In 1952, Heinrich Scholz published a question in The Journal of Symbolic Logic asking for a characterization of spectra, i.e., sets of natural numbers that are the cardinalities of finite models of first order sentences. Günter Asser in turn asked whether the complement of a spectrum is always a spectrum. These innocent questions turned out to be seminal for the development of finite model theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper we survey developments over the last 50-odd years pertaining to (...) the spectrum problem. Our presentation follows conceptual developments rather than the chronological order. Originally a number theoretic problem, it has been approached by means of recursion theory, resource bounded complexity theory, classification by complexity of the defining sentences, and finally by means of structural graph theory. Although Scholz' question was answered in various ways, Asser's question remains open. (shrink)

We study the extension of dependence logic \ by a majority quantifier \ over finite structures. We show that the resulting logic is equi-expressive with the extension of second-order logic by second-order majority quantifiers of all arities. Our results imply that, from the point of view of descriptive complexity theory, \\) captures the complexity class counting hierarchy. We also obtain characterizations of the individual levels of the counting hierarchy by fragments of \\).

La philosophie de Nietzsche se présente comme une entreprise d'autodépassement du sens historique que consacrent au XIXe siècle l'historicisme, les philosophies de l'histoire et les évolutionnismes. En retournant contre lui-même son propre dard, le sens historique procède à la réévaluation de l'histoire.

Penser selon une "pensee-mouvement", c'est se concentrer, non sur les etres et les choses existant dans leurs limites assignees, mais porter son regard sur l'intervalle, la passerelle entre ces etres et ces choses. On evite ainsi ce cancer de la pensee occidentale et desormais mondiale: la dichotomie sous sa forme manicheenne qui oppose les choses deux a deux, en chiens de faience (pensee de guerre). On considere que les choses et les etres, non seulement ne peuvent exister sans leurs innombrables (...) "relatifs" - l'arbre avec l'eau et la terre, l'animal avec son "milieu", l'homme, avec ses poumons et l'air qui les fait vivre, avec ses milliards de ses congeneres -, mais encore sont continuellement modifies dans et par cette relation. On oppose aisement la "relation" et le "rapport" dans la relation, les elements se transforment mutuellement; dans le rapport, les elements demeurent "tels qu'en eux-memes". On repere soudain une lutte feroce de la culture humaine pour eliminer toute importance de la nature et prendre definitivement les commandes de l'univers. On peut relire critiquement toute l'evolution de la pensee et modifier son regard sur ce qui nous entoure, a l'aide d'une intelligence du coeur, d'une fonciere bienveillance. (shrink)

In love with freedom, Diogenes was a philosopher who did not like being taken seriously and who never wanted to change the world. And yet, his influence has persisted throughout the centuries, from Francois Rabelais and Alfred de Musset to William Shakespeare and Victor Hugo.

Les Milésiens -- Héraclite Parménide -- Socrate et Platon -- Aristote -- Stoïciens et Épicuriens -- Plotin.

The interventionist account of causation offers a criterion to distinguish causes from non-causes. It also aims at defining various desirable properties of causal relationships, such as specificity, proportionality and stability. Here we apply an information-theoretic approach to these properties. We show that the interventionist criterion of causation is formally equivalent to non-zero specificity, and that there are natural, information-theoretic ways to explicate the distinction between potential and actual causal influence. We explicate the idea that the description of causes should be (...) proportional to that of their effects. Then we draw a distinction between two ideas in the existing literature, the range of invariance of a causal relationship and its stability. The range of invariance is related to specificity and range of causal values. Stability concerns the effect of additional variables on the relationship between some focal pair of cause and effect variables. We show how to distinguish and measure the direct influence of background variables on the effect variable, and their influence on the relationship between the focal cause and the effect variable. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the information-theoretic approach, and offer prospects for complementary approaches. (shrink)

Le discours des canonistes sur les sanctions illustre une forme sous-estimée d’acceptation de l’altérité au nom de la charité. Il y a bien une tolérance ecclésiastique qui conduit le magistère à limiter le champ de la normativité pénale pour des raisons théologiques et pastorales. Le travail de distinction du péché et du crime, bien connu des canonistes, est justifié moins par un recours à des décrétales ou des décisions des conciles que par un retour aux discours des Pères de l’Église. (...) La définition du droit canonique moderne de la notion de crime prend directement racine dans un texte d’Augustin. Issue de la querelle donatiste, il est question, selon cette approche, de tolérer l’ivraie. (shrink)

"Par définition, le doute affecte de son hésitation aussi bien le jugement d'existence que le jugement de valeur et le jugement pratique. Cet ouvrage analyse chronologiquement les témoignages d'écrivains, de penseurs et de poètes qui ont affronté avec une attention particulière la nature variable de la certitude indécise. Chez plusieurs, elle est le signe de notre impuissance définitive (Montaigne) ou provisoire (Lactance, Nicolas de Cues, Pascal). Chez d'autres, c'est une suggestion de l'exigence (Descartes, Valéry), ou un moyen de rejoindre la (...) paix intérieure (les sceptiques). À l'évidence, les voies du doute sont nombreuses : il apparaîtra en outre qu'elles vont du sérieux au comique et qu'elles s'avancent même jusqu'aux à-peu-près séduisants de la rêverie poétique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

We study the minimal complexity of tilings of a plane with a given tile set. We note that every tile set admits either no tiling or some tiling with.

En expliquant comment les forces de l’ordre se dotent d’uniformes spécifiques au cours du xixe siècle, il s’agit de comprendre la signification de cet objet. Au-delà de l’utilité pratique du costume, qui peut faire débat, policiers et gendarmes affichent une prestance militaire qui renforce leur prestige. Mais ils montrent aussi qu’ils travaillent en toute transparence, en assumant leurs actes et en se plaçant au service du public. Ils prouvent enfin leur valeur en engageant des dépenses vestimentaires qui deviennent un gage (...) de respectabilité. S’il constitue un enjeu symbolique fort, l’uniforme évolue dans le sens d’une plus grande simplicité fonctionnelle au cours du xixe siècle, s’adaptant dans une certaine mesure à la mode masculine. (shrink)

If European metropolises witnessed the development, throughout the 19th century, of various forms of concentrationary assistance and radical isolation through penal colonies, colonial space was the site of an even more explicit formulation and experimentation with the creation and the exclusion of of an undesirable human surplus, notably in South Asia, where the social system of castes could provide powerful ideological foundations for the colonial thinking on exclusion. This article seeks to illustrate this by examining the creation of the category (...) of « criminal tribes » in India, during the last third of the 19th century. (shrink)

Background: Informed consent in clinical research is mandated throughout the world. Both patient subjects and investigators are required to understand and accept the distinction between research and treatment.Aim: To document the extent and to identify factors associated with therapeutic misconception in a population of patient subjects or parent proxies recruited from a variety of multicentre trials .Patients and methods: The study comprised two phases: the development of a questionnaire to assess the quality of informed consent and a survey of patient (...) subjects based on this questionnaire.Results: A total of 303 patient subjects or parent proxies were contacted and 279 questionnaires were analysed. The median age was 49.5 years, sex ratio was 1 and 61% of respondents were professionally active. Overall memorisation of the oral or written communication of informed consent was good , and satisfaction with the process was around 70%. Therapeutic misconception was present in 70% of respondents, who expected to receive better care and ignored the consequence of randomisation and treatment comparisons. This was positively associated with the acuteness and severity of the disease.Conclusion: The authors suggest that the risk of therapeutic misconception be specifically addressed in consent forms as an educational tool for both patients and investigators. (shrink)

To be able to make “change” happen in the lives of patients entrusted to his care, Watzlawick says he tried to produce a theory about it. He was forced to acknowledge that the mechanisms of change resist systematization and, therefore, all wishes to elicit them as well.Well-being is to therapy what discovery is to thought and the event is to History: the position – unforeseen, unforeseeable – in reality of what did not hitherto exist. And heuristics would be, if not (...) a science, since there could be no science of change, then at least the name given to reflection on its mystery. (shrink)

Ce volume réunit 10 articles en italien, à une exception française près, issus pour la plupart d’un colloque de 2015 et paraissant dans une série philosophique. Il y a fort peu de coquilles dans cet ouvrage soigné (68 : *ἱδιότητος, 226 : *Alres, 228 : *εἴληκεν, 244 : *Oppenraay, 267 : *aniumalium). Il se signale par son orientation pédagogique, conforme au cadre de la rencontre, qui était une journée de formation : la plupart des articles sont des synthèses, proposées par (...) des spécialistes qui... (shrink)

In this paper, we apply the perspective of intra-organismal ecology by investigating a family of ecological models suitable to describe a gene therapy to a particular metabolic disorder, the adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID). The gene therapy is modeled as the prospective ecological invasion of an organ (here, bone marrow) by genetically modified stem cells, which then operate niche construction in the cellular environment by releasing an enzyme they synthesize. We show that depending on the chosen order (a choice that cannot (...) be made on \textit{a priori} assumptions), different kinds of dynamics are expected, possibly leading to different therapeutic strategies. This drives us to discuss several features of the extension of ecology to intra-organismal ecology. (shrink)

Several authors have argued that causes differ in the degree to which they are ‘specific’ to their effects. Woodward has used this idea to enrich his influential interventionist theory of causal explanation. Here we propose a way to measure causal specificity using tools from information theory. We show that the specificity of a causal variable is not well-defined without a probability distribution over the states of that variable. We demonstrate the tractability and interest of our proposed measure by measuring the (...) specificity of coding DNA and other factors in a simple model of the production of mRNA. (shrink)

A causal approach to biological information is outlined. There are two aspects to this approach: information as determining a choice between alternative objects and information as determining the construction of a single object. The first aspect has been developed in earlier work to yield a quantitative measure of biological information that can be used to analyze biological networks. This article explores the prospects for a measure based on the second aspect and suggests some applications for such a measure. These two (...) aspects are not suggested to exhaust all the facets of biological information. (shrink)

Cet article documente la pratique du plan dans les relations entre hommes, à savoir ces rencontres rapides, à but sexuel principalement et en général non répétées. Le matériel mobilisé résulte de trente entretiens semi-directifs. Le plan correspond souvent à une dissociation marquée entre le courant sensuel et le courant tendre, au sens freudien, et présente donc un intérêt pour approfondir la compréhension de cette dualité. L’article observe les prises de contact virtuelles, les lieux des plans et la possibilité de penser, (...) ou de ne pas penser, le plan, d’en refouler le souvenir. Les affects éprouvés dans la rencontre de l’autre comme l’absence d’affect ( désaffectation ) sont alors analysés aux côtés de la question de la sociabilité et des impressions d’inquiétante étrangeté. (shrink)

In this paper, we discuss the perspective of intra-organismal ecology by investigating a family of ecological models. We consider two types of models. First order models describe the population dynamics as being directly affected by ecological factors (here understood as nutrients, space, etc). They might be thought of as analogous to Aristotelian physics. Second order models describe the population dynamics as being indirectly affected, the ecological factors now affecting the derivative of the growth rate (that is, the population acceleration), possibly (...) through an impact on non-genetically inherited factors. Second order models might be thought of as analogous to Galilean physics. In the joint paper, we apply these ideas to a situation of gene therapy. (shrink)

In recent years, scholars have shown the fruitfulness of linking Peirce’s speculative rhetoric with the rhetorical tradition—which can be broadly construed as the art, time and again rediscovered and refined, of rendering discourses eloquent and persuasive. They have suggested many ways in which the historical development of rhetoric sheds light on the third branch of Peirce’s semiotic and further pointed out many contributions Peirce makes in turn to the field of rhetoric. However, with the notable exception of Colapietro, these authors (...) have focused almost exclusively on questions of method and discovery. They have... (shrink)

In this article, the authors, as researchers, are part of a clinical approach to psychoanalytic orientation in education sciences, questioning their research approach during an investigation on the expulsion from classrooms in secondary school in France. Trying to compare themselves to different types of collaborative research, they analyse the modalities of relationship they tried to implement during this research ‘with’ subjects, including teenagers students they have interviewed.

En dépit d’obstacles épistémologiques et idéologiques dont le présent article rappelle succinctement la genèse, les rapports entre droit et religion dans l’Occident médiéval ont été abondamment explorés, au travers, notamment, d’études consacrées à la science canonique, aux procédures ecclésiastiques et aux qualifications juridiques. En revanche, les limites, les zones de contact et les points de passage entre ces deux régimes de véridiction et de normativité que sont le droit et la religion, ont été laissés dans l’ombre. Sans prétendre couvrir le (...) champ d’une enquête aussi titanesque, cet article entend pointer quelques-uns des problèmes qui se posent dès que l’on aborde en historien les rapports que l’Église catholique – forme institutionnelle par excellence de la religion chrétienne – a entretenus avec le droit, et indiquer quelles sont les pistes actuellement empruntées dans ce sens. (shrink)

The text focuses on reflecting on the role of modern university in a man intellectual development, starting from Nietzsche’s ideas. By drawing up some of the main methodological and philosophical concepts of the German philosopher, the text highlights a series of aspects on the Humboldian nature of current universities – a state of tension under the political, economic and social factors. Thus, the classic concepts of Bildung and Kultur specific to the XIX-century University are analyzed in relation with the crisis (...) that marked the Prussian state of Bismarck period. Higher education being available to the masses is a current problem Nietzsche didn’t avoid to call „savageness” and „decline” of the higher educational system. The purpose of the text is to point out if Nietzsche’s ideas can be still applied nowadays. (shrink)

This is an English translation of the French editor's preface to The Evolution of the Problem of Freedom, which is the first course Bergson taught as the chair in the “History of Modern Philosophy” at the Coll è ge de France.