This study focuses on retraction notices from two major Latin American/Caribbean indexing databases: SciELO and LILACS. SciELO includes open scientific journals published mostly in Latin America/the Caribbean, from which 10 % are also indexed by Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge Journal of Citation Reports. LILACS has a similar geographical coverage and includes dissertations and conference/symposia proceedings, but it is limited to publications in the health sciences. A search for retraction notices was performed in these two databases using the keywords “retracted”, (...) “retraction” “withdrawal”, “withdrawn”, “removed” and “redress”. Documents were manually checked to identify those that actually referred to retractions, which were then analyzed and categorized according to the reasons alleged in the notices. Dates of publication/retraction and time to retraction were also recorded. Searching procedures were performed between June and December 2014. Thirty-one retraction notices were identified, fifteen of which were in JCR-indexed journals. “Plagiarism” was alleged in six retractions of this group. Among the non-JCR journals, retraction reasons were alleged in fourteen cases, twelve of which were attributed to “plagiarism”. The proportion of retracted articles for the SciELO database was approximately 0.005 %. The reasons alleged in retraction notices may be used as signposts to inform discussions in Latin America on plagiarism and research integrity. At the international level, these results suggest that the correction of the literature is becoming global and is not limited to mainstream international publications. (shrink)

Features of threatening cues and the associated context influence the perceived imminence of threat and the defensive responses evoked. To provide additional knowledge about how the directionality of a threat (i.e. directed-towards or away from the viewer) might impact defensive responses in humans, participants were shown pictures of a man carrying a gun (threat) or nonlethal object (neutral) directed-away from or towards the participant. Cardiac and electrodermal responses were collected. Compared to neutral images, threatening images depicting a gun directed-towards the (...) participant induced sustained bradycardia and an increased electrodermal response, interpreted as immobility under attack. This defensive immobility reaction is evoked by high perceived threat and inescapable situations and indicates intense action preparation. Pictures of guns directed-away from the participant induced shorter bradycardia and no significant modulation of the electrodermal response compared to neutral pictures, which might be consistent with the perception of a less threatening situation. The results show that the directionality of threat stimuli is a key factor that prompts different patterns of defensive responses. (shrink)

O presente ensaio se insere no âmbito da Filosofia Moderna (séculos XVII-XX), com ênfase numa problemática compartilhada pela Metafísica da mente e pela Filosofia da Física. De um ponto de vista histórico-conceitual, trata-se de retomar a contribuição de Henri Bergson para a compreensão do significado filosófico da Física moderna. Para tanto, projeta-se aqui (i) reconstituir, por uma abordagem histórico-conceptual, a mudança operada no conceito de matéria quando da ruptura entre a Filosofia Natural Clássica e a Filosofia Natural Moderna; (ii) indicar (...) como a prioridade ou o abandono do conceito de matéria ocasionou uma cisão interna na Filosofia Natural Moderna; (iii) mostrar que, segundo Bergson, o problema mente-corpo se origina da concepção cartesiana de matéria e dos desdobramentos desta em outras filosofias; (iv) examinar como Bergson assume criticamente uma concepção de matéria familiar as de J. Maxwell, J. Thomson e M. Faraday; (v) mostrar assim que a originalidade de Bergson consiste em estabelecer a distinção entre dois tipos de “extensão” (“_l’étendue_” e “_l’extension_”), que, se estiverem amparadas na experiência como se espera, suprimem as contradições dos dualismos e autorizam afirmar tanto a realidade da matéria quanto a do “espírito”. (shrink)

This article presents some ideas for a genealogy of the concept of “South–South Cooperation”. It defends a definition of the concept, to the extent that there are several possible understandings of what South–South Cooperation means, which makes it important to make explicit which one we start from. Next, the article proposes an epistemological debate based on the reflections of the Congolese philosopher V.Y. Mudimbe, to relativize and historicize the very notion of “South”. Finally, it makes a brief review of the (...) origins and paths taken by the concept. (shrink)

Editorial - Dossiê Espiritualidade e saúde - Horizonte, v. 19, n. 60, set./dez. 2021. “Acho que nunca passei um minuto do dia me perguntando por que eu realizei este trabalho, ou se valeu à pena. O chamado para proteger a vida – e não apenas a vida, mas a identidade de outra pessoa; talvez não seja demais dizer a alma de outra pessoa – era óbvio em sua sacralidade. Antes de operar o cérebro de um paciente, eu entendi que eu (...) primeiro preciso conhecer a sua mente: sua identidade, seus valores, o que faz a sua vida valer à pena, e que tipo de devastação é razoável para deixar aquela vida terminar”. KALANITHI, 2016, p. 97-98). (shrink)

No mais profundo centro: João da Cruz e o Sufismo Sadili cantam a união transformante Carlos Frederico Barboza de Souza O camelô em Belo Horizonte: aspectos da informalidade e da identidade Maria Aparecida Carvalho de Castro Igreja, povo de Deus, sujeito da comunhão e da missão Cleto Caliman A literatura como questionamento do sujeito da modernidade: Memórias do cárcere, de Graciliano Ramos, e A peste, de Albert Camus João Pereira Pinto O ensino religioso na rede pública estadual de Belo (...) Horizonte -MG: história, modelos e percepções de professores sobre formação e docência Douglas Cabral Dantas. (shrink)

This book contains a selection of papers presented at the V South Cone Meeting of Philosophy and History of Science. The language of the chapters is Portuguese, Spanish or English. Published by the South Cone Association for Philosophy and History of Science, www.afhic.org.

The geometric system of deduction called N-Graphs was introduced by de Oliveira in 2001. The proofs in this system are represented by means of digraphs and, while its derivations are mostly based on Gentzen's sequent calculus, the system gets its inspiration from geometrically based systems, such as the Kneales' tables of development, Statman's proofs-as-graphs, Buss' logical flow graphs, and Girard's proof-nets. Given that all these geometric systems appeal to the classical symmetry between premises and conclusions, providing an intuitionistic version of (...) any of these is an interesting exercise in extending the range of applicability of the geometric system in question. In this article we produce an intuitionistic version of N-Graphs, based on Maehara's LJ' system, as described by Takeuti. Recall that LJ' has multiple conclusions in all but the essential intuitionistic rules, e.g., implication right and negation right. We show soundness and completeness of our intuitionistic N-Graphs with respect to LJ'. We also discuss how we expect to extend this work to a version of N-Graphs corresponding to the intuitionistic logic system FIL (Full Intuitionistic Logic) of de Paiva and Pereira and sketch future developments. (shrink)

_The purpose_ of the article is to comprehend the Husserlian model of constituting temporal modes through the ability of intentional "retentional-protentional" consciousness, as well as to clarify the possibility of interpreting its positions in the reconstruction of the concept of anthropic time. _Theoretical basis._ The theoretical framework of the research includes: 1) the interpretation of the phenomenological reflection of "time-consciousness" by E. Husserl in the context of solving the problem of phased-differentiation of this form of temporality; 2) the concept of (...) anthropic time (V. Khanzhy). _Originality._ For the first time in research literature, the possibilities of applying the ideas of Husserl to the reconstruction of the concept of anthropic time are considered through the interpretation of the phenomenological solution to the problem of temporality, proposed and specified in Husserl’s "time-consciousness" concept. _Conclusions._ The comprehension of the Husserlian model of intentionality of consciousness through the "grasping-from-now" and the constitution of phases of phenomenological time through the component of "exiting-from-now" showed that solving the problem of phased-differentiation of phenomenological time leads to the observation of the impossibility of isolating the modes of past, present, and future as self-sufficient and unconditional. More accurate indications, based on the constitutive intentionality of consciousness on the "grasping-from-now" phases of time (as conventional), are as follows: a) the abilities of retention and recollection are the foundation for the constitution of the past and its connections to the present; b) the perception establishes the basis for the phase of the present itself; c) the possibilities of protention and anticipation (as forms of imagination) constitute the future and its connections to the present. By the concept of retention, Husserl fixes a certain primary memory (the present "now" of a past interval), which enables retaining the past in the present. The category of recollection or secondary memory is used by the philosopher to refer to the self-sufficient reproduction of past experiences (without being joined to present perception). The fundamental difference between recollection and retention is that the former _re-_presents a temporal interval, grasping its content and reproducing it as it was in the past, while in the latter, the perceived duration is presented as a fragment of time that has just passed. According to the German philosopher, the "grasping" of the present phase is performed by perception. Through the constitutive intentionality of consciousness, perception synthesizes the results of primary-actual activity and retentional holding of duration. The second part of the article will present solutions to the following research tasks: 1) analysis of the possibilities of protention and anticipation in constituting the future and its connections with the present; 2) understanding the possibility of using interpreted forms of Husser’s ideas in reconstructing the concept of anthropic time. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem como principal foco de análise o currículo oficial português relacionado com a componente de História, para o Ensino Básico, em particular as ausências que aí mais sobressaem. Estas podem relacionar-se com os conhecimentos substantivos que se apartam da abordagem preconizada por variadas razões (passados incómodos? temas difíceis? grupos não poderosos? …) ou com as competências de pensamento histórico (multiperspetiva, significância, causalidade, empatia, …) que parecem ter sido esquecidas quando se estruturou certo percurso de aprendizagem para estudantes com (...) idades entre os 6 e os 15 anos. Como considerações maiores, constata-se, naqueles textos curriculares (denominado Aprendizagens Essenciais), uma aparente simplificação genérica da narrativa histórica que se conta aos mais jovens cidadãos do mundo atual. A inevitável seleção de determinados saberes em detrimento de outros, na verdade, contribui, acima de tudo, para o escamotear de uma literacia histórica que podia, e devia, alcançar outros níveis. O processo de ensino (e de aprendizagem) da História, desde o começo da escolaridade obrigatória, tem de orientar-se no sentido de uma formação cidadã, esclarecida, democrática, intertemporal. As inexistências no que concerne aos conteúdos considerados ou ao raciocínio potenciado, por sua vez, somente comprometem aquele desígnio. (shrink)

Bowman-Smart et al. (2023) suggest that the current ethical frameworks used to evaluate the use of noninvasive prenatal technologies (e.g., NIPT) are inconsistent when used to analyze the ethics of...

Tyler Burge (2010) provided a scathing critique of all programs for naturalizing concepts of representation, especially teleological naturalizing programs. He tended to demonstrate that “representational content” is a concept that cannot be reduced to more fundamental biological or physical ideas. According to him, since the 1970s, the concept of representational content has been firmly established in cognitive psychology as a mature science and utilized inadequate explanations. Since Dretske’s program is Burge’s primary objective, this paper concentrates on Dretske’s perspective. Following Burge’s (...) criticisms, I concur that Dretske’s naturalizing program trivializes the complex concept of representational content in cognitive science by applying it to bacteria, protozoa, etc. There is a superior explanation, namely Burge’s alternative idea of “registering information.” I do not believe, however, that this spells the end of naturalization programs. There is no reason to deny that at least some biological functions entail representational capacities with perceptual constancy, if not all. Cases of genuine perception, representing the accurate distal causes of proximal stimuli under various conditions, contribute to fitness. It is not by accident that representational content plays a role in cases of genuine perception. Consequently, I will argue that accuracy and biological fitness cannot be separated. (shrink)

No presente artigo começo fazendo considerações sobre a história das inovações de desenvolvimentos genéticos, abordando as questões relativas ao descobrimento e elucidação do DNA, sobre a influência da genética para o pensamento evolucionista, a decodificação do genoma humano, a técnica DGPI e também sobre o CRISPR-Cas9. Depois, o texto passa a ter um tom mais filosófico, donde exponho e reflito a partir da perspectiva habermasiana em Sobre o futuro da natureza humana: a caminho de uma eugenia liberal? – Nesse sentido, (...) minhas reflexões são especialmente sobre a relação entre a estética e a eugenia e também sobre a responsabilidade moral dos indivíduos geneticamente modificados, precisamente pensados na esfera e hipótese da eugenia positiva. (shrink)

Nos Sonhos de um Visionário explicados pela Metafísica (1766), Kant faz críticas à especulação em nome da experiência e critica o conhecimento científico em nome da moral. Ele afirma que a causa, o efeito e a substância são relações fundamentais que não se pode captar nem intuir. Não é dada à razão capacidade para conhecer tais relações fundamentais.

The construct of “choking under pressure” is concerned with the phenomenon of unexpected, sudden, and significant declines in individual athletes’ performances in important situations and has received empirical attention in the field of sport psychology. Although a number of theories about the reasons for the occurrence of choking under pressure exist and several intervention approaches have been developed, underlying mechanisms of choking are still under debate and the effectiveness of existing interventions remains contested. These sudden performance declines also occur in (...) team sport. “Collective sport team collapse,” which describes the situation when an entire sport team underperforms significantly within an important competitive situation, has received less empirical attention, in comparison to individual choking research. While there are a few studies that have investigated causes of collective team collapse, understandably, there has been limited empirical investigation of preventative and intervention strategies. Although the two constructs appear to share several similar characteristics and mechanisms, research has not yet examined the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and practical links between choking under pressure and collective sport team collapse. In this review article, we seek to examine these similarities and differences and identify new ways of thinking about future interventions. Furthermore, current empirical understandings in the field of choking under pressure and collective sport team collapse are presented and the most effective intervention approaches for both constructs are introduced. On the basis of this examination, we modestly make some initial recommendations for sport psychological practitioners and future research. (shrink)

Este artigo, um recorte de pesquisa de Doutorado, objetiva desvelar as percepções de 208 professores de filosofia do Paraná no sentido de buscar evidenciar quais seriam as especificidades da disciplina de filosofia em relação a outras disciplinas do currículo. Inicialmente, disserta-se sobre a intermitência da disciplina de Filosofia no currículo da Educação Básica, com base em Deleuze e Guattari (2010), os quais demarcam o entendimento da filosofia como criação de conceitos. Em seguida, fundamentado em Rodrigues e Gelamo (2019), entre outros (...) autores, reflete-se sobre o modo de compreender a filosofia, que pode oscilar entre uma compreensão enciclopédica com base na memorização dos sistemas filosóficos e experiência filosófica. Por fim, por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016), a seguinte questão de um questionário que envolvia outras dez foi analisada: “Você acredita que a filosofia proporciona espaços ou momentos diferenciados em relação aos das outras disciplinas? Se sim, no que ela se diferencia?”. Das respostas dos 208 docentes, emergiram as seguintes categorias: criar conceitos, espaço para o debate/reflexão de ideias, possibilidade da experiência filosófica e superar o senso comum. Os resultados apontam, assim, em um sentido de que a disciplina de filosofia não deve limitar-se a um conhecimento enciclopédico, mas, sim, trata-se de um conhecimento que se relaciona com o cotidiano de seus interlocutores. Faz-se necessário, porém, um saber valorizar adequadamente a história da filosofia, pois, ao valorizar demais a história da filosofia, pode-se incorrer a um ensino meramente descritivista; contudo, ao não valorizar a história da filosofia, pode-se debruçar em discussões sem conteúdo filosófico. (shrink)

В книге осуществлен анализ философских исканий и учений, рассматривающих проблему смысла жизни человека, с целью использования заложенных в них принципов в качестве философских оснований формирования нового мировоззрения. Для научных работников.

parte 1. As ideologias no século XXI -- parte 2. Ideologias, ambiente(s), identidade(s).

O leitor tem em mãos a tradução de um texto escrito por Thomas H. Huxley, publicado anonimamente no Jornal Times de 26 de novembro de 1859 – apenas dois dias após o lançamento oficial do livro Origem das espécies, a que ocupou 3 colunas e ½ de letrinhas miúdas daquela edição, e que, posteriormente fora lido por Schopenhauer, tal como ele mesmo menciona para o discípulo Adam von Doß, em uma carta de 01 de março de 1860, também o ano (...) de morte do filósofo. É após a leitura deste texto que Schopenhauer (equivocadamente, a meu ver) acusa categoricamente para Doß, que a teoria de Darwin é um mero “empirismo raso”, uma “variação da teoria de Lamarck” (GBr, 2008, p. 1587). Embora tenha sido publicado anonimamente – um costume comum na época, especialmente quando autores queriam promover positivamente com resenhas a sua própria obra perante ao público –, sabemos que a autoria é de Huxley, pois ele próprio confessara isso para seu grande amigo Charles Darwin. Primeiro Darwin lhe questionou, apenas dois dias depois da publicação do Times (28 de dezembro de 1859): “Quem poderá ser? Sem dúvida, eu diria que só existe um homem na Inglaterra que poderia ter redigido esse Ensaio, e que era você esse homem. Mas presumo que eu esteja errado e que exista algum gênio oculto de grande quilate. Pois de que modo você poderia influenciar o Jupiter Olympus [como comumente era chamado o Jornal Times] e fazê-lo conceder 3 ½ colunas à ciência pura?” (DARWIN, Correspondência de 28/12/1859, 2009, p. 279). Fora preservada uma segunda carta de Darwin para Huxley, datada de 01/01/1960 em que ele diz: “Várias pessoas me perguntaram quem escreveu aquele ‘artigo mais notável’ no Times [...] Escrevo apenas para dizer que guardarei o seu segredo” (Darwin Correspondence Project, carta 2633). A biógrafa Janet Browne (2011, p. 142) explica minuciosamente toda a história da produção do texto do Times dizendo que Hooker (outro famoso cientista amigo de Darwin) fizera um acordo com Samuel Lucas “resenhista regular do Times [...] combinando que Huxley escreveria a resenha”. Explicado todos esses detalhes históricos, acrescento apenas que todas as notas de rodapé, com exceção da que está anexada ao título (*), são da minha autoria. (shrink)

Healthcare Ethics, Law and Professionalism: Essays on the Works of Alastair V Campbell features 15 original essays on bioethics, and healthcare ethics specifically. The volume is in honour of Professor Alastair V Campbell, who was the founding editor of the internationally-renowned Journal of Medical Ethics, and the founding director of three internationally leading centres in bioethics, in Otago, New Zealand, Bristol, UK, and Singapore. Campbell was trained in theology and philosophy and throughout his career worked with colleagues from various disciplines, (...) including law and various branches of healthcare. The diversity of topics and depth of contributors' insights reflect the breadth and impact of Campbell's philosophical work and policy contributions to healthcare ethics. Throughout his long academic career, Campbell's emphasis on healthcare ethics being practice-oriented, yet driven by critical reflection, has shaped the field in vital ways. The chapters are authored by leading scholars in healthcare ethics and law. Directly engaging with Campbell's work and influence, the essays discuss essential questions in healthcare ethics relating to its methodology and teaching, its intersection with law and policy, medical professionalism, religion, and its translation in different cultural settings. Chapters also grapple with specific enduring topics, such as the doctor-patient relationship, justice in health and biomedical research, and treatment of the human body and the dead. (shrink)

En la actualidad la teoría de los datos sensoriales es frecuentemente descartada por los filósofos de la percepción como algo extravagante sin otorgar calificaciones adicionales o argumentos detallados, pese a su importancia histórica y a la influencia que aún tiene. En este artículo pretendo reevaluar adecuadamente sus compromisos básicos y consecuencias a la luz de nuevos desarrollos en las filosofías de la mente y la percepción. Examinaré con detalle la naturaleza de los datos sensoriales y señalaré que esta teoría no (...) solo conlleva las inaceptables consecuencias ontológicas y epistemológicas que se identifican con frecuencia, sino también que esta no puede ser establecida o refutada conclusivamente solo en base a nuestra evidencia introspectiva como muchos autores han sugerido. (shrink)