In this article I argue for an interpretive approach to bioethics with critically ill children. I begin by highlighting the dominant Anglo-American bioethical framework that defines standards for ethical care in critically ill children and then outline a critique of this framework. Drawing predominantly on the ideas of Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer and Richard Zaner, I call for a reconception of bioethics and propose an interpretive ‘thick’ framework that is centred on culture and context. Finally, I illustrate this interpretive approach (...) through a comparative study of two cases in pediatric intensive care: the narratives of Marc and Larry. These case studies reveal that ethical dilemmas in pediatric critical care can be traced to relational tensions over respect, trust and power rooted in the disparity of moral horizons among the persons involved. (shrink)

In the present paper we show that any at most countable linearly-ordered commutative residuated lattice can be embedded into a commutative residuated lattice on the real unit interval [0, 1]. We use this result to show that Esteva and Godo''s logic MTL is complete with respect to interpretations into commutative residuated lattices on [0, 1]. This solves an open problem raised in.

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

Although most aspects of world and self-consciousness are inherently subjective, neuroscience studies in humans and non-human animals provide correlational and causative indices of specific links between brain activity and representation of the self and the world. In this article we review neuroanatomic, neurophysiological and neuropsychological data supporting the hypothesis that different levels of self and world representation in vertebrates rely upon i) a 'basal' subcortical system that includes brainstem, hypothalamus and central thalamic nuclei and that may underpin the primary (or (...) anoetic) consciousness likely present in all vertebrates; and ii) a forebrain system that include the medial and lateral structures of the cerebral hemispheres and may sustain the most sophisticated forms of consciousness (e.g. noetic (knowledge based) and autonoetic, reflective knowledge). We posit a mutual, bidirectional functional influence between these two major brain circuits. We conclude that basic aspects of consciousness like primary self and core self (based on anoetic and noetic consciousness) are present in many species of vertebrates and that, even self-consciousness (autonoetic consciousness) does not seem to be a prerogative of humans and of some non-human primates but may, to a certain extent, be present in some other mammals and birds. (shrink)

English summary: The Spitzer Manuscript is one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the Silk Road. The work preserved in it is unique; no further manuscripts of it have been discovered so far, nor is it transmitted in Tibetan or Chinese translations. The present volume contains an introduction which summarizes previous research and discusses grammatical, lexical and palaeographical aspects of the work, together with an outline of its content. It is followed by a complete facsimile edition of the fragments (...) accompanied by transliterations. These are supplemented by transcriptions of some fragments which are no longer available, recovered from the estate of the Indologist Dr. Moritz Spitzer. A concordance juxtaposes the earlier and present-day arrangements of the fragments, and an extensive character table documents the peculiarities of the Ku'a'a-Brahma script used in the manuscript. A complete word index and a study which aims at reconstructing the last part of the manuscript conclude the volume. As well as Buddhist scholastics the work also deals with a number of non-Buddhist topics, such as a theory of Vaise'ika qualities completely unknown from other sources it contains, inter alia, the oldest list of books of the Mahabharata and an enumeration of the sixty-four arts and sciences. The last part of the work is devoted to dialectics. German description: Das Spitzer-Manuskript ist eine der altesten Sanskrithandschriften, die an der Seidenstrasse gefunden wurde. Das in ihm erhaltene Werk ist ein Unikum; bis jetzt wurden keine weiteren Manuskripte dieses Werkes entdeckt und es ist auch nicht in tibetischer oder chinesischer Ubersetzung uberliefert. Der vorliegende Band enthalt eine Einleitung, die den Forschungsstand zusammenfasst, grammatische, lexikalische und palaographische Aspekte des Werks diskutiert und eine Inhaltsubersicht bietet. \nHierauf folgt eine vollstandige Faksimileausgabe der Fragmente zusammen mit ihren Transliterationen. Diese werden erganzt durch Transkriptionen einiger verloren gegangener Fragmente, die dem Nachlass des Indologen Dr. Moritz Spitzer entnommen wurden. Eine Konkordanz stellt die heutige und fruhere Anordnung der Fragmente gegenuber; eine ausfuhrliche Zeichentabelle dokumentiert die Besonderheiten der Ku'a'a-Brahma -Schrift des Manuskripts. Ein vollstandiger Wortindex und eine Studie, die die Rekonstruktion des letzten Teils des Manuskripts zum Ziel hat, beschliessen den Band. Neben Themen der buddhistischen Scholastik behandelt das Werk auch eine Zahl nicht-buddhistischer Themen, wie eine Vaise'ika-Theorie der Eigenschaften, die aus anderen Quellen nicht bekannt ist; ferner enthalt es u. a. die alteste Liste der Bucher des Mahabharata und eine Aufzahlung der vierundsechzig Kunste und Wissenschaften. Der letzte Teil des Werkes ist der Dialektik gewidmet. (shrink)

Oscar de Beaux was professor of Zoology at Genova University and then director of Civil Museum of Natural History in the same town. The first contributions of de Beaux which included elements of biological ethics concerned the european bison of Bialowieza and the brown bear of the Alps between 1923–1929. In 1930 de Beaux published his most important study called “Biological ethics: an attempt to arouse a naturalistic conscience”, translated also in german (1932) and in english (1933). According to Oscar (...) de Beaux, biological ethics is the study and definition of man's moral position before the living beings which do not belong to the humane race, beginning with the morale premise that man was not able to create the species. With these outlook, man takes on a decisively active and intelligent position regarding the problem of conserving nature and its resources; on the basis of this definition of morality man becomes the wise administrator of life on earth. (shrink)

O Teeteto de Platão é um diálogo maiêutico não propositivo. Nele, Platão não apresenta a sua própria epistemologia, mas discute as posições de alguns autores contemporâneos, entre os quais Protágoras. Ele aplica o procedimento maiêutico à doutrina protagoreana para demonstrar que uma semelhante concepção não é sustentável.

This article compares the political philosophies of Michael Oakeshott and Isaiah Berlin, probably the two most important political philosophers in postwar Britain, who, strangely, had very little to do with one another during their illustrious careers. The article focuses on their respective critiques of rationalism and theories of liberal pluralism, arguing that Oakeshott provides the more consistent and philosophically satisfying account in both instances.

Vladimir Jankelevitch nato nel 1903 da genitori russi nel 1933 consegue il dottorato con due tesi, un a fondamentale e L'odissee de la con science dans la derniere philosophie de Schelling, l'altra complementare s'intitola Valeur et signification de la mauvaise con science. Queste opere contengono gia molti spunti e dimostrano una certa sensibilita di moralista. Intanto dopo aver insegnato in vari licei arrivo la seconda guerra mondiale e nonostante faccia parte della Resistenza contro i tedeschi, continua a scrivere: a Lione (...) nel 1942 vengono pubblicate Du mensogne e Le nocturne. Scrive nelle sue opere che quelli erano tempi in cui si combatteva per una speranza assurda e contro ogni buon senso non si voleva capitolare; tempi in cui gli eroi della resistenza sapevano morire senza parlare, nonostante i piu feroci supplizi. Autore prolifero fu anche musicologo e strumentista. Jankelevitch vede la dignita dell'uomo nella sua azione, sottolineando l'importanza della liberta come fondamento della soprannaturalita umana, in quanto ci permette di superare le tendenze della nostra natura e di dedicarci all'ideale dell'amore. In una trattazione morale, si presuppongono le caratteristiche della volonta, la sua liberta il suo potere e i suoi limiti considerazioni piuttosto a carattere fenomenologico. L'attenzione dell'autore si concentra invece sull'analisi dell'agire umano, le sue qualita intime, dunque invece di vedere la dottrina morale gia costituita la vede nel suo rapportarsi a questo centro soggettivo che e la volonta. (shrink)

"Fortini/Cani" presents Fortini reading excerpts from his book, focusing on his alienation from Judaism and social relations, the rise of fascism in Italy, and the anti-Arab attitude of European culture. The Italian landscape provides a backdrop that highlights the meaning of the text.

Performance-as-philosophy and Philosophy-as-performance. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understand Dance Performance Philosophy refers to an international network of researchers, practitioners, scholars, and activists who investigate new forms of thinking, performing and practicing philosophy through international conferences and events. An independent journal and a book series of the same name also aim to define the perimeter of an emerging international interdisciplinary field of thought....

El presente artículo se propone evaluar los posibles aportes de la deconstrucción a la filosofía de la ciencia. Esta tarea aparece enfrentada con cierta visión de la deconstrucción como charlatanería, discurso vacío o escepticismo. Se lleva a cabo una revisión de las implicaciones filosóficas de la deconstrucción con el objetivo de elaborar una definición de la misma y elucidar la posición que ella tiene respecto del conocimiento científico. Dicha revisión revela que se la debe entender como una práctica contextualista y (...) crítica. Es una práctica porque aparece como un acto y no bajo la unidad de una teoría. Es contextualista porque no tiene contenido ni forma, sólo el mandato de leer y explorar contextos. Es crítica porque pretende desarmar la violencia contra la alteridad presente en toda ontología. Se establece que la deconstrucción puede aportar un abordaje estratégico capaz de relacionar y poner en tensión cada una de las instancias del trabajo científico. Esta aproximación problematiza las nociones clásicas de tiempo y espacio, cuestionando la perspectiva antropocentrista en pos de una defensa de lo que Derrida denomina alteridad. ARK: ark:/s18537960/rxmvh:/e8. (shrink)

Dieses Handbuch bietet einen verlässlichen, systematischen und umfassenden Zugang einerseits zu Leben und Werk Karl Poppers, andererseits zur breiten Wirkung des Philosophen in Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft.

The article tries to analyze the nexus between sóma and psyché in the context of Aristotle’s philosophy with particular reference to the biology of human and nonhuman animals. By means of a complete survey of some fundamental aristotelian concepts, it promotes a particular conception of the phenomenology’s body.

There was a time in the not too distant past when one would be obliged to begin a review like this with a comment about the relative neglect of Nietzsche’s middle works, HH, D, and GS. That time now seems to be well behind us. In recent years, there has been a spate of scholarly books devoted to these works, including Ruth Abbey’s Nietzsche’s Middle Period, Michael Ure’s Nietzsche’s Therapy: Self-Cultivation in the Middle Works, Jonathan Cohen’s Science, Culture, and Free (...) Spirits: A Study of Nietzsche’s Human, All Too Human, Monika Langer’s Nietzsche’s Gay Science (New York: Palgrave... (shrink)

El objetivo del presente artículo es esclarecer el valor de la noción de historia en la obra de Gilles Deleuze a partir de su relación con la historia de la filosofía. Esta propuesta es realizada a partir del análisis de los diferentes estilos que para la escritura filosófica ensayó y tematizó el filósofo francés como modo de reinterpretar el canon de la filosofía. Dicha estrategia, en Deleuze, supone perseguir el sentido interno del estilo en la filosofía y su vinculación con (...) la noción de historia a través de un régimen de signos diferente al del ámbito de la representación. Desde esta perspectiva, nuestra investigación recorre la comprensión de la historia a partir de la categoría de producción en tanto que historia de lo contingente y nos obliga a repensar el tiempo y la naturaleza de los acontecimientos históricos, con especial atención a la revolución. (shrink)

It is shown that for arithmetical interpretations that may include free variables it is not the Guaspari-Solovay system R that is arithmetically complete, but their system R –. This result is then applied to obtain the nonvalidity of some rules under arithmetical interpretations including free variables, and to show that some principles concerning Rosser orderings with free variables cannot be decided, even if one restricts oneself to usual proof predicates.

Classification of certain group-like FL $_e$ -chains is given: We define absorbent-continuity of FL $_e$ -algebras, along with the notion of subreal chains, and classify absorbent-continuous, group-like FL $_e$ -algebras over subreal chains: The algebra is determined by its negative cone, and the negative cone can only be chosen from a certain subclass of BL-chains, namely, one with components which are either cancellative (that is, those components are negative cones of totally ordered Abelian groups) or two-element MV-algebras, and with no (...) two consecutive cancellative components. It is shown that the classification theorem does not hold if we drop the absorbent-continuity condition. Our result is the first classification theorem in the literature on FL $_e$ -algebras that does not assume the condition of being naturally ordered (which, under certain conditions, corresponds to continuity of the monoid operation). In our classification theorem, continuity is replaced by the much weaker absorbent-continuity. (shrink)