be often present in artificial intelligence and tackle the questions that arise when this phenomenon is subject to closer inspection. It draws on a previous study on the relationship between gender and AI, complemented by an analysis of digital assistants such as Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant and Siri that reveals how these entities tend to be feminized through their anthropomorphization, the tasks that they perform and their behavioural traits. Furthering this discussion, (...) this article addresses current trends of development of digital assistants and their stance towards gender, considering the functions or features that are being prioritized in AI evolution. It then focuses on the main questions raised by researchers and academics when examining the phenomenon and confronts these views with discussions around the feminization of AI in the context of online media coverage. This debate also highlights how common conceptions of AI and its portrayals of gender are influenced by bodies of fiction. Finally, the project Conversations with ELIZA seeks to comment on this phenomenon by ironically exposing and reinforcing common stereotypes and gender assumptions. In this manner, this study seeks to incite reflection on how artificial intelligence is reflecting our social and cultural views back to us. (shrink)

The next origin of the generation of the 98 is inserted in the complex Spanish sociocultural panorama in the end of XIX century. "Regeneracionisme", regionalisme, the social and religious questions, the war against the U.S.A., the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, to more of the political crisis of the Restoration, are the circumstances to consider.

¿Es posible construir una moral desde los supuestos de la teoría económica y política de Marx? Respuestas a esta pregunta en la historia del marxismo: Bernstein, Kautsky, neokantianos. Expresiones de Marx, en su análisis de la mercancía y de la compra y venta de la fuerza de trabajo, en las que se evidencia claramente su condena moral del capitalismo, no sólo su condena económica y política.

El propósito es una lectura de la tercera edición del Facundo como estrategia de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento para la concreción de fines políticos. El estudio se centra en el nuevo escrito que el autor inserta en esta edición: "El Chacho, último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos". Se aborda, desde el campo de la Historia Intelectual, la historicidad del concepto "caudillismo", analizando los usos que hace Sarmiento del término en sus diversos contextos de enunciación. A su vez se propone (...) un análisis de la historicidad del texto mismo, observando las estrategias discursivas con que opera su autor para intervenir en la escena política. The aim is a reading of the 3rd edition of Facundo as a strategy by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento to achieve political purposes. The study focuses on the addition by the author in this edition of: "El Chacho, último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos". It discusses, from the field of Intellectual History, the historicity of the concept of "warlordism", analyzing the uses that Sarmiento makes of the term in its various contexts of enunciation. At the same time it proposes an analysis of the historicity of the text itself, observing the discursive strategies that the author operates to intervene in the political scene. (shrink)

En forma de carta dirigida al amigo ausente se hace un elogio de la vida virtuosa y del conocimiento universal que brota de la cuna sencilla. No hay mayor apertura que el amor por la verdad y la tolerancia.

Leibniz was writing his "Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese" as the Leibniz-Clarke Controversy developed. Both were terminated by his death. These two fronts show interesting doctrinal correlations. The first is Leibniz' concern for the "decadence of natural religion." The dispute with Clarke began with it, and the Discourse is a defense of Chinese natural religion in order to show its agreement with Christian natural religion. The Controversy can be summed up as "clockmaker God versus idle God." Leibniz (...) wants to escape from the perverse consequences that all criticism of divine voluntarism seems to cause. Thus, his elaboration is directed at a distinct concept of a God that rules without interposing, a supramundane intelligence. And the Leibnizian interpretation of the natural theology of the Chinese can be viewed the same way: it emphasizes a First Principle, Li, which rules without interposing. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca situar o leitor em alguns dos debates atuais acerca da memória episódica no âmbito da filosofia da memória. A memória episódica consiste na capacidade de lembrar daquilo que o sujeito vivenciou ao longo de sua vida. Um dos maiores problemas em filosofia da memória é estabelecer o que é uma memória episódica, e distingui-la de outros estados mentais, como a imaginação. As principais teorias que visam resolver tal problema são a Teoria Causal da Memória e a (...) Teoria Simulacionista da Memória. Causalistas insistem que deve haver um vínculo causal entre uma experiência vivida pelo sujeito no passado e a memória dessa experiência. Simulacionistas, em contrapartida, sustentam que tal vínculo causal não é necessário, pois uma memória é o resultado de um processo de simulação que combina elementos de várias memórias para formar um cenário que representa a experiência passada. Outro debate em filosofia da memória trata dos objetos da memória episódica, nele busca-se descobrir com o quê entramos em contato quando lembramos de um evento passado. Nesse debate as posições filosóficas mais defendidas são o Realismo Indireto e o Realismo Direto; o primeiro afirma que entramos em contato com representações do evento passado, já o último sustenta que entramos em contato diretamente com o evento passado. Esse artigo apresenta também teorias da psicologia sobre consolidação de memórias episódicas e a teoria da Mental Time Travel, afim de embasar o leitor, respectivamente, acerca dos mecanismos formadores da memória e do debate sobre a função da memória episódica. (shrink)

In this work, I offer an interpretation of the principle of individuation and the ontological status of individual bodies in the work of Margaret Cavendish. By proposing an alternative to the mechanical model of natural philosophy, Cavendish must approach the metaphysics of matter from a different angle. Such a perspective can offer fruitful elements to understand the complex and diverse landscape of natural philosophy in Early Modern Philosophy. I contextualize Cavendish’s natural philosophy and its relation to the developments of other (...) early modern approaches. Section 1 is dedicated to an overview of Cavendish’s natural philosophy. In Sect. 2, I present the difficulty concerning the individuation of bodies in modern philosophy in order to reveal the background in which Cavendish develops her position. Before turning to the analysis of the central passages in which Cavendish explores the problem of individuation, in Sect. 4, I introduce the basic tenets of her metaphysics in Sect. 3. Finally, in Sect. 5, I turn to motion and its causes, given its fundamental role in individuation. (shrink)

This book presents Latin American Perspectives on women philosophers, comprising selected articles from the First International Conference of Women in Modern Philosophy that took place in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil, Latin America, in June of 2019. The conference brought together over twenty national, transnational, and international philosophers from seven countries, whose work combines historical and analytical insight to recover the philosophical legacy of women philosophers. Historical and analytical work on women’s philosophical thought constitute efforts to re-conceptualize what counts as (...) philosophical knowledge and re-appraise the epistemic relevance of written material that women thinkers produced for most of history. This collection and the conference that gave origin to it are testimony to the enduring power of multinational and multicultural philosophical collaboration. (shrink)

This paper raises a new form of speaker error objection to the analysis of disputes as metalinguistic negotiations in cases in which disputants reject that analysis. It focuses on an obvious but underexplored form of speaker error: speakers’ misattribution of contents both to others and to themselves. It argues that the analyses of disputes that posit this type of speaker error are uncharitable in three different ways: first, by portraying speakers as mistaken interpreters of their interlocutors; second, by portraying speakers (...) as uncharitable interpreters of their interlocutors; third, by portraying speakers who retract their claims as mistaken interpreters of their own prior utterances. Taken together, these unfavorable consequences weigh significantly against the plausibility of this type of analysis for the cases in question. (shrink)

O artigo trata do modo como as pesquisas genealógicas de Nietzsche e de Foucault, opondo-se aos pressupostos metafísicos, engendram relações ético-políticas que escapam ao apelo de qualquer normatividade ideal ao realizar a crítica do presente. Partindo da recusa no pensamento nietzscheano da oposição de valores que forja origens sublimes desligadas da imanência das disputas mundanas, exploramos como a reconstrução das invenções históricas de valores induz à demanda por uma construção afirmativa de si mesmo. Em um segundo momento, o artigo se (...) ocupa das ressonâncias e desdobramentos da genealogia de Nietzsche no pensamento foucaultiano, analisando, principalmente, como a tarefa do diagnóstico do presente transforma a filosofia e sua forma de atuação. Por fim, concluímos com uma possibilidade de afirmação de um modo de vida outro na reflexão de Foucault sobre o movimento gay. (shrink)

In this work I analyze the phenomenon of political polarization on the internet. I argue that the approach centered on the filter bubble and echo chambers has shortcomings. To solve them, I propose the concept of artificial polarization. This concept refers to the process by which the expressive uses of communication, such as flaming or moral grandstanding, provoke fictitious forms of polarization. Recognizing the artificial polarization will allow a better understanding of the polarization processes in the network and their effects (...) on the democratic debate. (shrink)

El texto ofrece dos propuestas: el cosmopolitismo institucional y el cosmopolitismo de la responsabilidad. El primero, como sugiere el término, confía en el mantenimiento de las instituciones jurídicas y políticas, pero éstas deben reestructurarse para responder a las nuevas exigencias de la sociedad contemporánea. El cosmopolitismo de la responsabilidad subraya la importancia de construir efectivamente deberes y espacios de rendición de cuentas para todos los actores nacionales e internacionales. Como resultado, se vislumbran propuestas como la diligencia debida en el contexto (...) de los desastres climáticos o incluso las violaciones estructurales de los derechos humanos. Además, el concepto de rendición de cuentas se alinea con los estudiosos de las teorías decoloniales, en las que los conflictos raciales y religiosos plantean importantes desafíos al cosmopolitismo crítico. La cuestión central es descubrir si el cosmopolitismo -unido por neologismos que surgen para expandir el campo lingüístico hacia nuevos conceptos para nuevas realidades- puede encontrar alternativas a la falta de efectividad de los derechos y deberes humanos a nivel nacional e internacional. El método utilizado fue la hermenéutica fenomenológica porque no hay interpretación sin comprensión. (shrink)

Faced with the criticism of the biopolitical control exercised in the COVID-19 pandemic, we defend the importance of a re-examination of the foucauldian reflections so that the critical diagnoses of the present is accompanied by a careful analysis of the fields of force and knowledges in which such controls occur. Bearing in mind the correlation between security mechanisms and the management of insecurities, we argue that in the management of the pandemic by the brazilian executive government, the excesses of power (...) took place more due to the lack of imposing restrictive health measures and obstacles to the control of contagion than through restrictive actions of classical individual freedoms. (shrink)

In debates concerning the consequence argument, it has long been claimed that [McKay, T. J., and D. Johnson. 1996. “A Reconsideration of an Argument Against Compatibilism.” Philosophical Topics 24 (2): 113–122] demonstrated the invalidity of rule (β). Here, I argue that their result is not as robust as we might like to think. First, I argue that McKay and Johnson's counterexample is successful if one adopts a certain interpretation of ‘no choice about’ and if one is willing to deny the (...) conditional excluded middle principle. In order to make this point I demonstrate that (β) is valid on Stalnaker's theory of counterfactuals. This result is important and should not be neglected, I argue, because there is a particular line of objection to the revised formulations of the consequence argument that does not succeed against the original version. (shrink)

In spite of the considerable development of research in the fields of business ethics and family business, a comprehensive review and integration of the area where both disciplines intersect has not been undertaken so far. This paper aims at contributing to the call for more research on family business ethics by answering the following research questions: What is the status of the current research at the intersection of business ethics and family business? Why and how do family firms differ from (...) non-family firms regarding business ethics? And, what are the key directions for further research? To answer these questions, this study combines a systematic approach for the selection of articles, resulting in a sample of 31 articles over 35 years, with a narrative review to analyze the literature. This paper finds that research on family business ethics is scarce but increasing and that family firms are considerably different from non-family firms regarding ethical issues. Particular stakeholders, goals, relationships, and practices are found to be the forces behind the peculiarity of family business ethics. Ultimately, research development on family business ethics is encouraged and future research directions flowing from the key findings and reflections of this review are provided. (shrink)

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

La obra es un estudio de una de las nociones fundamentales en la filosofía de Gadamer, el concepto de aplicación. Se intenta dar cuenta de la manera en que dicho concepto viene a solucionar, o tal vez sería mejor decir, a disolver, en la reflexión del siglo XX, el problema que enfrentaban las ciencias históricas en el siglo XIX para convertirse en conocimiento objetivo. Dicho problema consistía en dos importantes dificultades vinculadas entre sí: la imposibilidad de disponer de un objeto (...) independiente, el pasado “tal cual ocurrió” para confrontar la adecuación de las visiones del mismo constituidas desde el presente, por un lado, y la imposibilidad de erradicar la perspectiva del presente (intereses, ideologías, etc.)en los relatos históricos. Para abordar este problema, Gadamer acomete nada menos que una revisión de las categorías fundamentales en las cuales se inserta esta dificultad, esto es, las nociones de conocimiento, realidad y verdad modeladas, a través de Kant, de acuerdo a la perspectiva de la moderna ciencia de la naturaleza. Un paso fundamental será entonces examinar el problema del valor cognitivo del arte, esto es, elucidar las nociones de realidad y experiencia a partir de la experiencia artística, para extender luego estas conclusiones a la historia y el lenguaje. En el marco de esta revisión se perfila el concepto de aplicación, el cual destaca que nuestra condición de agentes históricos, insertos en una tradición y en una comunidad lingüística, no es un obstáculo, sino justamente la condición que hace posible que podamos comprender lo diferente a lo propio, ya sea en la forma de la alteridad histórica, lingüística o meramente personal. La tesis de la obra que presentamos es que la estructura de la aplicación, con la consecuente historicidad que acarrea, se presenta de manera semejante tanto en las macro-estructuras de la comprensión (comprensión de textos, de la tradición, del arte) como en las estructuras de un nivel inferior o más básico, como la realización de juicios y la comprensión de conceptos, punto que se elabora, en esta obra, a través de una comparación con las ideas del segundo Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Il n'est pas fruit du hasard cette rencontre qui a précédé l'édition de ce livre. Les rapports entre philosophes français et catalans viennent de loin. Le XIXe était modèle des "voyages philosophiques". Est parmi les plus connus celui de Cousin en Allemagne. Moins connus, mais également fructifères étaient ceux des philosophes exilés qui partirent sous les régimes de persécutions pour trouver en France non seulement un lieu d'accueil, mais également l'opportunité de confrontation de leurs idées avec celles des philosophes français. (...) De la même manière, certains exilés de la commune avaient trouvé un lieu d'accueil dans la Barcelone révolutionnaire des années républicaines. Ces rencontres n'ont jamais totalement fini de se produire au long du XXe siècle, période au cours de laquelle l'exil avait constitué la manière d'échapper à une morte sûre dans l'Espagne de la guerre civile. La période actuelle vit une nouvelle revitalisation des échanges, et ce livre en est un exemple."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

The present article proposes an analysis of the foucauldians studies concerning the disciplinary techniques and its relation with the government of individuals and collectives conducts. To this end, this article focus in demonstrated, throughout the works “Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison ”, “The order of discourse ”and “Micro-physics of Power ”, how the discipline, understood as a technology of power, operates in the conduct of the subject practices.Thus, we will follow an analytical path of differentiation of the (...) both uses of the term discipline found in the theorizations of Michel Foucault: one in the way of the knowledge, thenceforth the control of the discourses formation which configures the acting of a power that exercises itself as a discursive restrictor in order to maintain the regulation and control of what can be said and though in certain time. The other use, constituted in the scope of the power, in which the disciplinary power acts specifically in the bodies as a group of techniques engendered in the subjects’ fabrication. Therefore, the main objective outlines in present the discipline as a technology of the power the works as an machinery of the government of conducts, highlighting its forms of operation in the fields undertaken by Foucault, of the know and the power, following his genealogic triad of investigation. The article still intends to explore the foucauldian understanding that the discipline and the disciplinary techniques are configured as an ingenious machine that come together in the fabrication of the human, being required to understand them not only through the repression categories, oppression and alienation, like much has been done and continues to be made. Accordingly, the French philosopher will provide us an understanding of this technology of power as a machinery that productive says yes, much more than it says, no. (shrink)

Los estudios sobre polarización política revelan que la polarización es mayor entre las personas con mayor nivel de estudios, mientras que las personas con menos estudios son más tolerantes. Estos resultados perturbadores me llevan a realizar en este trabajo una terapia académica sobre dos ideas centrales en la reflexión académica: la idea de la educación como forjadora de una ciudadanía crítica y tolerante, así como la idea del sujeto racional y autoconsciente. Finalmente, aplicaré la terapia académica también sobre las metodologías (...) de trabajo en la Universidad. Esta terapia académica contribuirá a fomentar la tolerancia en la academia. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone reconstruir, a partir de la lectura deleuziana, una ontología política en el pensamiento de Michel Foucault. Esta reconstrucción nos permitirá identificar el punto ciego de su filosofía: la indefinición de lo que Deleuze denomina “fuerzas en el hombre”. El señalamiento de este problema nos conducirá a la filosofía de León Rozitchner, cuyos conceptos permiten recuperar la pregunta que el pensamiento de Foucault no despliega: ¿hay un cuerpo histórico anterior a las fuerzas diagramáticas?

En el presente artículo nos propondremos realizar una lectura detallada de la operación a partir de la cual León Rozitchner analiza críticamente el trabajo de Max Scheler y, en ese mismo acto, sienta las bases de lo que posteriormente se constituirá como el núcleo central de su filosofía. En la primera parte, analizaremos las razones por las que Rozitchner se dedica al estudio de la fenomenología de Scheler y la operación de lectura que pone en práctica. En los siguientes dos (...) apartados nos detendremos en dos nociones fundamentales que Rozitchner critica e invierte: el _corpus christi_ como totalidad espiritual y la concepción de persona. Terminado el análisis sobre su lectura de Scheler, nos detendremos en la categoría de absoluto-relativo, entendiéndola como la consecuencia más acabada de los desarrollos de su tesis doctoral. A modo de conclusión, señalaremos brevemente la relevancia de la categoría de absoluto-relativo para la comprensión de la obra de Rozitchner. (shrink)

En el presente artículo me propongo recomponer la especificidad teórica del último período de la obra filosófica de León Rozitchner, allí donde aparece el problema de lo “mitológico-político”. A modo de introducción, comenzaremos haciendo referencia a la coyuntura histórica en la cual Rozitchner plantea este nuevo horizonte conceptual. En la primera parte del artículo, desarrollaré la noción de mater, categoría cardinal a partir de la cual se comprenden los distintos desplazamientos conceptuales que aparecen durante estos años. Una vez hecho esto, (...) mostraré el modo en que Rozitchner concibe la noción histórica de mitología y su relación con lo político-social. Esto servirá como preámbulo conceptual para introducirnos luego en el modo en que, desde estas categorías, el filósofo argentino estudia al cristianismo entendido en clave mitológica y su vínculo con las relaciones sociales capitalistas. Allí la noción de terror aparecerá como una categoría clave para comprender el alcance subjetivo de la mitología cristiana. (shrink)

Ya desde sus primeras publicaciones, la pregunta por la constitución histórica del sujeto se presenta como un eje central en la filosofía del argentino León Rozitchner (1924-2011). El presente artículo analiza el modo en que Rozitchner, a partir de esta problemática, realiza un camino que va desde la fenomenología hacia el psicoanálisis, dando así lugar a una lectura filosófico-política de Freud. En la primera parte, recomponemos las continuidades y rupturas teóricas que lo conducen de Merleau-Ponty hacia Freud. Una vez realizado (...) esto, analizamos el modo en que, a partir de su lectura de Freud, Rozitchner advierte la existencia de dos distancias (una interna, otra externa) en la constitución histórica del sujeto. A modo de conclusión, señalamos la relevancia teórica y política de la filosofía de Rozitchner y algunos de los logros y límites de su lectura de Freud. (shrink)

En este artículo analizo cómo Rawls aborda las desigualdades materiales, tanto dentro de las sociedades democráticas como en sus reflexiones en torno al derecho de gentes. A este respecto, hechos como su valoración positiva de la desigualdad social o su desatención del desarrollo económico de los pueblos, me llevan a concluir que Rawls mantiene un posicionamiento conservador en lo que respecta a problemas como la pobreza o el desarrollo global.

En este artículo analizo cómo la configuración del escenario político y mediático actual ha propiciado la proliferación de discursos expresivos que corrompen el debate público. Ciertos personajes buscan ganar estatus publicando contenidos inflamantes y de odio, y en la arena política prima la imposición de relatos sobre el diálogo entre diferentes. Esto hace que las pretensiones de validez de la comunicación se rompan y el espacio público se tribalice, haciendo aflorar nuestras tendencias evolutivas. En clave aristotélica, se produce una paradoja: (...) el entorno social, que es inherente al hombre, transforma la palabra en voz y reduce al hombre a la animalidad. (shrink)

In this article I analyze the academic reception of Jonathan Haidt’s seminal article _The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment_. My thesis is that in the spheres of philosophy and psychology, this article was initially studied within the neurocentric paradigm, which dominated the field of scientific reflection in the fifteen years following its publication. This neurocentric reading established a specific interpretation of the text with several limitations. However, more recently a digital paradigm has (...) emerged and come to prevail in academia, providing a new perspective from which to return to Haidt’s text. Indeed, this approach makes it possible to unravel elements of the famous article that in the neurocentric paradigm went unnoticed by researchers. Moreover, the digital paradigm manages to better integrate Haidt’s seminal article into his later work as a whole. (shrink)

In this article I analyze the academic reception of Jonathan Haidt’s seminal article _The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment_. My thesis is that in the spheres of philosophy and psychology, this article was initially studied within the neurocentric paradigm, which dominated the field of scientific reflection in the fifteen years following its publication. This neurocentric reading established a specific interpretation of the text with several limitations. However, more recently a digital paradigm has (...) emerged and come to prevail in academia, providing a new perspective from which to return to Haidt’s text. Indeed, this approach makes it possible to unravel elements of the famous article that in the neurocentric paradigm went unnoticed by researchers. Moreover, the digital paradigm manages to better integrate Haidt’s seminal article into his later work as a whole. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza las dos tesis principales del reciente libro de Manuel Pérez Otero, Vericuetos de la filosofía de Wittgenstein: la revisión de la simetría general entre acciones y omisiones como comportamientos intencionales, y la propuesta de respuesta disposicional “teleológica” al desafío escéptico sobre el significado del Wittgenstein de Kripke. Sobre la primera tesis, ponemos de manifiesto la neutralidad la gramática de la atribución de comportamientos intencionales respecto al determinismo causal, destacando el carácter retrospectivo implicado por el concepto de “justificación (...) post hoc”. Sobre la segunda, indicamos el rechazo del internismo no alcanza para hacer de las disposiciones teleológicas una explicación satisfactoria del comportamiento. Intentamos clarificar la clase de problema planteado por el escepticismo semántico wittgensteiniano: el abandono de la concepción que ve al seguimiento de reglas como la “praxis de un sujeto” por otra que ve a los seguidores de reglas como los “sujetos de una práctica”. (shrink)

This book aims to enrich our understanding of the role the environment plays in processes of life and cognition, from the perspective of enactive cognitive science. Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro offers an unprecedented interpretation of the central claims of the enactive approach to cognition, supported by contemporary works of ecological psychology and phenomenology. The enactive approach conceives cognition as sense-making, a phenomenon emerging from the organizational nature of the living body that evolves in human beings through sensorimotor, intercorporeal, and linguistic (...) interactions with the environment. From this standpoint, Sepúlveda-Pedro suggests incorporating three new theses into the theoretical body of the enactive approach: sense-making and cognition fundamentally consist of processes of norm development; the environment, cognitive agents actually interact with, is an active ecological field enacted in their historical past; and sense-making occurs in a domain consisting of multiple normative dimensions that the author names enactive place. (shrink)