The world of insects is at once beneath our feet and unfathomably alien. Small and innumerable, insects surround and disrupt us even as we scarcely pay them any mind. Insects confront us with the limits of what is imaginable, while at the same time being essential to the everyday functioning of all terrestrial ecosystems. In this book, the philosopher and historian of science Jean-Marc Drouin contends that insects pose a fundamental challenge to philosophy. Exploring the questions of (...) what insects are and what scientific, aesthetic, ethical, and historical relationships they have with humanity, he argues that they force us to reconsider our ideas of the animal and the social. He traces the role that insects have played in language, mythology, literature, entomology, sociobiology, and taxonomy over the centuries. Drouin emphasizes the links between humanistic and scientific approaches—how we have projected human roles onto insects and seen ourselves in insect form. Caught between the animal and plant kingdoms, insects force us to confront and reevaluate our notions of gender, family, society, struggle, the division of labor, social organization, and individual and collective intelligence. A remarkably original and thought-provoking work, A Philosophy of the Insect is an important book for animal studies, environmental ethics, and the history and philosophy of science. (shrink)

Tout au long de sa longue carrière, Henri Lecoq a eu une réputation contrastée dans la communauté scientifique. Son oeuvre est citée par Mendel et par Darwin; cependant certains de ses compatriotes, tels qu'Adolphe Brongniart lui ont dénié originalité et profondeur. Dans une certaine mesure, Lecoq a subi le destin de beaucoup de naturalistes provinciaux dont les efforts n'étaient pas vraiment reconnus par les maîtres de la discipline. Mais une explication plus spécifique se trouve peut-être dans l'habitude qu'avait Lecoq d'utiliser (...) dans le même texte différents styles considérés comme incompatibles. Son travail sur l'hybridation végétale est à cet égard significatif: des bribes de vulgarisation hautes en couleurs y côtoient des conseils pratiques pour les horticulteurs, et les descriptions pittoresques s'y mêlent aux réflexions théoriques. Au terme de cette étude, Lecoq apparaît comme un homme de science qui combine un sens aigu de l'observation avec les caractéristiques d'un auteur romantique. (shrink)

Dans la Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, dont la première édition date de 1813, Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle se propose d’expliquer et de fonder rationnellement la méthode naturelle de classification des plantes. Pour cela, il est amené à comparer les différentes méthodes existantes. Par ailleurs, dans l’introduction, il propose une classification générale des sciences. Dans les deux cas, on retrouve un même souci de justifier le statut scientifique de la botanique.

This paper proposes a synthetic presentation of the proof construction paradigm, which underlies most of the research and development in the so-called “logic programming” area. Two essential aspects of this paradigm are discussed here: true non-determinism and partial information. A new formulation of Focussing, the basic property used to deal with non-determinism in proof construction, is presented. This formulation is then used to introduce a general constraint-based technique capable of dealing with partial information in proof construction. One of the baselines (...) of the paper is to avoid to rely on syntax to describe the key mechanisms of the paradigm. In fact, the bipolar decomposition of formulas captures their main structure, which can then be directly mapped into a sequent system that uses only atoms. This system thus completely “dissolves” the syntax of the formulas and retains only their behavioural content as far as proof construction is concerned. One step further is taken with the so-called “abstract” proofs, which dissolves in a similar way the specific tree-like syntax of the proofs themselves and retains only what is relevant to proof construction. (shrink)

Jean-Marc Mouillie : Le projet philosophique de L'Être et le néant -- Juliette Simont : Genèse du "Néant", genèse de L'Être et le néant (À propos de la morale et de l'ontologie de Sartre) -- Jean-Philippe Narboux : Intentionnalité et négation dans L'Être et le néant -- Timur Uçan : Le problème du solipsisme dans L'Être et le néant -- Kim Sang Ong-Van-Cung : Le corps et l'expérience d'autrui. Un aspect du problème de la négation dans L'Être (...) et le néant -- Laurent Husson : Le cercle de l'autre comme question de méthode. Sur les relations concrètes avec autrui, leur signification et leur portée -- Frédéric Worms : Une théorie radicale des relations humaines -- Jean Bourgault : Le propre de Sartre. Quelques remarques sur une phénoménologie de l'appropriation -- Hadi Rizk : Être et faire, la liberté comme principe d'individuation. (shrink)

Jean-Marc Moschetta | Résumé : Phénoménologie de la transcendance, publié par Sophie Nordmann, propose une réflexion sur certains concepts classiques de la théologie : création, rédemption, transcendance, etc. La thèse principale de l’ouvrage est que le monde est insuffisant à rendre compte de lui-même et que cette incomplétude est elle-même indéductible du monde. D’où le caractère authentiquement créé du monde. La création du monde, entendue strictement sur le mode de « l’insuffisance ontologique à soi », apparaît alors comme (...) un concept délié du don originel et permet de faire l’économie d’un Dieu créateur. Cet article met en regard cette analyse et celle qui est issue de la tradition théologique. En particulier, même si la construction de la thèse principale de l’ouvrage est contestée sur la base des contre-exemples fournis par les sciences contemporaines de la nature, la conclusion de l’ouvrage qui proclame le lien entre création et rédemption d’un monde en voie d’achèvement peut être reçue comme une confirmation de la légitimité de la théologie naturelle contemporaine. |: Phénoménologie de la transcendance, published by Sophie Nordmann, offers a philosophical thought on some classical concepts of theology such as : creation, redemption, transcendence, etc. The main thesis of the book is that the world is insufficient to account for itself. Moreover, the world incompleteness cannot be inferred from the world. Hence the world as a genuine created entity. The creation of the world, strictly understood as the “ontological self-insufficiency” appears as a concept independent of the original gift and allows to consider God the Creator as unnecessary. The present article compares Ms. Nordmann’s analysis with the one inherited from the theological tradition. The main book thesis is disputed on the basis of counter-examples issued from contemporary natural sciences. Yet, the conclusion proclaims a connection between creation and redemption of a world in the process of accomplishment. That conclusion may be regarded as confirming the legitimacy of contemporary natural theology. (shrink)

This article focuses on the relationship between emotions and passions, on the one hand, and values, needs and rights, on the other. This relationship is indeed central to the social dimension of international politics. In this perspective, the article examines how emotions and passions can be at the same time effects and causes of the extent to which actors feel that their needs and rights are fulfilled or not. In the process, the article also explores the negative and positive features (...) of emotions and passions, and their impact on the nature and dynamics of change in international affairs. Beyond this general approach to emotions and passions in connection with the social dimension of international politics and the questions of values, needs, and rights of actors and change, it concludes with the idea that there is also a contextual dimension to the generic argument developed in the article. This will have to be factored in for future research on case studies. (shrink)

This work presents a computational interpretation of the construction process for cyclic linear logic and non-commutative logic sequential proofs. We assume a proof construction paradigm, based on a normalisation procedure known as focussing, which efficiently manages the non-determinism of the construction. Similarly to the commutative case, a new formulation of focussing for NL is used to introduce a general constraint-based technique in order to dealwith partial information during proof construction. In particular, the procedure develops through construction steps propagating constraints in (...) intermediate objects called abstract proofs. (shrink)

The article proposes a systematic reconstruction of Joas’ theory of the sacred. After having characterized the disciplinary profile of Joas, who is a specialist in social theory and historical sociology, and presenting his approach, which ties together pragmatism and hermeneutics, it will be seen how Joas’ theory of the sacred is rooted in his theory of the genesis of values. For Joas, this genesis is closely tied up with the experiences of self-formation and self-transcendence, which can be collective (Durkheim) as (...) well as individual (James). Joas qualifies them as experiences of the sacred, which are susceptible to religious articulation. Therefore, religion is a possibility for interpreting the sacred. This mode, however, may itself assume a variety of forms, not necessarily making recourse to the category of the transcendental, which represents the major discovery of what Karl Jaspers named the axial age – a central topic of Joas’ work for about 15 years. As an alternative to the Weberian notion of disenchantment, Joas develops his history of sacralization and desacralization on this ground. (shrink)

The book examines the particular character Neoplatonism takes in this retrieval, and traces connections between leading figures within the French and Anglophone ...

In this paper I reconstruct the historical significance of the concept of sovereignty and I defend its relevance against the critique of Hannah Arendt. I argue that sovereignty, understood as the concept that expresses the normative unity of the legal order, is not incompatible with plurality and constitutionalism and that it was the condition for the formation of inter state law. Further I criticize the abstract moralism that characterizes today's cosmopolitanism and the paradigm of global governance. Although the significance of (...) sovereignty is shifting in the context of globalisation, it is not becoming irrelevant because it symbolizes the right of political self-determination of a community as well as the capacity to transfer some portion of its regulatory competence to a supra-national legal order. (shrink)

The article focuses on how emotions and passions are addressed in the field of international relations. As such it makes three main points. First, the article argues that, although presupposed in mainstream international relations, because of the influence of positivism emotions and passions have tended to be overlooked. Second, it makes the point that in recent years scholars with constructivist leanings have been increasingly interested in taking emotions and passions seriously as an academic area of research. Third, and finally, the (...) article concludes that despite the progress made in the 2000s on the understanding of emotions and passions in international relations, more work remains to be done. As such it outlines future directions of research. (shrink)

Les essais rassemblés dans ce livre sont un hommage rendu à la carrière exceptionnelle et au cheminement si fécond du professeur Raymond Klibansky. Etudes sur la philosophie antique et la tradition médiévale, sur la Renaissance et l'époque moderne, éléments de réflexion sur les enjeux démocratiques contemporains et la dimension dialogique de la recherche en philosophie, ces textes font écho à certaines des préoccupations majeures du travail poursuivi par Klibansky sur plusieurs décennies. Cette diversité, loin d'être un obstacle, rejoint ici l'une (...) des convictions les plus profondes du personnage célébré, pour qui l'oeuvre de vérité elle-même est intrinsèquement multiforme et ne saurait, sans danger, être réduite à une approche ou à un discours particulier. Una veritas in variis signis resplendet, énonçait Nicola de Cues, que Klibansky s'est souvent plu à citer : voilà qui traduit bien l'esprit même de son oeuvre et de son parcours. Après la préface du professeur Melkevik et la mise en contexte de Michèle le Doeuff, le lecteur pourra compter sur les contributions savantes des professeurs Naddaf, Dorion, Eberle, Narbonne, Lafleur et Simard (Perspectives antiques et médiévales); Valcke, Knee, Bitpol-Hespériès, Markovits, Melkevik, Grapotte et Despland (De la Renaissance à la modernité); Bodéus, Lafrance, Prak et Courtois (Le dialogue philosophique contemporain). (shrink)

Despite her hostility to surrealism, Simone Weil received a paradoxical reception in the work and thought of Georges Bataille. From this point onwards she has attracted the interest of psychoanalysis up to the present day. After their meeting and exchanges at the beginning of the 1930s, Bataille wrote a novel in which he created a portrait of Simone Weil and asks, through her, questions which served to develop and enrich the next stages of his theoretical constructions. This pathway to progress (...) through reference to Simone Weil has often gone unnoticed. However, it deserves to be reconstituted because it brings a disturbing light that Weil would not have approved but that could help us to renew our understanding of her personality and her work. (shrink)

Aucun auteur de l’Antiquité, peut-être, n’a permis autant qu’Aristote de mettre en contact les êtres humains entre eux malgré les frontières du temps et de l’espace, à travers les barrières des langues et de leurs traductions, des cultures, des religions et des idéologies diverses. Aucun philosophe n’aura entretenu des visées aussi universalisantes et sans frontières. C’est le cas, notamment, dans le domaine de la métaphysique, de la logique, du politique ou de la poétique. En métaphysique, le questionnement poursuivi sur l’étant (...) en tant qu’étant, sur les causes de l’être en général et sur tout ce qui relève de l’universel – c’est-à-dire du καθόλου – témoigne d’une volonté de se dégager de tout particularisme pour atteindre la scientificité la plus exigeante et la plus englobante. (shrink)