L'importance de l'herméneutique pour Ricoeur nous a fait sous estimer le rôle de la phénoménologie dans sa pensée. Une lecture attentive de son œuvre montre qu'au contraire, lorsqu'il s'agit de l'imagination, Ricoeur défend une perspective proprement phénoménologique. Celle-ci, esquissée par Ricoeur dans sa traduction française des Idem I, met en avant la capacité de neutralisation de l'imagination et se révèlera indispensable à sa philosophie de la volonté des années 1950-1960. Mais c'est dans les années 1970 que Ricoeur va développer une (...) ontologie sociale, que Luz Ascarate met en dialogue avec la nouvelle génération de la Théorie critique, autour du concept d'utopie. Cette ontologie est fondée sur une phénoménologie de l'imagination approfondie dans des textes encore inédits. Dans ces textes, Ricoeur montre que l'imagination est d'autant plus chargée d'implications ontologiques qu'elle est neutralisante et éloignée de la réalité empirique. Grâce au pouvoir ontologique de l'imagination pour la constitution de l'espace social, l'utopie peut constituer de nouvelles réalités sociales. (shrink)

In most theories of the quantum measurement process changes in an observer’s perception of a state can take place without forces, as for example if a state is prepared in an eigenstate of \ but \ is measured. In the “special state” theory any change in wave function requires forces. This allows experimental tests to distinguish these ideas and in the present article two examples of such tests are considered. The first is a kind of double Stern–Gerlach experiment, the second (...) a check for angular momentum changes in a polarizer. (shrink)

In most theories of the quantum measurement process changes in an observer’s perception of a state can take place without forces, as for example if a state is prepared in an eigenstate of \ but \ is measured. In the “special state” theory any change in wave function requires forces. This allows experimental tests to distinguish these ideas and in the present article two examples of such tests are considered. The first is a kind of double Stern–Gerlach experiment, the second (...) a check for angular momentum changes in a polarizer. (shrink)

In the mid XIXth century, an illustrated intellectual minority questioned the colonial mentality of the system of Spanish domination revealing in its writings an attempt at construction of the sign of woman based on liberal, progressive and post independence ideologies. Within this minority we find the Colombian writer Soledad Acosta de Samper, whose concern for the social condition of women is revealed in her work in the image of an educated woman. Using the text La mujer en la sociedad moderna (...) [Woman in Modern Society] and the novel Una holandesa en América [A Dutch Woman in America], this article analyzes two aspects of the image of women in Acosta: that of woman as a moralizer and that of religiosity. The analysis of these two themes shows Acosta’s use of the normative discourses of the period in her project of giving woman a more important social role and they become strategies to tone down the potential for transgression of the new situation for women that she desires. (shrink)

This essay explores the place in Clarice Lispector’s literature that seeks to touch a primary ground of the living with a language that exceeds the symbolic in order to read it from an anthropocenic, posthuman, and feminist present. It argues that the story “A menor mulher do mundo” (Laços de família, 1960) takes to an extreme what happens in all of Lispector’s literature at the point that we can find in Macabéa’s character from A hora da estrela (1976), a sort (...) of continuation of the smallest woman in the world. In both – the story and the novel – materiality comes to life and it is associated with a neutral background that goes beyond the difference between the human and the nonhuman, the feminine and the masculine, and that coincides with language, with the word. Both characters are residue and resistance, and operate in the stories in the same way that the word operates in Lispector’s writing. The Deleuzian concept of minor and its continuation on the concept of immanence are therefore read not only as a way to think beyond the species, but also as that which operates by destabilizing the concept of “woman” as a universal. Lispector’s writing, then, allows us to separate contemporary feminisms from an affirmation of the identity of the feminine and the masculine, to take them instead into an order that – regardless of whether embodied in woman – is outside the patriarchal. (shrink)

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will (...) produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism. (shrink)

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will (...) produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism. (shrink)

Socrates’ burial is dismissed as philosophically irrelevant in Phaedo 115c-e although it had previously been discussed by Plato’s older contemporaries. In Antisthenes’ Kyrsas dialogue describes a visit to Socrates’ tomb by a lover of Socrates who receives protreptic advice in a dream sequence while sleeping over Socrates’ grave. The dialogue is a metaphysical explanation of how Socrates’ spiritual message was continued after death. Plato underplays this metaphorical imagery by lampooning Antisthenes philosophy and his work (Phd. 81b-82e) and subsequently precludes him (...) from an active role in the Phaedo. A similar case is the exclusion of Euclides of Megara. Fragments of a lost Socratic dialogue depict Apollodorus citing an unnamed Megarian in order to justify care for the remains of the dead. Similar mistaken notions explain Kyrsas’ belief when he lusts after Socrates even though he was dead. In spite of these disputes, the philosophers (Euclides, Antisthenes and Plato) each attempted to present Socrates’ moral influence as a force that continued after his death and burial. (shrink)

Dans L’idéologie et l’utopie, Ricœur repense le rapport, hérité de Mannheim, entre ces deux concepts. L’objectif de notre contribution est de montrer que le concept d’utopie procède d’une reconstruction de la philosophie de l’imagination chez Ricœur dont la méthode est parente de la phénoménologie. Notre argumentation s’articule en trois temps. Dans un premier temps, notre attention se concentre sur la convergence entre Mannheim et Ricœur: l’attitude déviante par rapport à la réalité que génère l’utopie comme neutralisation, au sens phénoménologique du (...) terme. Dans un second temps, nous insisterons sur la critique que Ricœur adresse à la sociologie de Mannheim qui privilégie la réalité au détriment de la fiction, au risque de faire disparaitre l’utopie. Enfin, sur fond de cette divergence, nous chercherons à montrer l’importance, chez Ricœur, d’une phénoménologie génétique pour repenser la place constituante de l’imagination productrice dans l’espace social. (shrink)

Anger is often an appropriate reaction to harms and injustices, but is it a politically beneficial one? Martha Nussbaum (Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1 (1), 41–56, 2015, Anger and Forgiveness. Oxford University Press, 2016) has argued that, although anger is useful in initially recruiting agents for action, anger is typically counterproductive to securing the political aims of those harmed. After the initial shockwave of outrage, Nussbaum argues that to be effective at enacting positive social change, groups and individuals (...) alike, must move quickly out of the state of anger. Feminist theorists (Frye, The Politics of Reality. Crossing Press, 1983; Lorde, 1997; Narayan, Hypatia 3 (2): 31–48, 1988) on the other hand have for long highlighted the efficacy of anger, as well as its moral and epistemic value, in fighting against the oppressive status quo. It might be thought therefore that for political action to be effective, a continued state of anger is preferable. Protestors must after all create and sustain a sense of moral obligation and justice. A main way of doing so is to promote successive moral shocks that trigger outrage (Jasper, Emotion Review 6 (3): 208–213, 2014). I present a novel, empirically informed defense of anger’s efficacy in political action. Nussbaum holds a traditional view on the nature of anger, inherited from Aristotle and the Stoics, which holds that anger constitutively involves a desire for retribution. The view that anger is counterproductive falls out of this and is dominant in academic work as well as in our personal and political lives. Based on work in social psychology, I argue that we need to reconsider this. In doing so, I highlight anger’s aim for recognition, rather than retribution, as key. Furthermore, I uncover conditions for anger’s political efficacy, as well as reasons for why the traditional view of anger has been so pervasive. (shrink)

Los Comités Hospitalarios de Bioética (CHB) tienen la atribución de emitir sugerencias al personal de salud, ante casos clínicos difíciles que involucran problemas y/o dilemas bioéticos. A nivel mundial, y también en México, se encontró poca literatura relacionada, generando en ocasiones cierto grado de incertidumbre en los profesionales de la salud para su resolución. Objetivo: describir los motivos de presentación de casos clínicos de pacientes ante el CHB en un hospital de segundo nivel, desde junio de 2007 a junio de (...) 2018. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal; la muestra fue por conveniencia y se obtuvieron 48 registros de minutas. Resultados: el motivo de consulta más frecuente ante los CHB fue el apoyo en la decisión para la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico, con 24 casos (50%). Se identificaron 34 dilemas bioéticos (71%) y 14 problemas bioéticos (29%). Conclusiones: ayudará a los servicios médicos tratantes a identificar e intervenir oportunamente, al basarse en situaciones previas sobre dilemas y/o problemas bioéticos. (shrink)

Apollodorus' prelude to Pl. Symp. is a complex rejection of earlier accounts of Socrates' participation in a symposium. This can be examined contextually as a literary mannerism, or sub-textually as a rejection of previous literary versions of this topos. Neither approach contradicts the other, but scholars have found difficulties in finding any earlier author who could have been rejected. Recently, it has been argued that Xen. Symp. preceded Pl. Symp. acting as a catalyst for Plato's work. However, if neither was (...) the first on a sympotic theme in a Socratic dialogue, we need not presume that Apollodorus referred to Xenophon, but rather that both responded to an earlier author. Scholars suggest various candidates although none has been proven. However, one source has not attracted attention: two anecdotes recorded in PFlor 113 where Antisthenes depicts both Socrates and himself as critical of symposia in general. The conclusions of my paper are that the contents of these anecdotes can be seen as the raw kernel out of which both Xenophon and Plato could have responded. (shrink)

Paul Ricoeur, known as a reader of paradoxes, interprets Kierkegaard's philosophy “paradoxically” in two ways. This exception represents the paradoxical relationship of all philosophical work with the particular existence that is the philosopher, existence that must be understood as the non-philosophical source of every philosophy. The second one refers to the inside of his philosophy. In this sense, his conceptual developments represent the incompleteness of the philosophical system when it has to deal with the issue of evil: an unsolvable enigma (...) that is thematized at the center of existence as anguish and despair. From this point of view, we formulate the question: “how can we understand the philosophical work after Kierkegaard?” and our answer claims that this meaning goes beyond philosophy itself. It consists in starting at the existence that nourishes philosophy, and enables the never-ending treatment of philosophical procedure. (shrink)

The ostensive definition, based on ostensiveness, aims to indicate that human language is based only on gesture and indication. In this sense, such linguistic theory largely excludes the considerable eminence of symbology and internalization inscribed in the dynamics and interiority inherent to human language. Thus, the ostensible definition, with the intention of being a paradigmatic thesis about human language, would not explain or synthesize in itself all the richness present in human language. Before that, or this article intends to reflect (...) on the ambiguity of the ostensive definition and the convergence between Wittgenstein and Augustine. Both, temporarily distant, do not endorse the ostensible definition as the basis of their theses about human language. Also, first, a concept about the ostensive definition will be presented. Deepen Wittgenstein's critique of such a linguistic concept and, finally, consider that Augustine did not have an ostensible definition as the basis of his conception of language. (shrink)

Definida como beleza lógica e forma do paradoxo, a ironia romântica de Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) assimila a antiga ironia socrática e a reinterpreta, inserindo-a como elemento central de sua teorização crítico-literária. O presente artigo analisa a ironia romântica, buscando situar sua alteração e abrangência no final do século XVIII, quando o conceito passa a significar metacrítica, reflexão filosófica, ruptura ficcional, distância estética e forma de exposição da arte literária. Defined as logical beauty and form of paradox, Friedrich Schlegel's (1772-1829) romantic (...) irony incorporates ancient Socratic irony and reinterprets it, inserting it as a nuclear element of his theorization on literary criticism. The current paper analyses the concept of romantic irony seeking to situate its alterations at the end of 18th century, when it changed its meaning for metacritics, philosophical reflexion, fictional rupture, aesthetical distance and form of art exposition. (shrink)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si las características de estratega son adquiridas al realizar un posgrado, la población de interés fueron estudiantes de maestría en finanzas, la muestra fue de 87 alumnos en grupos trimestrales durante dos años consecutivos.Usando metodología de enfoque mixto, un cuestionario y para complementar el aspecto cualitativo, se hizo una inferencia en cada resultado.Las hipótesis “Existe un sinnúmero de características que el estudiante universitario debe desarrollar y el estudiante universitario adquiere 80% de las características (...) de estratega en la Universidad”. Son aceptadas, el 89% adquiere las características en la Universidad. (shrink)

The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the Colombian armed conflict by considering it from the perspective of the political emotions of disgust and shame. It also considers emergent emotions such as love and fear in the narrative of two former members of FARC, who were part of the group since their childhood and spent most of their lives in the armed conflict. Thus, these political emotions are linked to the dynamics of the conflict and to the experiences of (...) the former members. The interpretative analysis focuses on understanding the beliefs, judgments and assessments associated with liberty, will and human dignity. The literature review included major works regarding violence in Colombia and it revealed that such works did not considered emotional narrative. The conceptual framework is built around Nussbaum’s political emotions and the methodology is that of narrative analysis, which made possible to read the faces of individuals that have been disqualified and stigmatized, an acknowledgement that is necessary for reconciliation. Emotions activate and deactivate war actions: shame activates the search for truth, justice and reparation; disgust activates the fight against social injustice; fear activates distrust during war and peacetime; and love activates the possibility for many to sacrifice their lives and to recover their own dignity through devoting themselves to humanity and to deactivate the action of harm caused to others. (shrink)

In this work we present the complex relationship between sound and color in musical creation throughout history that continues to be fruitful in current musical composition. Synesthesia in music establishes a correspondence between sound and color and has been a constant debate since the 17th century. The complex nature of sound appears from ancient Greece in the school of Pythagoras in which the number becomes the configurator of harmony. Since then, different aesthetic attempts have arisen to relate color and sound (...) that reach today's electronic procedures in contemporary music. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to examine Kierkegaard’s criticism of Metaphysics. Therefore, firstly I will analyze Kierkegaard’s concept of being as interesse (interest), which allows Kerkegaard’s criticism, not just because Metaphysics implies ideality and abstraction, but also because it hides the ethical. That is why I will finally argue the ethical background of the existential thought and its opposition to any tentative of thinking the ethical as a First Philosophy.

The aim of this work is to present the thesis “On the Ontogenetic Evolution of the Human Embryo in its Relations with Phylogenesis,” by Affonso Regulo de Oliveira Fausto, published in Brazil in 1890. To our knowledge, it was one of the first Brazilian academic works focused specifically on evolution. It was also the first doctoral thesis that addressed the topic of recapitulation in order to analyze what was then called the progressive evolution of the human species in tandem with (...) the embryological development of the individuals that would constitute the Brazilian “type.” In the present work, we analyze the author’s thesis in relation to its sources, concepts, as well as the country’s political context at the time of its publication. Fausto’s text, in which he explicitly recognized the influence of Ernst Haeckel’s recapitulation theory, represents a window to understand better a concept of nation based on science and on the idea of inexorable progress that was accepted in Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century. (shrink)

Resumen El presente artículo, inspirado en la idea de Vernant de que la razón griega es “hija de la ciudad”, aborda el vínculo existente entre las circunstancias políticas y sociales de Éfeso y el pensamiento heraclíteo. En efecto, a partir de la tensión que se produjo entre la realidad histórica en que vivió Heráclito y el resultado de su propia reflexión sobre ella, el filósofo desarrolló una idea de organización de la ciudad, según la cual una pólis debería ser gobernada (...) por el mismo principio rector del universo -i. e. el lógos-, lo cual, en términos prácticos, se traduciría en un modelo político monárquico.This paper, inspired by Vernant’s belief that Greek reason is “a creature of the city”, explores the connection linking Heraclitus’ thought to the political and social circumstances prevailing at Ephesus. Indeed, the tension arising from Heraclitus’ own historical framework and this philosopher’s resulting outlook on it led him to conceive of a rule for organizing a city, according to which a pólis should be governed by the same principle guiding the universe -i. e. the lógos-, which would materialize in concrete form as a monarchical government. (shrink)

We give proofs of Ramsey’s and Hindman’s theorems in which the corresponding homogeneous sets are found with a forcing argument. The object of this paper is the study of the partial order involved in the proof of Hindman’s theorem. We are going to denote it by PFIN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbb{P}_{FIN}}$$\end{document}. As a main result, we prove that Mathias forcing does not add Matet reals, which implies that PFIN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} (...) \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbb{P}_{FIN}}$$\end{document} is not equivalent to Mathias forcing. (shrink)

BackgroundWomen survivors of breast cancer treatments face significant challenges around initiation or maintenance of physical activity as they transit to recovery. Embracing their needs and preferences is important to increase adherence. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of Portuguese women survivors of breast cancer regarding regular performance of PA and individual choices and strategies that should be considered in designing effective interventions.MethodsThe individual semi-structured interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis, following an inductive process, seeking to identify the barriers, facilitators, (...) and particular influencing circumstances associated with regular PA.ResultsFour themes and several contextual, emotional, physical, and social factors were identified as determinants of regular PA. Guilt, women’s duties, and altruism to help close relatives were identified as emotional and cultural factors that are less-found in the existing literature. PA showed influence both from health professionals’ counseling and from knowledge and beliefs held by these women.ConclusionWhile confirming the already-known impact of breast cancer diagnosis and treatments on PA, which redefine participants’ availability to be active, the findings highlight beliefs and specific emotional factors that should be considered when planning culturally sensitive interventions. (shrink)

This illustration aims to present the contributions of religion, as an alert, to the distancing from different types of criminality. It identifies which benefits the religious experience, more specifically, the feelings of faith and religiosity. It brings to the person who is in a situation of delinquency and the margin of society, due to his acts committed against the norms established for the harmonious coexistence of society. In addition, it seeks to present social factors intertwined with the criminality situation, that (...) is, elements that can contribute to the individual’s inclination towards disgrace. Therefore, in the execution of the present study, bibliographic research was used, based on books and scientific articles. In addition, theses and similar monographs were also consulted, whose main bases are the illustrations of the Frenchman, René Girard, who presents his theories of mimetic desire and scapegoat. There is also support from other authors, among them, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx and Jessé Souza. Consequently, it presents several contributions that religion can promote to people who are in a situation of criminality, as well as sought to identify the role of religion within a society. Thus, the text aims to expose some of the contributions of religion that were found in the bibliographic research carried out, in order to understand how the feeling of faith and religiosity can benefit people in general, but also those who today, for certain reasons, are in an unfavorable situation, that is, in a situation of delinquency and also those who may be inclined to acts considered anti-social. Keywords: Religion. Crime. Faith. Religiosity. Social factors. (shrink)

Neuroconstructivism postulates the progressive complexity of mental representation over the course of cognitive development and the role of the graphic representation of movement in the transformation of mental schemas, cognitive flexibility, and representational complexity. This study aims to: understand children’s resources in the drawing of movement ; and verify whether there are differences in the graphic representation of movement as an indicator of cognitive flexibility. The participants were N = 240 children aged 5–8 years; 1,440 drawings were collected representing 2,880 (...) characters from six stories. The analysis consisted: data quality control, using the kappa coefficient, and Generalizability Theory to test the instrument’s validity and reliability; Multivariate General Analysis and Mixed Linear Analysis of the factors ; Multivariate General Analysis of the graphic components: categories and microcategories, as well as the elements that make up the macrocategories: “Static,” “Indication,” and “Movement”; and calculation of the generalizability coefficient. The results show that: age best explains variability, with a high effect size across all components, thus increasing its complexity and at ages 6 and 7, “Indication” appears as a modulator of “Static” toward “Movement”. The generalizability coefficient is optimal. It is concluded that changes in the initial graphic representation of movement may interactively transform mental representation, thus increasing cognitive flexibility and prompting teaching applications to optimize such changes. (shrink)

This article addresses the notion of “illusions of the multitude”, or the ideas created by the imagination in the analysis that Baruch Spinoza makes in his works. The text aims to explore the following questions: What characteristics reveal the ideas originating from the imagination? What role do these ideas play in the political and so- cial space? First, I emphasize Spinoza’s explanation of the imagination, as a first mode of knowledge. Secondly, I delve into the characteristics of the ideas that (...) stem from it and the affections that accompany them. Finally, I analyze their effects on the political and social space. (shrink)

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will (...) produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism. (shrink)

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will (...) produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism. (shrink)

In this paper, we discuss some questions about compactness in MV-topological spaces. More precisely, we first present a Tychonoff theorem for such a class of fuzzy topological spaces and some consequence of this result, among which, for example, the existence of products in the category of Stone MV-spaces and, consequently, of coproducts in the one of limit cut complete MV-algebras. Then we show that our Tychonoff theorem is equivalent, in ZF, to the Axiom of Choice, classical Tychonoff theorem, and Lowen’s (...) analogous result for lattice-valued fuzzy topology. Last, we show an extension of the Stone–Čech compactification functor to the category of MV-topological spaces, and we discuss its relationship with previous works on compactification for fuzzy topological spaces. (shrink)

The influence that Husserlian phenomenology has exerted on Paul Ricoeur’s initial works on a phenomenology of will is a topic where specialists have achieved a mutual agreement. One of the most evident proofs of Husserlian influence on Ricoeur’s phenomenological definitions of the voluntary and the involuntary is the method of eidetic description, which privileges imagination. We believe that the relationship found within these reflections regarding imagination and will, may give us a novel perspective for rethinking the problems of education in (...) the Contemporary Age. Hence, this article will introduce some of these issues regarding education from Ricoeur’s perspective, after which we will outline a potential solution based on the scope of Ricoeurian phenomenology, whereupon the topics of imagination and will intersect. (shrink)

In medical research, the ethical principle of respect for persons is operationalized into the process of informed consent. The consent tools should be contextualized and adapted to the different socio-cultural environment, especially when research crosses the traditional boundaries and reaches poor communities. We look at the challenges experienced in the malaria Quinact trial, conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and describe some lessons learned, related to the definition of acceptable representative, the role of independent witness and the impact of (...) socio-economic vulnerability. To ensure children's protection, consent is required by the parents or, in their absence, by a legally mandated representative. In our setting, children's responsibility is often entrusted permanently or temporarily to relatives or friends without a tribunal mandate. Hence, a notion of ‘culturally acceptable representative’ under supervision of the local Ethics Committee may be more suitable. To ensure protection of illiterate subjects, an independent witness is required to confirm that the consent was freely given. However, in low-literacy contexts, potential witnesses often don't have any previous relationship with patient and there may be power-unbalance in their relationship, rather than genuine dialogue. In poor communities, trial participation may be seen as an opportunity to secure access to healthcare. Poverty may also lead to ‘competition’ to access the research-related benefits, with a risk of disturbance at societal or household level. Adjusting consent procedures to sociocultural and socioeconomic realities is essential for fulfilling the underlying ethical principles. This requires a collaborative dialogue between researchers, regulators and ethics committees. (shrink)

Insight into Lester Embree’s C.V. Recovery and recognition of his inner purpose with regard to his critical detachment from a particular orientation of phenomenology. Phenomenological theory only makes sense as prepa-ration for real practice. When did the view that we, the “soi disant” phenomenologists, are far from the genuine practice of phenomenology arise in Embree? And, who inspired him, apart from Husserl himself? These are key questions to understand unity and inner coherence in Embre’s C.V., and they meet two aims. (...) The first one is to find the link between his initial entry in phenomenology and his critical stance, particularly evident in the last two decades of his life. The second one is to identify who could have been his guide and model‒apart from Husserl‒from the beginning of his life as phenomenologist until his last two decades, when he wrote his comments on pseudophenomenology. In any case, Embree has been a critical voice who compels us to think about the orientation we are giving to the phenomenology inherited from Husserl. He is therefore a brave and honest philosopher, full of great humanity. In addititon to these qualities, it is worth noting both his creative intelligence and foresight to see‒earlier than others‒the evolution followed by phenomenology until now and his valuable multidisciplinary contribution. Praise to Lester Embree.Mirada hacia el interior del C.V. de Lester Embree. Recuperación y reconocimiento de su propósito interno con respecto a su distanciamiento crítico hacia cierta orientación de la fenomenología. La teoría fenomenológica únicamente tiene sentido como preparación para una real práctica. ¿Cuándo emerge en Embree su consideración de que los “soi disant” fenomenólogos estamos alejados del verdadero ejercicio de la fenomenología? Y, ¿en quién se inspira él además de en Husserl? Estas preguntas son importantes para entender la unidad y coherencia internas en el C.V. de Embree y sirven para satisfacer dos objetivos. El primero es hallar un vínculo entre su entrada inicial en la fenomenología y su posicionamiento crítico manifiesto especialmente en las últimas dos décadas de su vida. El segundo objetivo es determinar quién pudo actuar para él —además de Husserl— como guía y modelo desde el comienzo de su vida de fenomenólogo hasta esas dos últimas de su vida en las que escribe sus comentarios sobre la pseudofenomenología. En todo caso, Embree es una voz crítica que nos fuerza a pensar acerca de la trayectoria que nosotros estamos dando a la fenomenología heredada de Husserl. Él es, así, un filósofo valiente y honesto y de una gran humanidad. Se unen a estas cualidades su gran inteligencia creativa y su sorprendente perspicacia para ver —antes que otros— la evolución que ha seguido la fenomenología hasta hoy y la valiosa contribución multidisciplinar actual. Alabanza a Lester Embree. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to examine Kierkegaard’s criticism of Metaphysics. Therefore, firstly I will analyze Kierkegaard’s concept of being as interesse (interest), which allows Kerkegaard’s criticism, not just because Metaphysics implies ideality and abstraction, but also because it hides the ethical. That is why I will finally argue the ethical background of the existential thought and its opposition to any tentative of thinking the ethical as a First Philosophy.

RESUMENEn este ensayo intento pagar una deuda pendiente que todos tenemos con Aron Gurwitsch y recuperar, para nuestra memoria, su importante contribución a la fenomenología durante los años que él estuvo exiliado en Francia (1933-1940). Fue él quien introdujo el pensamiento de Kurt Goldstein en Francia y fue él el primero en comprender (en los años veinte) que estaba naciendo un nuevo enfoque en las ciencias humanas y sociales y que hay una coincidencia entre ellas y la nueva filosofía fenomenológica (...) de Husserl: una tendencia a ir a las cosas tal como son vividas y manejadas por los sujetos. Este espíritu de confluencia entre la fenomenología y las otras ciencias es lo que le transmitió a Maurice Merleau-Ponty, su alumno y contertulio, pero sin que él reconociera nunca en sus escritos a Gurwitsch como una gran «fuente de inspiración» para su pensamiento. En este ensayo se presentan evidencias sobre la deuda impagada de Merleau-Ponty con respecto a Aron Gurwitsch.PALABRAS CLAVEGurwitsch – Merleau-Ponty – Goldstein – Fenomenología – Psicología de la GestaltABSTRACTIt is our aim in this essay to pay off a debt we owe to Aron Gurwitsch and to retrieve for our memory his important contribution to phenomenology during his years of exile in France (1933-1940). While there, he introduced the thought of Kurt Goldstein´s thought and was the first to understand that a new approach in the human and social sciences was emerging and converging with Husserl’s new phenomenological philosophy: a tendency towards things such as they are lived and handled by subjects. This spirit of confluence between phenomenology and the sciences is something he passed on to his younger colleague, Merleau-Ponty, who did not acknowledge Gurwitsch as a major «source of inspiration» for his thought. Some evidence of Merleau Ponty´s unpaid debt to Aron Gurwitsch is presented in this essay.KEY WORDSGurwitsch – Merleau-Ponty – Goldstein –Phenomenology – Gestalt´s Psychology. (shrink)

RESUMENEn este ensayo intento pagar una deuda pendiente que todos tenemos con Aron Gurwitsch y recuperar, para nuestra memoria, su importante contribución a la fenomenología durante los años que él estuvo exiliado en Francia (1933-1940). Fue él quien introdujo el pensamiento de Kurt Goldstein en Francia y fue él el primero en comprender (en los años veinte) que estaba naciendo un nuevo enfoque en las ciencias humanas y sociales y que hay una coincidencia entre ellas y la nueva filosofía fenomenológica (...) de Husserl: una tendencia a ir a las cosas tal como son vividas y manejadas por los sujetos. Este espíritu de confluencia entre la fenomenología y las otras ciencias es lo que le transmitió a Maurice Merleau-Ponty, su alumno y contertulio, pero sin que él reconociera nunca en sus escritos a Gurwitsch como una gran «fuente de inspiración» para su pensamiento. En este ensayo se presentan evidencias sobre la deuda impagada de Merleau-Ponty con respecto a Aron Gurwitsch.PALABRAS CLAVEGurwitsch – Merleau-Ponty – Goldstein – Fenomenología – Psicología de la GestaltABSTRACTIt is our aim in this essay to pay off a debt we owe to Aron Gurwitsch and to retrieve for our memory his important contribution to phenomenology during his years of exile in France (1933-1940). While there, he introduced the thought of Kurt Goldstein´s thought and was the first to understand that a new approach in the human and social sciences was emerging and converging with Husserl’s new phenomenological philosophy: a tendency towards things such as they are lived and handled by subjects. This spirit of confluence between phenomenology and the sciences is something he passed on to his younger colleague, Merleau-Ponty, who did not acknowledge Gurwitsch as a major «source of inspiration» for his thought. Some evidence of Merleau Ponty´s unpaid debt to Aron Gurwitsch is presented in this essay.KEY WORDSGurwitsch – Merleau-Ponty – Goldstein –Phenomenology – Gestalt´s Psychology. (shrink)

Abstract1 June 2018 marked a historic moment in Spanish politics, when the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) announced a cabinet with the largest proportion of female ministers in the world. This announcement received extensive coverage in the traditional media. The objective of this research was to measure whether the news had an equivalent impact on Twitter users. To this end, we analyzed the reaction to the appointments based on the popularity of the hashtags #GobiernoSanchez (“Sanchez Government”), (...) #GobiernoFeminista (“Feminist Government”) and #ConsejoMinistras (“Council of Female Ministers”). The most significant findings are that women had even less visibility than they were given in traditional media because of what is not retweeted does not exist, and that the extreme polarization of political life and the media in the public sphere appears to extend to the digital environment of Twitter. (shrink)