For decades, a remarkable number of publications have been devoted to the so-called Epistulae ad Caesarem. Most have focused on the question of whether they are authentic or forgeries, and only a few have analysed them as a source for valuable historical evidence. This paper intends to demonstrate that the letters could certainly have been written in the middle of the first century BCE and that Sallust could indeed be the author. The letters, particularly Ep. 2, show that there were (...) alternative political agendas and provide a better understanding of Sallust as a politician and historian, as well as of the political debate surrounding the outbreak of the civil war and Caesar’s rule. (shrink)

Summary The fragmentary inscription on the ludi saeculares contains mention of two senatus consulta of year 17 BCE. This paper gives new arguments for identifying the five known consulars heading the drafting commission of the senatus consultum of 17 February: M. Iunius Silanus, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, L. Marcius Censorinus, C. Asinius Pollio and L. Vinicius. This list challenges the accepted notion that senators named as members of the drafting commissions of senatus consulta were always arranged according to their seniority. Such (...) an open new approach could question or even significantly alter the chronology of Roman magistracies that has been accepted on the basis of seniority hierarchy so far. (shrink)

A la luz de algunas críticas recientes, en el marco de este texto se busca impulsar un debate que tiene lugar en dos frentes: por una parte, la lógica del origen de la lógica y, por otra parte, la relación entre psicoanálisis y marxismo. Para ello se recuperan algunos textos publicados por Alain Badiou hacia finales de la década de 1960, en los que polemiza con Jacques-Alain Miller alrededor de los concepto de "sutura" y "sujeto" (Zizek), para situar tanto las (...) diversas posiciones como las coherentes reconsideraciones a lo largo de su trayectoria intelectual. En efecto, desde "El concepto de modelo" hasta su más reciente trilogía (Teoría del sujeto, El ser y el acontecimiento y Lógica de los Mundos), se propone una perspectiva que lejos de establecer jerarquías y subordinaciones busca promover conexiones a partir de las especificidades y las diferencias a través de esa vía particular que es la filosofía. De este modo resulta posible apreciar que, pese a su crítica respecto de la primacía de la lógica del significante, los conceptos propuestos por Jacques Lacan funcionaron como una notoria fuente de inspiración para Badiou, especialmente en relación con el sujeto del inconsciente. (shrink)

This article explores the philosophy of Alain Badiou from the vantage point of the concepts of the localization, delocalization, and relocalization of the void as thematized through literary arts, religion, emancipatory politics, and the subject of psychoanalysis. In short, these moments around the void characterize the processes through which truth is processed and seen through their full realization by a philosophical engagement across the various conditions in which these truths occur. The localization of a void is the naming of an (...) indiscernible element that is incommensurable to the rubric of constructible knowledge, sense and meaning which could saturate the space of truth. Thus, the naming that localizes the void acts as a subtraction of the invariant in the variance of situation such that across various points in space and time, we are still able to subtract the universal as the invariant not just as the fidelity to the localized truth but also as the resurrection of truth upon its relocalization at a different place and a different time. At its core, this article is concerned with truth, why truth is persistent, and why we have to struggle to articulate the truth that we are trying to be faithful to again and again with each instance that truth risks being covered-over and obscured. (shrink)

ObjectiveTest anxiety (TA) is a construct that has scarcely been studied based on Lang’s three-dimensional model of anxiety. The objective of this article is to investigate the repercussion of sociodemographic and academic variables on different responses for each component of anxiety and for the type of test in adolescent students.MethodA total of 1181 students from 12 to 18 years old (M= 14.7 and SD = 1.8) participated, of whom 569 were boys (48.2%) and 612 girls (51.8%). A sociodemographic questionnaire and (...) theCuestionario de Ansiedad ante los examenes-Adaptado (CAEX-A)[Test Anxiety Questionnaire-Adapted] an adaptation for Spanish secondary school levels (ESO) and Bachillerato were administered.ResultsGirls scored higher on the cognitive and physiological components of TA than boys, the intensity of the physiological response increasing with age. Bachillerato level students reported more physiological anxiety than those of ESO level. Students with better marks in the previous year presented more anxiety in the cognitive component, while those who obtained the lower mark presented higher anxiety values in the behavioral component. Participants reported that the types of tests that cause them more anxiety were oral tests in front of the class, oral presentation in front of a panel, and mathematics tests.ConclusionAdolescents show a differential response of TA based on the physiological, cognitive and motor components, mediated by the variables of gender, age, grade, academic performance and type of exam. These results serve to design specific intervention programs to manage anxiety in situations of academic assessment. (shrink)

El artículo se propone indagar la conexión entre el derecho penal y la arquitectura carcelaria con la finalidad de demostrar como el empleo de un cierto tipo de arquitectura responda a la voluntad de desarrollar técnicas de gobierno capaces de operar a un nivel de invisibilidad de la gubernamentalidad. Con este fin, se sirve de una novela de Bioy Casares, Plan de evasión, la cual visibiliza y reflexiona sobre la disciplina del cuerpo que se esconde tras la ilusoria belleza y (...) salubridad de la arquitectura penitenciaria moderna. (shrink)

Las páginas de Kafka están repletas de figuras animales, cuya compleja simbología, que ha dado lugar a distintas interpretaciones, es capaz de hospedar también una lectura político-jurídica. Partiendo de un diálogo entre las historias con motivo animal de Franz Kafka y los seminarios de Jacques Derrida sobre la bestia y el soberano, el trabajo aspira: por un lado, a aclarar el sentido político-jurídico que, en la narrativa de Kafka, adquieren tanto el devenir animal como el devenir humano; y, por el (...) otro, a indagar el papel del cuervo y de su complejo simbolismo en determinados escritos del escritor checo. De ahí, dirige la mirada al apetito corvino que Kafka escenifica en El proceso para demostrar que la pasión del derecho moderno por la carne pertenece a la naturaleza más primitiva del mismo. (shrink)

Presentamos, a modo de introducción al número, algunos aspectos que ayuden a enmarcar la aproximación al estudio comparado de las propuestas filosóficas de Xavier Zubiri y Polo. Mostramos la influencia que tuvieron en ambos las corrientes renovadoras del primer tercio del siglo XX y el interés de ambos en continuar y, a la vez, renovar, el pensamiento filosófico anterior, siempre en continuo diálogo con la tradición clásica. Hacemos también mención a las particularidades de la recepción de sus filosofías y (...) a las inquietudes intelectuales comunes ante el problema de Dios, la creación y la persona y su trascendencia. (shrink)

This paper attempts to provide an exposition of the christian faith as habitual knowledge according to the theory of habits by L. Polo. After the explanation of human person as a being for God, the article describes our religious and philosophical knowledge of God. Finally it describes the knowledge achieved through the gift of faith.

Wilhelm Dilthey is one of the authors who introduces the topic of the history in philosophy. This is a good judgment, though he finds many more questions. We believe that Polo answers them in a suitable manner.

This is a working paper, a discussion on the meaning that L. Polo gives to "synderesis". Starting from this notion, the transcendental and practical dimensions of the «I» are developed and explored.

El conflicto actual entre la afirmación de la propia identidad y la aspiración a la universalidad remite a la praxis social más que a doctrinas o teorías. La crítica de Ch. Taylor, desde una posición hermenéutica, concluye en el atomismo social que ha generado la noción moderna de identidad, y propone una afiliación del sujeto por la vía de su autoconstitución teleológica. Desde el pensamiento de L. Polo se muestra la raíz hegeliana de esta propuesta, que puede superarse sin (...) negarla o contradecirla desde la noción de identidad como referencia al origen, o sea, como filiación. Tal posición exige la consideración del sujeto como persona, que integra antropológica y éticamente la identidad y la universalidad. (shrink)

La co-existencia, fundamento antropológico de la solidaridad (K. Wojtyla, R. Spaemann, L. Polo). La afirmación de la co-existencia como elemento radical o trascendental de la persona humana es una tesis que se encuentra en los textos de Karol Wojtyla, R. Spaemann y Leonardo Polo. Es la mejor aportación filosófica que se ha formulado hasta la fecha para fundamentar racionalmente la solidaridad humana. Supera el enfoque sentimental, e incluso va mas allá de la obligación moral. Se presenta como la (...) proyección del lema clásico «llega a ser el que eres» en las relaciones humanas. (shrink)

La crisis sanitaria del SARS2-COVID ha traído a nuestra atención el conflicto permanente entre lo público y lo privado; entre los métodos de gestión abordados desde la perspectiva tecnológica sin concesiones a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, y las posiciones éticas que aún pretenden sostener su validez. Desde la aplicación de la tecnología en las mayores barbaries conocidas por la Humanidad hasta el día de hoy, el ser humano se debate entre mayor seguridad o más libertad. El problema es que (...) el individuo, o las organizaciones y empresas que crea, han visto incrementada su capacidad de obrar gracias a la tecnología informática, y esta nueva situación ha dado lugar a la ruptura del pacto social originado por la Revolución Francesa, donde el monopolio del poder se atribuía al Estado a cambio de que éste se sometiera a la voluntad del pueblo expresada por medio de la ley. Hoy día, el individuo se ha vuelto más poderoso y el Estado se resiste a perder su papel. Entre esos dos polos navega la vida de miles de millones de personas, cuyas vidas se han vuelto transparentes a los ojos vigilantes de los Estados y de las grandes corporaciones empresariales. (shrink)

The division between theory and practice is one of the consequences of Rousseau's heritage. In Educational Knowledge, it falls into the notion of finality, which is conceived mentally from the perspective of the result's principle. Thus, the oposition is reduplicated, confronting finality and freedom. Dilemma can be surpassed with a Polo's freedom enlargement in his trascendental anthropology, setting up as well the posibility of human unrestricted improvement.

The ethics of using genetic engineering to enhance athletic performance has been a recurring topic in the sport philosophy and bioethics literature. In this article, we analyze the ethics of cloning horses for polo competition. In doing so, we critically examine the arguments most commonly advanced to justify this practice. In the process, we raise concerns about cloning horses for polo competition, centering on normative aspects pertaining to sport ethics usually neglected by defenders of cloning. In particular, we (...) focus on how this practice could have a detrimental impact on the central skills of polo, and how it unjustly creates an uneven playing field. We suggest that the polo community would benefit from critically considering the ethical quandaries posed by the practice of cloning horses for polo competition. (shrink)

The ethics of using genetic engineering to enhance athletic performance has been a recurring topic in the sport philosophy and bioethics literature. In this article, we analyze the ethics of cloning horses for polo competition. In doing so, we critically examine the arguments most commonly advanced to justify this practice. In the process, we raise concerns about cloning horses for polo competition, centering on normative aspects pertaining to sport ethics usually neglected by defenders of cloning. In particular, we (...) focus on how this practice could have a detrimental impact on the central skills of polo, and how it unjustly creates an uneven playing field. We suggest that the polo community would benefit from critically considering the ethical quandaries posed by the practice of cloning horses for polo competition. (shrink)

Dilthey es uno de los autores que introducen el tema de la historia en el ámbito de la filosofía. Lo cual es un acierto, aunque haya encontrado multitud de problemas. Leonardo Polo procura encontrarles solución.

En este trabajo se estudia la virtud de la confianza como requisito de la sociabilidad. Tras revisar, en síntesis y según L. Polo, como se ha estimado esta virtud en la historia de la filosofía, y tras examinar algunas manifestaciones del vicio opuesto de la desconfianza, se indica cuál es su índole, su raíz y sus consecuencias, distinguiéndola al final de la fe intelectual o natural que tiene como tema solo a Dios.

The main objective of performance sport is to obtain achievements at the highest level through the adequate development of the athlete. The scientific literature demonstrates the fundamental role played by the inclusion of certain psychological variables in the training plan. This study examined the psychological profile of kayak polo players through the variables of burnout, optimism, and mood in the hours prior to the competition, relating these to each other and to some sociodemographic data. A sample of 86 canoeists, (...) 60 men and 26 women, with an age measurement of 24.4 ± 9.1 years belonging to the first male and female kayak polo division, completed the POMS-29, the LOT-R, and the IBD-R. Athletes' levels of optimism were found to be significantly correlated with mood. Optimism also influenced emotional exhaustion. In addition, seniority and internationality were decisive factors in the level of optimism and mood achieved. (shrink)

Las personas somos absolutamente diferentes de las cosas, no cabe ninguna duda al respecto. No obstante, sí debemos diferenciar nítidamente entre los individuos y el concepto de “persona”. Así pues, la persona posee un “horizonte interior”, absolutamente novedoso y que le caracteriza como ser en aproximación a la Verdad y a la Libertad, las cuales no sólo son específicas del propio humano, sino que le son necesarias en cuanto remedios contra la desolación y la tiranía. Asimismo, una sociedad puede ser (...) tiránica en varios sentidos, pero Manuel Mindán sostiene que, para que no lo sea, el individuo entendido como “persona” debe primar siempre sobre el grupo gregario y cerrado. (shrink)

L'étude de la communication nous oblige à aborder l'articulation entre individu et société. Tout en dépassant les métaphores «postales» ou télégraphiques de la transmission de l'information supposant l'existence d'individus isolés, le sociologue Yves Winkin parle d'un «collège invisible» d'auteurs qui nous indiqueraient une approche nous aidant à mieux comprendre les dynamiques concrètes et les enjeux sociaux de la communication. Il faudrait élargir ce «collège» et montrer l'intérêt de l'approche des représentations sociales pour comprendre la construction du sens commun, se rattachant (...) aussi aux travaux d'Alfred Schutz. L'étude de la communication peut ainsi devenir l'analyse d'une ou de plusieurs arènes òu se joue une bataille de conquête et d'influence sociale visant à la «bonne définition» d'un sens partagé.In the study of communication one must deal with the relationship between the individual and society. The sociologist Yves Winkin suggests the idea of an "invisible college" where different authors converge with the intention of overcoming the "postal" or telegraphic model of communication based on the idea of isolated individuals.They turn instead towards a constructivist and interactionist approach. In this paper, following Alfred Schutz’s ideas, I propose to extend this "college" to include the study of social representations to help understand the construction of common sense. I then suggest that the analysis of communication can be regarded as the study of the multiple arenas where social groups compete to achieve more opportunities or more power to influence the "right definition" of sense that is socially approved. (shrink)

How did social communication evolve in primates? In this volume, primatologists, linguists, anthropologists, cognitive scientists and philosophers of science systematically analyze how their specific disciplines demarcate the research questions and methodologies involved in the study of the evolutionary origins of social communication in primates in general, and in humans in particular. In the first part of the book, historians and philosophers of science address how the epistemological frameworks associated with primate communication and language evolution studies have changed over time, and (...) how these conceptual changes affect our current studies on the subject matter. In the second part, scholars provide cutting-edge insights into the various means through which primates communicate socially in both natural and experimental settings. They examine the behavioral building blocks by which primates communicate, and they analyze what the cognitive requirements are for displaying communicative acts. Chapters highlight cross-fostering and language experiments with primates, primate mother-infant communication, the display of emotions and expressions, manual gestures and vocal signals, joint attention, intentionality and theory of mind. The primary focus of the third part is on how these various types of communicative behavior possibly evolved, and how they can be understood as evolutionary precursors to human language. Leading scholars analyze how both manual and vocal gestures gave way to mimetic and imitational protolanguage, and how the latter possibly transitioned into human language. In the final part, we turn to the hominin lineage, and anthropologists, archeologists and linguists investigate what the necessary neurocognitive, anatomical and behavioral features are in order for human language to evolve, and how language differs from other forms of primate communication. (shrink)

Obedience: a simple term. Stanley Milgram, the famous experimental social psychologist, shocked the world with theory about it. Another man, Pol Pot, the infamous leader of the Khmer Rouge, showed how far the desire for obedience could go in human societies. Milgram conducted his experiments in the controlled environment of the US psychology laboratory of the 1960s. Pol Pot experimented with Utopia in the totalitarian Kampuchea of the 1970s. In this article, we discuss the process through which the Khmer Rouge (...) regime created an army of unquestioningly obedient soldiers — including child soldiers. Based on these two cases, we advance a framework on how obedience can be grown or countered. (shrink)

Fichte once described the first principle of his philosophical system as a globe or attractor point which rests on nothing else but its own power, and which – as by the inception of a gravitational field – thereby simultaneously sets the conditions for the groundedness of all the components of the edifice of knowledge which follow. This description suggests his philosophical enterprise is articulated in accordance to the linear structure of foundationalism. At the same time, however, Fichte’s enterprise is unequivocally (...) transparent regarding its many circularities, the most interesting of which is described by the relation between the I under philosophical observation and the I of the transcendental philosopher who undertakes the observation. Indeed, such a relation – which Fichte called not only a circle but a circuit – is what explains his assertion that the task of the transcendental philosopher is to be a pragmatic historiographer rather than a legislator of the mind. The philosopher’s task is historical insofar as the I who undertakes the examination is at every move trying to repeat its genesis in a conscious manner. It is circular, in turn, insofar as the activity of the examined I is supposed to culminate in precisely the point where the examining I stands, but not forgetting that it has to account for the possibility of the latter’s very examination. To map the horizon and grounding capacity of such circumvolutions of the mind is what this paper aims to do. (shrink)

. Introductory Remarks THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY The problems of reduction in biology are currently of considerable theoretical interest and practical ...

Business firms have been explained as internal markets or as communities. To be sustainable, however, they need to reconcile these two constituting elements that have mainly been touted as opposite and part of a dualistic relationship. We suggest that organizations may, in alternative, view market and community as part of a duality, interdependent and mutually constituting processes that may not only contradict each other but also enable one another. The implications of a duality view for business ethics, which articulates market (...) and community elements in a fruitful, mutually enabling relationship, are considered, and duality is presented as a way of transcending what is commonly viewed as opposition, moving organizations both in the direction of humane and competitive finalities. (shrink)

We uncover fundamental dimensions of the process through which organizations embed the practice of fraternity through embarking on an organizational journey in the direction of the common good. Building on the latest encyclical of Pope Francis, _Fratelli Tutti_, about fraternal and social friendship, we offer insight into the understanding of what it means to become a fraternal organization and reflect on the key ethical and paradoxical challenges for organizations aiming at collectively contributing to the common good. We add to previous (...) work by characterizing this journey as a process involving unique ethical challenges that emerge from the paradoxes associated with this process and how this might change the nature of the relationships between organizations and others within the organizational landscape. (shrink)

La técnica de danza colectiva Contact Improvisation surgió hace casi medio siglo en Nueva York como una alteración de los códigos de contacto y de las jerarquías coreográficas; desde las primeras décadas de su desarrollo -ideológico, pedagógico o estético-, se viene produciendo una compleja discusión en torno al género. En este trabajo se analizan las distintas perspectivas del debate que se articulan en lo que se puede considerar la revista fundacional, Contact Quarterly: el cuestionamiento de la masculinidad, las ideas de (...) neutralización y de minimización de lo sexual y varios enfoques feministas entre los que se puede incluir la teoría queer. Más que en la definición de cada una de las posiciones, nos detenemos en la observación crítica de las paradojas, tensiones y puntos de encuentro que se van reflejando en la práctica y van tejiendo una fecunda red discursiva. (shrink)

La antropología greiga, cristiana y moderna -- La escencia humana -- El yo -- Sobre la esencia humana.