Este artigo visa apresentar a pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva com abordagem qualitativa diante do contexto educacional dos anos de 1960 a 1970, com o objetivo de estabelecer as relações entre a democratização do ensino em Anísio Teixeira e as experiências dos Ginásios Vocacionais do estado de São Paulo. Busca-se a interpretação das ações de Anísio Teixeira no âmbito da educação escolar e no projeto pedagógico dos Ginásios Vocacionais, em seu ambiente e contexto social, como resposta aos desafios educacionais. O texto (...) está estruturado em duas partes: primeira apresenta um breve histórico de Anísio Teixeira e do surgimento dos Ginásios Vocacionais e na segunda parte desenvolve-se as ideias do pensamento educacional de Teixeira e as possíveis semelhanças com a filosofia educacional dos Vocacionais. As correlações entre os vocacionais e Teixeira estão fundamentadas na pesquisa bibliográfica de autores como: Daniel Chiozzini ; Clarice Nunes; Anísio Spínola Teixeira e Maria Nilde Mascellani. Os resultados apontam que, embora os ginásios vocacionais não tenham sido explicitamente concebidos por Anísio Teixeira, é possível relacionar possíveis semelhanças entre ambos, as quais residem na: valorização e participação ativa dos alunos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem; prática de ensino participativa e colaborativa; e na formação social e politica dos discentes. (shrink)

O presente estudo se propõe a discutir a relação entre a identidade política coletiva (populista) e a crise de representatividade das instituições de poder que consiste no paradoxo do poder constituinte, em sua estrutura conceitual, inspirada nas leituras de Jacques Rancière (1940) e Chantal Mouffe (1943).

Como forma de pensar a educação brasileira na efeméride dos 200 anos de independência do Brasil, elegemos como objeto de analise a trajetória da educação pública no Brasil a partir da expansão da sua rede escolar. Com base no método de investigação histórica a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e tendo por fontes, leis, decretos e dados estatísticos, o artigo foi dividido em duas partes: A primeira, dedicada aos irresolutos percursos da Educação pública do Brasil, depois de sua anunciada (...) Independência política do Reino Português. Na sequência, discorre sobre o longo trajeto de conquista da universalização do ensino fundamental no século XX. O resultado nos faz questionar o futuro da educação pública frente as eleições do emblemático ano de 2022. (shrink)

Qual a influência exercida pela América Latina na construção do Relatório MacBride e na formulação das teses que embasaram a proposta de uma Nova Ordem Mundial da Informação e da Comunicação? A intenção deste trabalho é esclarecer o episódio histórico protagonizado pela UNESCO no ocaso da guerra-fria, ao focalizar as teses sobre a democratização da comunicação e discutir a significação daquela plataforma política na presente conjuntura internacional.

O presente artigo se propõe a analisar a relação entre o Supremo Tribunal Federal e os media, e como as notícias jurídicas do Plenário da mais importante Corte do país são transmitidas pela TV Justiça, pelos canais comerciais, e pelos novos media. Ademais, busca-se explorar a influência dos novos media na democratização da informação referente ao Judiciário. Em termos metodológicos, será utilizada abordagem hipotética dedutiva, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Não obstante, este trabalho pretende demostrar como os (...) canais comerciais se incumbem de espetacularizar as imagens do Plenário do STF, com intuitos mercadológicos e de lucro. (shrink)

O controle político sobre o fenômeno da globalização, que é um fenômeno predominantemente econômico, é possível, mas requer que os Estados particulares acelerem o processo de integração internacional e criem uma ordem jurídica global. Neste texto, serão apresentadas e refutadas algumas objeções a tal ordem.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a importância da educação para a informação em diferentes contextos e etapas da vida humana, com vistas à consolidação da aplicação prática e democratização da competência em informação na sociedade brasileira, que, ainda, carece de atenção e novos esforços. Apoiadas na literatura da Ciências da Informação e áreas afins, a exemplo de Kuhlthau (2001), ACRL(2016), Belluzzo (2017), Dudziak (2005, 2016), Pereira e Alcará (2020), Menze (1981) e Le Boterf (2000, 1982), as reflexões (...) apresentadas apontam que, considerando a igualdade de oportunidades educacionais para todos, a educação para a competência em informação precisa ser ofertada em instituições educativas, culturais e sociais, responsáveis pela promoção da educação relativa à formação dos indivíduos. Esta ainda não possibilita a todas as pessoas a oportunidade de acesso à educação para a informação na etapa da vida e contexto social em que se encontram, o que constitui um exemplo de uma realidade social injusta; que nega um direito humano básico. (shrink)

Esse artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para o debate sobre a privatização do ensino no Brasil desde os anos 60 até o período de redemocratização em 1988. Com os debates sobre a educaçãosendo travados em diversos momentos históricos, a diferença entre as frentes únicas formadas, seja do lado do ensino público como do privado serão demonstradas. A Campanha em defesa da escola pública no processo de tramitação da LDBEN aprovada em 1961, o golpe militar e sua reformas assim como o (...) período da reabertura democrática foram momentos de intensas disputas pela educação nacional, onde diversos sujeitos se articulavam para defender seus interesses. Não limitamos aqui a análise a apenas dois blocos homogêneos, mas tentamos demostrar as articulações entre os intelectuais, pontuando suas diferenças mais marcantes e o esforço para se tornar hegemônicos na educação nacional. (shrink)

O presente estudo se destina a fazer uma breve análise sobre o direito social à educação, sua influência para o alcance da dignidade da pessoa humana e o seu alcance no formato EAD no Brasil. O artigo trata das metodologias de ensino viabilizadas pelo EAD, qual a sua contribuição na formação desses jovens e crianças e se a fruição dos benefícios desse método de ensino são possível por todas as classes sociais de forma isonômica. A pretensão é analisar como o (...) EAD pode trazer a democratização do ensino no país e qual caminho viabilizará isto. (shrink)

Este artigo objetiva mapear, no interior dos livros A sociedade dos indivíduos, Norbert Elias por ele mesmo e Envolvimento e alienação, bem como na coletânea Escritos e ensaios, a discussão de Norbert Elias sobre a democratização como um processo de transformação global da sociedade. Através de análises de longa duração, ele demonstrou que os processos civilizacionais foram constituídos pelos embates em torno da desconcentração do poder. Assim, a busca por melhores formas de distribuição de recursos e de oportunidades de (...) poder estiveram, ao longo dos últimos cinco séculos, no centro dos conflitos e das tensões que produziram inúmeras mudanças e/ou expectativas de mudanças nas sociedades atuais. Ele demonstrou que não é possível compreender os processos de democratização sem se levarem em conta os diversos jogos configuracionais que vão se estabelecendo entre os muitos grupos que lutam para adentrar a arena política com o intuito de construir novas oportunidades de poder. (shrink)

O presente artigo versa sobre Educação a Distância na sociedade da informação e destaca o novo enfoque da Educação Superior a Distância voltada à formação de gestores públicos no cenário brasileiro. Em primeira instância, pretende-se, de maneira breve, fazer uma reconstrução da história da Educação a Distância no País e sua trajetória no Ensino Superior brasileiro. O novo século está marcado por intensas transformações nas relações sociais, políticas, econômicas, pelo acelerado desenvolvimento tecnológico e eletrônico. Acredita-se que hoje estamos nos primórdios (...) da era digital, como evolução da era industrial marcada pelas tecnologias digitais, que revolucionam a percepção do e a atuação humana sobre o mundo. Nesse sentido, destacam-se os cursos de Educação Superior a Distância, direcionados à formação de gestores públicos no Brasil. Vale destacar que o ensino da tecnologia da informação, assim como ferramentas de sistemas de informação, é fundamental para a formação de administradores públicos na atualidade, e a Educação a Distância está proporcionando a democratização do conhecimento no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada é bibliográfica e documental.This article focuses on distance education in the information society and highlights the new approach to distance higher education dedicated to the training of public managers in the Brazilian scene. The new century is marked by deep transformations in social relations, political, economic, and technological development accelerated by mail. It is believed that today we are at the dawn of the digital age, as evolution of the industrial era marked by digital technologies that revolutionize the perception and human performance on the world. It is the change from the industrial to the digital culture and the predominance of plurals and virtual spaces. In this sense, we highlight the courses of distance higher education directed to the training of public managers in Brasil. Vale emphasize the teaching of information technology, as well as tools for information systems are essential for training public administrators in the news and education the distance is providing the democratization of knowledge in Brazil. Tem methodology used is literature and documents. (shrink)

One of Hume's most well-known works and a masterpiece of philosophy, A Treatise of Human Nature is indubitably worth taking the time to read.

A ampliação de políticas econômicas liberais desencadeará na democratização da China. Esse argumento repetido por artigos acadêmicos encontra suas expectativas frustradas diariamente por notícias de recrudescimento do poder do Partido Comunista da China sobre sua sociedade. O artigo analisa a construção da identidade nacional fundada na humilhação nacional como estratégia de difusão da legitimidade da elite política chinesa a partir de uma percepção do nacionalismo como essencial para manutenção da estabilidade do regime. Para isso estuda a formação da identidade (...) nacional, a constituição dos grupos dentro da elite política da China e a elaboração do conceito de Poder Nacional Compreensivo. (shrink)

A pesquisa envereda, primeiro, a demonstrar teoricamente a necessidade de democratização do debate constitucional, tanto nas chamadas pautas institucionais,quanto nas pautas de direitos. Se nas pautas institucionais o ânimo de democratização é mais aceito, inobstante não verificado na prática, nas pautas de direitos há severas discordâncias quanto à possibilidade de debate e decisão pública. Sequencialmente, procura-se pensar como operacionalizar essa democratização e investigar os eventuais limites da atuação popular na construção da Constituição.

While there are numerous doubts, controversies and lack of consensus on alternative definitions of human death, it is argued that it is more ethical to allow people to choose either cessation of cardio-respiratory function or loss of entire brain function as the definition of death based on their own views. This paper presents the law of organ transplantation in Japan, which allows people to decide whether brain death can be used to determine their death in agreement with their family. Arguably, (...) Japan could become a unique example of individual choice in the definition of death if the law is revised to allow individuals choose definition of death independently of their family. It suggests that such an approach is one of the reasonable policy options a country can adopt for legislation on issues related to the definition of death. (shrink)

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an extraordinarily original thinker, whose influence on twentieth-century thinking far outside the bounds of philosophy alone. In this engaging Introduction, A.C. Grayling makes Wittgenstein's thought accessible to the general reader by explaining the nature and impact of Wittgenstein's views. He describes both his early and later philosophy, the differences and connections between them, and gives a fresh assessment of Wittgenstein's continuing influence on contemporary thought.

Background: The magnitude of bullying and harassment among psychiatrists is reportedly high, yet no peer-review published studies addressing this issue could be found. Therefore, it was decided to conduct a pilot study to assess the degree of the problem, the types of bullying/harassment and to provide some insights into the situation.Methods and Principal Findings: Following multiple focus group meetings, a yes/no response type questionnaire was developed to assess the degree and type of bullying and harassment experienced by psychiatrists. Over a (...) 3-month period the questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 60 psychiatrists. 57 out of the 60 psychiatrists reported harassment and bullying. Frequencies of the following response variables are presented in descending order: rumours 40% ; defamation 20% ; passing remarks 20% ; false accusations 15% ; threats 13.3% ; verbal abuse 13.3% ; unjustified complaints 13.3% ; promotion blocked 13.3% ; humiliation 13% ; bad reference given 10% ; credentials questioned 8.3% ; physical attacks 5% ; termination 5% ; derogatory remarks 1.7% and 1.7% were subjected to personal work. As a result of being subjected to harassment, 66.7% of the psychiatrists did not take any action, whereas 33.3% confronted the person they believed responsible. Asked whether the bullying and harassment caused distress, 18.3% of the psychiatrists did not report any effect, 30% reported mild distress, 40% moderate distress and severe distress was reported by 11.7%.Conclusions: It was concluded that the magnitude of bullying and harassment among psychiatrists may be quite high, as evidenced by this pilot study. There is a need for extensive systematic studies on this subject and to establish strategies to prevent and address this issue at a national and regulatory level. (shrink)

Is unethical conduct necessarily irrational? Answering this question requires giving an account of practical reason, of practical good, and of the source or point of wrongdoing. By the time most contemporary philosophers have done the first two, they have lost sight of the third, chalking up bad action to rashness, weakness of will, or ignorance. In this book, Candace Vogler does all three, taking as her guides scholars who contemplated why some people perform evil deeds. In doing so, she sets (...) out to at once engage and redirect contemporary debates about ethics, practical reason, and normativity. -/- Staged as a limited defense of a standard view of practical reason (an ancestor of contemporary instrumentalist views), Vogler's essay develops Aquinas's remark about three ways an action might be desirable into an exhaustive system for categorizing reasons for acting. Drawing on Elizabeth Anscombe's pioneering work on intention, Vogler argues that one sort (means/end or calculative reasons for acting) sets the terms for all sound work on practical rationality. -/- She takes up Aquinas's work on evil throughout, arguing that he provides us with a systematic theory of immorality that takes seriously the goods at issue in wrongdoing and the reasons for unethical conduct. Vogler argues that, shorn of its theological context, this theory leaves us with no systematic, uncontroversial way of arguing that wrongdoing is necessarily contrary to reason. (shrink)

The urgency of the research topic is that the theoretical and methodological principles of psychology of managerial activity of the head in the conditions of the information society help to increase the levers of management and guidance. The purpose of management - the receipt of the desired result, which must be obtained after the actions of the management of the head as the main operating force, which is heading for transformations, tries to increase the self-governing principle in the organization. The (...) problem of research is that for effective management it is necessary to develop reliable mechanisms for the identification and development of manager's abilities, to increase the level of professionalism and competence of the head to the highest level, so that the management organism does not disorient. A person who works as a specialist, a professional, a competent person can be qualified to carry out the work of a manager. The hypothesis is put forward that the manager of a high level of professionalism and competence is able to form the psychological foundations of the organization, so that it worked as a single social organism. The task of the research is to analyze the psychological foundations of management activity in the conditions of the information society, which would allow the most optimal management of a particular organization. The methodological foundations of the psychology of management as the basis of effective leadership include methods of cultural development, which are used to solve the problems of organization, the formation of psychological culture, devoid of conflicts, contradictions, disasters. Methodological basis of scientific research of psychological principles of administrative activity as the basis of effective management are methods, such as system, structural, structural-functional, historical, comparative, which allow to achieve a higher level of organization and self-organization at the expense of skilful leadership. Therefore, the manager must use the whole set of methods, techniques, algorithms of actions, techniques, methods of achieving certain results that will lead to the management of a high level. It is concluded that the determinants of the optimization of the managerial psychology of the head is a model aimed at regulating relationships, which would use the resources of the information society, which is based on high information provision for improving the efficiency of management work. (shrink)

This introduction to the basic ideas of structural proof theory contains a thorough discussion and comparison of various types of formalization of first-order logic. Examples are given of several areas of application, namely: the metamathematics of pure first-order logic (intuitionistic as well as classical); the theory of logic programming; category theory; modal logic; linear logic; first-order arithmetic and second-order logic. In each case the aim is to illustrate the methods in relatively simple situations and then apply them elsewhere in much (...) more complex settings. There are numerous exercises throughout the text. In general, the only prerequisite is a standard course in first-order logic, making the book ideal for graduate students and beginning researchers in mathematical logic, theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. For the new edition, many sections have been rewritten to improve clarity, new sections have been added on cut elimination, and solutions to selected exercises have been included. (shrink)

This exciting new Handbook offers a comprehensive overview of the contemporary state of the field. The editors' introduction and forty-five essays cover feminist critical engagements with philosophy and adjacent scholarly fields, as well as feminist approaches to current debates and crises across the world. Authors cover topics ranging from the ways in which feminist philosophy attends to other systems of oppression, and the gendered, racialized, and classed assumptions embedded in philosophical concepts, to feminist perspectives on prominent subfields of philosophy. The (...) first section contains chapters that explore feminist philosophical engagement with mainstream and marginalized histories and traditions, while the second section parses feminist philosophy's contributions to with numerous philosophical subfields, for example metaphysics and bioethics. A third section explores what feminist philosophy can illuminate about crucial moral and political issues of identity, gender, the body, autonomy, prisons, among numerous others. The Handbook concludes with the field's engagement with other theories and movements, including trans studies, queer theory, critical race, theory, postcolonial theory, and decolonial theory. The volume provides a rigorous but accessible resource for students and scholars who are interested in feminist philosophy, and how feminist philosophers situate their work in relation to the philosophical mainstream and other disciplines. Above all it aims to showcase the rich diversity of subject matter, approach, and method among feminist philosophers. (shrink)

The Problem of Perception offers two arguments against direct realism--one concerning illusion, and one concerning hallucination--that no current theory of ...

ABSTRACT: Since the 1980s, technical-scientific knowledge, instrumental and cognitive values as well as ethical-political values are acknowledged as constitutive parts of technology and its development. However, a fourth category of elements that shapes design continues to be largely neglected or unknown: image collections, aesthetical values, and structured procedures. Disregarding such elements impose limits on the technical development. In this manuscript, I present this fourth category elements, its impact on the designing practice, and a way of pluralizing its contents. I also (...) sketch two of the most successful approaches for democratizing the technical development. Then, I discuss: some limits and potentialities of democratizing technology; an actualization of part of Simondon’s understanding of technical development; the theoretical and practical necessity of decolonizing (or continuing the decolonization of) the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

Extraterrestrial Altruism examines a basic assumption of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI): that extraterrestrials will be transmitting messages to us for our benefit. This question of whether extraterrestrials will be altruistic has become increasingly important in recent years as SETI scientists have begun contemplating transmissions from Earth to make contact. Technological civilizations that transmit signals for the benefit of others, but with no immediate gain for themselves, certainly seem to be altruistic. But does this make biological sense? Should we (...) expect altruism to evolve throughout the cosmos, or is this only wishful thinking? Is it dangerous to send messages to other worlds, as Stephen Hawking has suggested, or might humankind benefit from an exchange with intelligence elsewhere in the galaxy? Would extraterrestrial societies be based on different ethical principles, or would we see commonalities with Earthly notions of morality? Extraterrestrial Altruism explores these and related questions about the motivations of civilizations beyond Earth, providing new insights that are critical for SETI. Chapters are authored by leading scholars from diverse disciplines—anthropology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, computer science, cosmology, engineering, history of science, law, philosophy, psychology, public policy, and sociology. The book is carefully edited by Douglas Vakoch, Director of Interstellar Message Composition at the SETI Institute and professor of clinical psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies. The Foreword is by Frank Drake. This interdisciplinary book will benefit everybody trying to understand whether evolution and ethics are unique to Earth, or whether they are built into the fabric of the universe. (shrink)

Comment devient-on philosophe? Par quel sursaut un Aristoclès se fait-il Platon, jusqu'à s'imposer dans la liste des " auteurs philo " Il faut enquêter, non pas sur la vie privée, mais sur la vie intime : rumination intellectuelle, ton sur lequel on parle, motivations amoureuses... Ce qui fait un philosophe, c'est un immense travail sur soi, et la rencontre d'autres philosophes, vivants, de leurs problématiques. Mémoire sémantique + obsession métaphysique, voilà le code génétique du philosophe. Il débute par un attentat (...) religieux, puisqu'il commence sa carrière en niant tel ou tel sacré. Bien sûr, il vaut mieux être mâle, communiquer par les livres adopter la langue dominante, écrire quand on est célibataire. Comment gagner sa vie? Pas forcément en étant enseignant, comme c'est le cas aujourd'hui. Le profil du philosophe nous le révèle orphelin, vivant à l'étranger, souvent laid, jamais fou, et serial thinker, prêt à changer de philosophie pourvu qu'il reste, lui, à menacer le monde donnera ou donnera pas du sens à notre vie? Le philosophe est l'être inquiet qui pense inquiéter l'Être par deux trois mots bien aiguisés. (shrink)

How (Not) to Be Secular is what Jamie Smith calls "your hitchhiker's guide to the present" -- it is both a reading guide to Charles Taylor's monumental work A Secular Age and philosophical guidance on how we might learn to live in our times. Taylor's landmark book A Secular Age (2007) provides a monumental, incisive analysis of what it means to live in the post-Christian present -- a pluralist world of competing beliefs and growing unbelief. Jamie Smith's book is a (...) compact field guide to Taylor's insightful study of the secular, making that very significant but daunting work accessible to a wide array of readers. Even more, though, Smith's How (Not) to Be Secular is a practical philosophical guidebook, a kind of how-to manual on how to live in our secular age. It ultimately offers us an adventure in self-understanding and maps out a way to get our bearings in today's secular culture, no matter who "we" are -- whether believers or skeptics, devout or doubting, self-assured or puzzled and confused. This is a book for any thinking person to chew on. (shrink)

The philosophy of Epictetus, a freed slave in the Roman Empire, has been profoundly influential on Western thought: it offers not only stimulating ideas but practical guidance in living one's life. A. A. Long, a leading scholar of later ancient philosophy, gives the definitive presentation of the thought of Epictetus for a broad readership. Long's fresh and vivid translations of a selection of the best of Epictetus' discourses show that his ideas are as valuable and striking today as they were (...) amost two thousand years ago. This is a book for anyone interested in what we can learn from ancient philosophy about how to live our lives. (shrink)

Introduction: Conversion and the practice of transformation -- The philosophical structure of Jonathan Edwards's religious affections -- Habit, habit change, and conversion in C.S. Peirce -- Reconstructing faith : religious overcoming in Dewey's pragmatism -- Transforming obligation in William James -- Dwelling in absence: the reflective origin of conversion -- Creative transformation : the work of conversion -- The evasion of conversion in recent American philosophy.