Diese Wirtschaft totet! besonders dieser Satz von Papst Franziskus hat beachtliche Aufmerksamkeit gefunden. Aber: Welche Wirtschaft totet? Und welche fordert Leben? Dieser Band stellt wirtschaftswissenschaftliche, ethische und theologische Ansatze vor, die Verengungen in gegenwartigen Theorien uberwinden: Welche Bedeutung haben offentlicher Guter? Wie lassen sich soziale und okologische Dimensionen in die Wirtschaftstheorie integrieren? Wie sollte eine Finanzwirtschaft aussehen, die der Realwirtschaft dient? Was ist die Verantwortung des Konsumenten? Diese und weitere Grundfragen, die in den wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Mainstream-Theorien zu kurz kommen, erinnern die (...) Wirtschaft daran, dem Leben dienen zu mussen. (shrink)

Cartwright (Synthese 121(1/2):3–27, 1999a; The dappled world, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999b) attacked the view that causal relations conform to the Markov condition by providing a counterexample in which a common cause does not screen off its effects: the prominent chemical factory. In this paper we suggest a new way to handle counterexamples to Markov causation such as the chemical factory. We argue that Cartwright’s as well as similar scenarios feature a certain kind of non-causal dependence that kicks in once (...) the common cause occurs. We then develop a representation of this specific kind of non-causal dependence that allows for modeling the problematic scenarios in such a way that the Markov condition is not violated anymore. (shrink)

This article theorizes the connection between political distrust and conspiracy theories through a post-political framework. Following Luc Boltanski’s focus on the critical capacities of ordinary actors, it builds on interviews with participants of the Yellow Vest Movement in France who hold conspiratorial views of Covid-19 and the vaccine. The article explores how the interviewees’ critique mirrors that of post-political theorists. In particular, I use Rancière’s notion of subjectification and politics to theorize how conspiracy theories function as a means of dissent (...) in the interviewees’ understanding of their experiences as well as in their own critique of and disillusionment with politics in France. As such, this article explores how political trust affected reactions to the pandemic, how political trust is interconnected with conspiracy theories and finally how such conspiracy theories can be viewed as biproducts of the post-political order. (shrink)

Summary The question underlying this article is whether the Kantian transcendental philosophy is wide enough to constitute the objects of quantum physics as objects of possible experience and consequently to found the objectivity of quantum physical knowledge. It is shown that the Kantian determinations of the categories (quality, substance, causality) can be interpreted and elaborated in such a way that the quantum physical concept of an object characterized by nonobjectivity of properties is conceived. Therefore the categories are valid in quantum (...) mechanics and warrant the objectivity of quantum physical experience. By the interpretation of the Kantian infinite judgement as an indefinite proposition it is possible to define the non-objectivity of properties categorially as indefiniteness of qualities. In particular by the indefiniteness of the position-quality the non-permanent localizability of quantum mechanical objects can be understood a priori. However the object of possible experience, especially the quantum mechanical object is underdetermined by the categories of substance and causality: If the object is determined to be a substance it is not yet conceived to be an individual; its characterization by means of probability laws is categorially indeterminate. In so far the significance of transcendental philosophy for the foundation of quantum physics is limited. (shrink)

The theory of causal Bayes nets [15, 19] is, from an empirical point of view, currently one of the most promising approaches to causation on the market. There are, however, counterexamples to its core axiom, the causal Markov condition. Probably the most serious of these counterexamples are EPR/B experiments in quantum mechanics (cf. [13, 23]). However, these are also the only counterexamples yet known from the quantum realm. One might therefore wonder whether they are the only phenomena in the quantum (...) realm that create problems for causal Bayes nets. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that not only the phenomenon of quantum correlations in EPR/B experiments create problems for causal Bayes nets, but also the temporal evolution of quantum systems, which is described as dualistic by quantum mechanics. For this purpose, it is shown that single photon experiments in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) violate the causal Markov condition as well. It is then argued, however, that the Markov violation does not occur under the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of Bohmian mechanics. (shrink)

Let $V_\propto$ be a fixed, fully effective, infinite dimensional vector space. Let $\mathscr{L}(V_\propto)$ be the lattice consisting of the recursively enumerable (r.e.) subspaces of $V_\propto$ , under the operations of intersection and weak sum (see § 1 for precise definitions). In this article we examine the algebraic properties of $\mathscr{L}(V_\propto)$ . Early research on recursively enumerable algebraic structures was done by Rabin [14], Frolich and Shepherdson [5], Dekker [3], Hamilton [7], and Guhl [6]. Our results are based upon the more (...) recent work concerning vector spaces of Metakides and Nerode [12], Crossley and Nerode [2], Remmel [15], [16], and Kalantari [8]. In the main theorem below, we extend a result of Lachlan from the lattice E of r.e. sets to $\mathscr{L}(V_\propto)$ . We define hyperhypersimple vector spaces, discuss some of their properties and show if $A, B \in \mathscr{L}(V_\propto)$ , and A is a hyperhypersimple subspace of B then there is a recursive space C such that A + C = B. It will be proven that if $V \in \mathscr{L}(V_\propto)$ and the lattice of superspaces of V is a complemented modular lattice then V is hyperhypersimple. The final section contains a summary of related results concerning maximality and simplicity. (shrink)

In this article, we investigate the political theology of populism and look at the case of the Front National. Considering the writings of Carl Schmitt and Ernesto Laclau, we trace the logical core of Schmitt’s political theology and show how it is integrated into theories of the political and Laclau’s theory of populism. We argue that the theologico-political core of populism is the simultaneous disavowal and imposition of mediation and that this stance leads to an increasing formalism. Looking at the (...) discourse of the FN on the notion of laïcité, we find that this theologico-political structure explains how the party is able to link traditionally left- and right-wing motives in its discourse. Finally, we show how in FN’s discourse, the formalist tendency of populism, which Laclau has theoretically explicated, has become overt and must be understood as part of politics, not as a universal and tran-historical logic of the political. This suggests, we argue pace Laclau, that we ought to consider both t... (shrink)

Background:The global COVID-19 pandemic has imposed challenges on healthcare systems and professionals worldwide and introduced a ´maelstrom´ of ethical dilemmas. How ethically demanding situations are handled affects employees’ moral stress and job satisfaction.Aim:Describe priority-setting dilemmas, moral distress and support experienced by nurses and physicians across medical specialties in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Norway.Research design:A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted from 23 April to 11 May 2020.Ethical considerations:Ethical approval granted by the Regional Research Ethics Committee in (...) Western Norway (131421).Findings:Among the 1606 respondents, 67% had experienced priority-setting dilemmas the previous two weeks. Healthcare workers who were directly involved in COVID-19 care, were redeployed or worked in psychiatry/addiction medicine experienced it more often. Although 59% of the respondents had seen adverse consequences due to resource scarcity, severe consequences were rare. Moral distress levels were generally low (2.9 on a 0–10 scale), but higher in selected groups (redeployed, managers and working in psychiatry/addiction medicine). Backing from existing collegial and managerial structures and routines, such as discussions with colleagues and receiving updates and information from managers that listened and acted upon feedback, were found more helpful than external support mechanisms. Priority-setting guidelines were also helpful.Discussion:By including all medical specialties, nurses and physicians, and various institutions, the study provides information on how the COVID-19 mitigation also influenced those not directly involved in the COVID-19 treatment of patients. In the next stages of the pandemic response, support for healthcare professionals directly involved in outbreak-affected patients, those redeployed or those most impacted by mitigation strategies must be a priority.Conclusion:Empirical research of healthcare workers experiences under a pandemic are important to identify groups at risks and useful support mechanisms. (shrink)

Hannah Arendt und Karl Jaspers – zwei herausragende Persönlichkeiten der Philosophiegeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, die eine vor allem politische Denkerin, der andere ursprünglich Mediziner und Psychologe, die beide mit den Erschütterungen der Welt und ihres persönlichen Lebens durch Nationalsozialismus und Zweiten Weltkrieg zurechtkommen mussten und dabei doch der Welt immer zugewandt blieben. Sie haben viele bedeutende Schriften hinterlassen, Denkansätze, deren Relevanz bis heute nicht nachgelassen hat.über beide ist viel geschrieben und geforscht worden – allein ihre sehr tiefe und besondere, fast (...) lebenslange Freundschaft, beginnend mit Arendts Studium bei Jaspers ab 1926, ist bislang seltsam unerforscht. Zwar ist der umfangreiche Briefwechsel ediert, es existiert jedoch keine einzige Monographie zum Thema. Diesem Umstand will das vorliegende Buch abhelfen. Ingeborg Gleichauf, Philosophin und Schriftstellerin, nähert sich der Beziehung von Arendt und Jaspers über die Beschäftigung mit den großen Fragen und Themen, die die beiden zeit ihres Lebens umtrieben und legt den Focus auf das über lange Zeiträume und große Distanzen nie versiegende Gespräch zwischen ihnen, ob persönlich oder in Briefen – auf den fruchtbaren, auch manchmal streitbaren, immer vertrauensvollen, von Neugier, Offenheit und Redlichkeit geprägten Austausch. (shrink)

Nurses find themselves in a unique position - between patient and physicians, and in close proximity to the patient. Moral sensitivity can help nurses to cope with the daily turmoil of demands and opinions while delivering care in concordance with the value system of the patient. This article aims to reconsider the concept of moral sensitivity by discussing the function of emotions in morality. We turn to the ideas of historic and contemporary authors on the function of emotions in morality (...) to expand our understanding of moral sensitivity. Ancient philosophers and contemporary psychologists uphold different strategies on the orientation of morality being (a) personal growth or (b) community living, and the primordial function of (c) reason and (d) emotions in the creation of judgements about good and bad. The theoretical discussion on the function of emotions in morality shows that by focusing on reason alone, one leaves out an essential part of morality. The concept of moral sensitivity should (1) include an initial judgment of good and bad based on emotions, (2) hold the ability to reflect on the initial judgement and the associated emotions, (3) include the ability to understand other stakeholders' perspectives based on the ideal-types and (4) include a personal decision on the right course of action. (shrink)

We trained a computational model (the Chunk-Based Learner; CBL) on a longitudinal corpus of child–caregiver interactions in English to test whether one proposed statistical learning mechanism—backward transitional probability—is able to predict children's speech productions with stable accuracy throughout the first few years of development. We predicted that the model less accurately reconstructs children's speech productions as they grow older because children gradually begin to generate speech using abstracted forms rather than specific “chunks” from their speech environment. To test this idea, (...) we trained the model on both recently encountered and cumulative speech input from a longitudinal child language corpus. We then assessed whether the model could accurately reconstruct children's speech. Controlling for utterance length and the presence of duplicate chunks, we found no evidence that the CBL becomes less accurate in its ability to reconstruct children's speech with age. (shrink)