With the publication of the Parerga and Paralipomena in 1851, there finally came some measure of the fame that Schopenhauer thought was his due. Described by Schopenhauer himself as 'incomparably more popular than everything up till now', the Parerga is a miscellany of essays addressing themes that complement his work The World as Will and Representation, along with more divergent, speculative pieces. It includes his 'Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life', reflections on fate and clairvoyance, trenchant views on the philosophers (...) and universities of his day, and an enlightening survey of the history of philosophy. The present volume offers a new translation, a substantial introduction explaining the context of the essays, and extensive editorial notes on the different published versions of the work. This readable and scholarly edition will be an essential reference for those studying Schopenhauer, the history of philosophy, and nineteenth-century German philosophy. (shrink)

This is one of the most important books on quantum mechanics ever written for lay readers, in which an eminent physicist and successful science writer, Heinz Pagels, discusses and explains the core concepts of physics without resorting to complicated mathematics. "Can be read by anyone. I heartily recommend it!" -- New York Times Book Review. 1982 edition.

This essay provides a systematic as well as chronological account of Schiller's concepts of freedom and autonomy. Its main thesis is that the duality of Schiller's moral/aesthetic ideal in the Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man - of beauty and the sublime, of play and the moral law - is a result of his use of conflicting concepts of autonomy. While it is widely accepted that Schiller took over Kant's concept of autonomy, I argue that he simultaneously employed another (...) concept of autonomy, that of the contemporary philosopher Karl Leonhard Reinhold, whose criticism of Kant's concept of free will and alternative formulation of the concept of a neutral will influenced Schiller. (shrink)

"Freitag, 22. Mearz 2002, 19.30 Uhr, Alte Beorse am Naschmarkt in Leipzig"--T.p. verso.

This junior/senior level text is devoted to a study of first-order logic and its role in the foundations of mathematics: What is a proof? How can a proof be justified? To what extent can a proof be made a purely mechanical procedure? How much faith can we have in a proof that is so complex that no one can follow it through in a lifetime? The first substantial answers to these questions have only been obtained in this century. The most (...) striking results are contained in Goedel's work: First, it is possible to give a simple set of rules that suffice to carry out all mathematical proofs; but, second, these rules are necessarily incomplete - it is impossible, for example, to prove all true statements of arithmetic. The book begins with an introduction to first-order logic, Goedel's theorem, and model theory. A second part covers extensions of first-order logic and limitations of the formal methods. The book covers several advanced topics, not commonly treated in introductory texts, such as Trachtenbrot's undecidability theorem. Fraissé's elementary equivalence, and Lindstroem's theorem on the maximality of first-order logic. (shrink)

This is the first translation into English of a work of late German enlightenment by Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757-1823).

In the past, Schiller has often been underestimated as a philosopher in his own right. Fortunately, this has been changing, beginning with the bicentennial commemoration of his death in 2005, which has since then produced a fair number of volumes, mostly in French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Unfortunately, Frederick Beiser's 2005 Schiller the Philosopher: A Re-Examination, one of the still rare book-length treatments by a single author, has failed to lead to a similar "new wave" in the English-speaking world. Thus, (...) it is heartening to have here a volume of essays focusing on his philosophical writings and bringing together titans of the fields of philosophical Schiller-studies, German early romantic... (shrink)

The first part of this book provides the best short overview of the German Enlightenment available in English. Although, as the author says, she “sheds no new light on the German Enlightenment but follows current views”, those views are largely unavailable in English. With admirable lucidity, Roehr covers topics such as the nature of enlightenment, theology, Freemasonry, responses to the French revolution, and moral philosophy.

Haunted by dreams of a powerful red tide, Odd Thomas, accompanied by two otherworldly sidekicks--his dog Boo and the Chairman of the Board--is drawn to a small California coastal town, where nothing is at it appears and where he confronts overwhelming and sinister forces out to stop his quest.

This contribution to the special issue is an historical account of Paulo Freire’s pedagogical and administrative praxis before his forced exile in 1964. It relies on interviews collected during a field trip in 1976, a conversation with Paulo Freire in Geneva one year later and on the secondary literature up to date. Being the head of the first Extension Service of a major Brazilian university in the early 1960s gave Freire and his collaborators the space and time to experiment with (...) the today world famous literacy method bearing his name. The concept of ‘Field of Cultural Production’ (Bourdieu) is used to elucidate better Freire and his team’s avant-gardist production within the spaces opened up by Brazil’s popular movements in the early sixties. The contribution shows how the ‘Paulo Freire System’ developed in the praxis of a cultural movement and received its academic consecration in an incremental and eclectic style. (shrink)

O presente texto pretende discernir quer o método quer o conteúdo do Pensamento Novo de Franz Rosenzweig. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o autor do artigo chega à conclusão de que o "método Judaico" da Estrela da Redenção simplesmente "reflecte" a experiência por Rosenzweig do facto de, pura e simplesmente, se achar Judeu. Com efeito, para o pensador hebreu, "modo de pensar" e "modo de viver" não se podem separar um do outro. Ora é precisamente aí que se dá a (...) fundamentação "filosófico-teológica" desta experiência no sentido de uma relação fraternal entre as duas ciências. No essencial, porém, coloca-se a seguinte questão: No momento em que a obra Estrela da Redenção recorda ao leitor a existência de "algo vivente" e o despede em "direcção à vida" (ins Leben), de que vida é que propriamente se fala aqui? A "fé" na criação por Deus de factos é, para Rosenzweig, a resposta; mas o seu objectivo é conduzir-nos ao acatamento desta "factualidade". Nesta medida, Rosenzweig interpreta a "Factualidade" da própria Verdade como "verdade criada". Deus sela com o "Beijo" o "e" presente em "Morte e Vida" enquanto verdade criada do ser humano e, com isso, ao mesmo tempo, como aquela verdade que deixa ao ser humano a possibilidade de ser Sua criatura. E o ser humano dá o seu assentimento veritativo ao facto de que assim é. Mostra-se, deste modo, até que ponto o ser humano permanece no âmbito daquilo que lhe é próprio sem, contudo, nisso deixar de ser "coisa de Deus", Sua criatura. /// The article deals with method and subject matter of Franz Rosenzweig's New Thinking. As for the former, it can be seen that the "Jewish method" of the Star of Redemption "reflects" Rosenzweig's experience of the "fact" that he is a Jew. For him, "way of thinking" and "way of life" are inseparably connected. This very connection forms the "philosophical-theological" foundation of the named experience in the sense of the "siblinghood" of both disciplines. As for the subject matter, the article asks what sort of life is meant when the Star reminds the readers of "something living" and, at the end, dismisses them "into life". Rosenzweig's answer is the "belief" in the "createdness of facts by God"; his aim is to guide the reader into the "acceptance" of the "so it is" of this "factuality". Thus, Rosenzweig points out the "factuality" of truth itself as being "created truth ". By means of the "kiss" God seals the "and" of "death and life" as the creaturely truth of man and at the same time as that truth which lets man be "His" creature. In answer to this, man speaks his confirming adherence "verily". He thereby not only "keeps to" his own but also remains God's property, "His". (shrink)

Die hundertste Wiederkehr des Geburtstages Max Schelers war im Jahre 1974 der Anlaß zu zahlreichen Gelegenheitsveröffentlichungen, die jedoch wahrscheinlich lediglich als ein kurzes Auffiammen des Interesses an der Philosophie dieses Denkers eingeschätzt werden dürfen. Sowohl die Reichhaltigkeit wie die Vielseitigkeit seines Werkes dürfte der vornehmlichste Grund für die Tatsache sein, daß nur wenige Denker und um Darstellung bzw. Interpretation bemühte Forscher sich ein gehend und umfassend mit Schelers Philosophie befaßt haben. Hinzu kommt die Unvollendetheit dieses Schaffens, die einerseits auf seinen (...) frühen Tod zurückzuführen ist, die andererseits aber wesentlich in der Eigenart seines Philosophierens verankert ist. Es besteht jedoch die berechtigte Hoffnung, daß die Herausgabe des unveröffentlichten Nach lasses diese Unvollendetheit zwar nicht aufheben, sie aber in ihren Grenzen präziser als bisher möglich umreißen wird, und dies insbeson dere in bezug auf die von ihm geplante Metaphysik und Anthropologie. Vorliegender Arbeit lag der Versuch zugrunde, zwei der wesentlich sten Grundpfeiler dieser Philosophie freizulegen und somit zur Ausar beitung der diesem Denken "noch fehlenden architektonischen Ordnung" beizutragen. Abgesehen von einigen geringfügigen Änderungen für den Druck wurde diese Arbeit im Juni 1974 von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universite Catholique de Louvain als Doktoratsthese angenommen. Für die Ausarbeitung dieser Dissertation steht der Autor in tiefster Dankesschuld vor allem bei seinem Promotor, Herrn Professor Dr. (shrink)

In Thomas Thomson's System of chemistry of 1802 Bergman and Scheele are actually considered as creators of the analytical concept of an element. With regard to this, a detailed investigation of the work of Bergman and Scheele shows that Thomson's statement contains mistakes as well as inadmissable simplifications and generalizations. It is correct, however, that Bergman in 1774–1777 specifically anticipated in essential aspects the analytical element concept proposed by Lavoisier in 1787–1789.

Considered by many to be Abraham Robinson's magnum opus, this book offers an explanation of the development and applications of non-standard analysis by the mathematician who founded the subject. Non-standard analysis grew out of Robinson's attempt to resolve the contradictions posed by infinitesimals within calculus. He introduced this new subject in a seminar at Princeton in 1960, and it remains as controversial today as it was then. This paperback reprint of the 1974 revised edition is indispensable reading for anyone interested (...) in non-standard analysis. It treats in rich detail many areas of application, including topology, functions of a real variable, functions of a complex variable, and normed linear spaces, together with problems of boundary layer flow of viscous fluids and rederivations of Saint-Venant's hypothesis concerning the distribution of stresses in an elastic body. (shrink)

Wussten Sie, dass das Schreiben im Mittelalter auch eine körperliche Anstrengung war? Oder dass Frauen einen erheblichen Anteil an der Literaturförderung hatten? Die Beschäftigung mit der deutschsprachigen Literatur des Mittelalters bringt nicht nur die Begegnung mit Figuren wie König Artus, Parzival oder den Nibelungen. Sie öffnet auch den Blick auf einen spannenden Literaturbetrieb – zwischen Analphabetentum und lateinischer Schriftkultur, Mäzenatentum und fahrenden Sängern. Aus dem Inhalt: Diskussion von Epochengrenzen, Sprachstufen und Literaturbegriff; Hintergründe und Entstehungsbedingungen: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit, Geistlichkeit und Adel, (...) Autor und Publikum; Paläografie und Textkritik: Handschrift und Edition; Dichtung als Formkunst: Reim und Metrum; Literaturperioden im Überblick: Alt-, Mittel- und Frühneuhochdeutsch; Gattungen und Werke des Mittelhochdeutschen: Artusepik, Heldenepik, Grals- und Minneroman, Minnesang; vrouwe und ritter: Geschlechterkonzepte und Genderaspekte. (shrink)

Among the problems raised by admitting statements which are neither true nor false is the problem of how we are to cope with vague concepts. One method of dealing with such concepts has been suggested by Rosser/Turquette (1952), i.e. the employment of a many valued set theory. It is our intention in this paper to discuss the use of many valued logics, especially the set theoretical proposals of Zadeh and Brown, in dealing with this problem. Towards this end, we shall (...) pay close attention to the development of the concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy systems. In this regard, it will be argued that Zadeh had in mind a many valued logic where the connectives are interpreted according to Lukasiewicz and Tarski, whereas Brown's version may be based upon a Boolean-valued logic. Furthermore, we shall have occasion to distinguish between two sources of imprecision in specifying the membership of classes, i.e. conceptual vagueness and imprecision due to inexact measurement. Due to Suppes' work in this field, the latter sort of imprecision may be exemplified by providing a theory of the inexact measurement of subjective probability. Finally, we shall discuss some ways in which these two types of imprecision are intertwined. (shrink)

--2. Bd. Des Sokrates Apologie. Kriton. Euthydemos. Menexenos. Gorgias. Menon. Bearb. von H. Hofmann.--3. Bd. Phaidon. Das Gastmahl. Kratylos. Bearb. von D. Kurz.--4. Bd. Politeia. Der Staat. Bearb. von D. Kurz.--5. Bd. Phaidros. Parmenides. Briefe. Bearb. von D. Kurz.--6. Bd. Theaitetos. Der Sophist. Der Staatsmann. Bearb. von P. Staudacher.--7. Bd. Timaios, Kritias. Philebos. Bearb. von K. Widdra.--8. Bd. Nomōn. Gesetze. Bearb. von K. Schöpsdau. 2 v.