Si Ferdinand Gonseth doit sa réputation internationale aux innombrables articles et conférences qu'il a consacrés à la défense et à l'illustration de sa philosophie ouverte, on peut dire sans doute que son influence prépondérante en Suisse a été celle qu'il a exercée sur l'enseignement des mathématiques. Par la publication de quelques manuels d'abord, notamment le remarquable Leitfaden der Planimetrie et son adaptation française Eléments de géométrie , mais plus encore par les cours qu'il professait à l'E. P. F. de Zurich (...) sur l'axiomatique de la géométrie et qui ont été pour des générations de maîtres de remarquables introductions à la philosophie des sciences. (shrink)

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Since Hegel, philosophy cannot stop thinking its end. The violent transformations which Hegel's philosophy has uncovered and caused in the structure of philosophical terms and in the terms under which philosophy is possible is Hamacher's topic. Starting from Hegel's commentaries on biblical scripture, Hamacher traces the genealogy and unfolding of Hegel's thought into his mature works--the Phenomenology of Spirit, the Encyclopedia, the Philosophy of History--focusing throughout on the limits and borders, the limitations and extremities of its conceptual and textual movements. (...) Because the concept for Hegel is the end of the thing--the point where it peaks--because it occurs by severance from its representational content, the trace of this splitting appears imprinted into its discursive articulation. The Hegelian text is punctuated by a series of terms and topics that operate according to the logic of the turning point: one function activating its opposite, they serve as pores between mutually exclusive experiences and establish their unity. This dialectical procedure falters, its unity dissolves, the pores turn into aporias, wherever conceptual exigencies surpass the reality they have instilled. Hamacher shows that dialectics, proceeding by way of aporias, remains unable to account for its own movement. Hegel's system must be read from the point where its rupture fails to converge with its end. Analyzing both the historical and the systematic aspects of Hegel's philosophy, addressing Kant and religious fetishism, Nietzsche and the impossible repetition of the same, Marx and the aroma of religion, Freud and the hysterical body, Hamacher's argument is directed toward what in Hegel's philosophy of spirit resists spiritualization and defeats philosophy. Aspiring to be the last philosophy, speculative idealism has to incorporate all previous systems and spiritualize its incorporation. Its logic of ingestion must, however, reject with repulsion and nausea everything that resists appropriation. Emphasizing Hegel's claim to present the political theology of modern society, Hamacher shows that the mechanism of nausea meant to keep the system intact is in fact itself a mechanism foreign to its body; it averts the promised incorporation, defeats idealization, leaves the body politic disintegrated, and voids the claim of the most powerful ontology of modern society to mark the end, the completion and plenitude--the pleroma--of philosophy and history. What remains--the indigestible, the unreadable, the nondiscursive--demands yet another kind of discourse and another practical gesture: toward a pleroma other than Hegel's. (shrink)

The main designs of modern theories of syntax assume a process of syntagmatic organization. However, research on first language acquisition leaves no doubt that the structured combination of single lexical items cannot begin until a critical mass of lexical items has been acquired such that the lexicon is structured hierarchically on the basis of hierarchical feature bundling. Independent of a decision between the main views about the design of a proto language (the grammarless “Holophrastic view”,Arbib & Bickerton 2010: 1,Bickerton 2014) (...) or the ‘Compositional View’ as taken byRizzi (2010),Carstairs-McCarthy (2010), and others. What seems to be the minimal offset for language is the existence of grammatical categories like verb and noun, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, functional categories as needed for the expression of all kinds of agreement between the distinct categories to form recursively structured complexes. I follow the different stages of complexification asking whether there is paradigmatic next to syntagmatic organization and what its added value is for the evolution of grammar. The conclusion will be that paradigmatics is an indismissible part of the organization of early language in that it structures the lexicon so as to make primary and secondary syntactic merge possible and, consequently, is also a prerequisite for movement. The guiding idea of this position is Roman Jakobson’s insistence on the twofold organization of language and grammar. The two organizational designs, syntagmatics and paradigmatics, are manifest within each module: in the phonetic, the morphological, the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic form (consider Jakobson’s1971a,breiterated argument). (shrink)

Between 1983 and 1990, at least 163 Western drugs were tested in the GDR. On the basis of archival documentation, relevant literature, and interviews we examined the clinical trials of five drugs more thoroughly; two of these individual case studies are introduced in this article. In the case of the clinical trials of the synthetic human growth hormone Saizen we found extensive trial and patient documentation, which allows for a detailed analysis of ethical aspects such as parent information and informed (...) patient consent. In the case of the clinical trials of the „abortion pill“ Mifepristone for the World Health Organization we uncovered irregularities with regard to the ethical evaluation. However, taken together, we could not find any serious violation of ethical norms in connection with our cases studies. (shrink)

Der exponierte erste Aphorismus des lezten Teils von Ecce Homo ist einer der herausforderndsten und erschreckendsten in Nietzsches Werk. Er handelt im Kern von der "Umwerthung aller Werthe" alst einem "Akt höchster Selbstbesinnung der Menschheit", der Nietzche zum Schicksal geworden sei und durch den er nun zum Schicksal für die Philosophie und die Menschheit werde. Der Aphorismus galt vielen als Belag dafür, dass Nietzsches Wahnsinn bereits ausgebrochen sei: als Größenwahnsinn. Doch Ecce Homo lässt in seiner klaren und konsequenten Anlage so (...) wenig wie Der Antichrist, den es vorbereiten sollte, Zeichen der Verwirrung erkennen, und Nietzsche had auch früher schon herausfordernd von seiner Aufgabe gesprochen: als Einzelner die Menschheit und die Kultur auf eine neue Stufe zu heen. man wird Nietzsches Werk nur angemessen verstehen können, wenn man auch diesem Aphorismus seinen Ort in ihm geben kann. Die folgende Abhandlung versucht ein kontextuelle Interpretation des Aphorismus: eine Interpretation aus seinem eigenen Kontext, dem Kontext von Ecce Homo und Der Antichrist und dem Kontext von Nietzches Werk im ganzen.The first aphorism of the last chapter of Ecce Homo is oen of the most challenging and terrifying in Nietzsche's work. It essentially deals with the "reevaluation of all values" as an "act of the highest self-assessment of humanity" for which Nietzsche was fated and through which he would become a destiny for philosophy and humanity. The aphorism has served as evidence to some that Nietzsche's madness had already broken out - as megalomania. Yet the clear and careful construction of Ecce Homo, like The Antichrist for which it was supposed to pave the way, do not show any signs of confusion. And Nietzshe had already spoken of his task in a challenging manner: to raise humanity and culture to a new level as a single individual. Correctly understanding Nietzsche requires being able to integrate this aphorism into this work, too. The following essay provides an interpretation of this aphorism based on the context of Ecce Homo and The Antichrist as well as against the background of Nietzsche's work as a whole. (shrink)

Since Neumann and Morgenstern’s theory of games, the debate among social scientists, economists, mathematicians, and social philosophers about what kind of theory it is has not ended. Some think that it is a new interdiscipline, some that it is a mere accumulation of gametheoretical models, such as utility theory, competitive, cooperative, collective choice models, and so on. Most of them agree that the models of game theory deal with isolated, single, and independent specific societal interactions between individuals who wish to (...) maximize their gains and minimize their losses within prescribed constraining rules. (shrink)

Im Oktober 1999 wurde in Augsburg die „Gemeinsame Erklärung zur Rechtfertigungslehre" seitens der Vertreter des Lutherischen Weltbundes und der römisch-katholischen Kirche unterzeichnet. Darin wurde eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung im Verständnis dieser zentralen Lehre bekundet. Zehn Jahre nach dieser Unterzeichnung ist freilich festzustellen, dass die Erklärung weitgehend folgenlos geblieben ist und auch keine starke Beachtung gefunden hat. Diese bedauerliche Tatsache hat mehrere Ursachen. Ein Grund liegt darin, dass in der Erklärung einige theologische Themen wenig erörtert wurden, die jedoch an sich hätten berücksichtigt (...) werden müssen. Eine andere Ursache ist damit gegeben, dass sich - in Deutschland - kirchliche Entwicklungen ergeben haben, die eine lutherisch-katholische Übereinkunft als nicht allzu bedeutsam erscheinen lassen.In October 1999 the "Common Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification" was signed in Augsburg by representatives of the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church. It proclaimed a broad agreement in the understanding of this central doctrine. Now, ten years after this signing, we find that the declaration has neither occasioned much follow-up nor gained a great deal of respect for itself. There are several reasons for this unfortunate fact. For one thing, there are some theological themes that did not get much attention, but which really should have been taken into consideration. Another reason is due to the fact that - in Germany - there have been church developments that have made the prospect of a Lutheran-Catholic union appear to be not all that significant. (shrink)