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  1. Before and Beyond Leibniz: Tschirnhaus and Wolff on Experience and Method.Corey W. Dyck - manuscript
    In this chapter, I consider the largely overlooked influence of E. W. von Tschirnhaus' treatise on method, the Medicina mentis, on Wolff's early philosophical project (in both its conception and execution). As I argue, part of Tschirnhaus' importance for Wolff lies in the use he makes of principles gained from experience as a foundation for the scientific enterprise in the context of his broader philosophical rationalism. I will show that this lesson from Tschirnhaus runs through Wolff's earliest philosophical discussions, and (...)
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  2. References.Roman Murawski - unknown - Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 98:301-334.
  3. Questions of Race in Leibniz's Logic.Joshua M. Hall - forthcoming - Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics.
    This essay is part of larger project in which I attempt to show that Western formal logic, from its inception in Aristotle onward, has both been partially constituted by, and partially constitutive of, what has become known as racism. More specifically, (a) racist/quasi-racist/proto-racist political forces were part of the impetus for logic’s attempt to classify the world into mutually exclusive, hierarchically-valued categories in the first place; and (b) these classifications, in turn, have been deployed throughout history to justify and empower (...)
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  4. Intensional Semantics for Syllogistics: what Leibniz and Vasiliev Have in Common.Antonina Konkova & Maria Legeydo - forthcoming - Logic and Logical Philosophy:1-18.
    This article deals with an alternative interpretation of syllogistics, different from the classical one: an intensional one, in which subject and predicate are not associated with a set of individuals but a set of attributes. The authors of the paper draw attention to the fact that this approach was first proposed by Leibniz in works on logical calculus, which for a long time remained in the shadow of his other philosophical works. Currently, the intensional approach is gaining more and more (...)
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  5. Requisite theory in Leibniz= Teoría de los requisitos en Leibniz.Julian Velarde Lombrana - forthcoming - Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy.
  6. A Música na Dissertatio de Arte Combinatoria, de Leibniz.Fabrício Fortes - 2023 - Analytica. Revista de Filosofia 25 (1):32-41.
    ResumoO artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as aplicações feitas por Leibniz de sua arte combinatória ao campomusical. Elucidamos inicialmente alguns conceitos fundamentais, bem como alguns procedimentos dacombinatória leibniziana, e mostramos os usos musicais sugeridos por Leibniz para esses procedimentos.Em seguida, discutimos o alcance geral da abordagem combinatória em música e concluímos que Leibnizantecipa, na Dissertatio, a introdução de procedimentos vinculados à música contemporânea.Palavras-Chave: Combinatória. Música. Pensamento Simbólico. Leibniz.Abstract.The paper presents a study on Leibniz’s applications of his combinatorial art to the (...)
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  7. Leibniz on Possibilia, Creation, and the Reality of Essences.Peter Myrdal, Arto Repo & Valtteri Viljanen - 2023 - Philosophers' Imprint 23 (17).
    This paper reconsiders Leibniz’s conception of the nature of possible things and offers a novel interpretation of the actualization of possible substances. This requires analyzing a largely neglected notion, the reality of individual essences. Thus far scholars have tended to construe essences as representational items in God’s intellect. We acknowledge that finite essences have being in the divine intellect but insist that they are also grounded in the infinite essence of God, as limitations of it. Indeed, we show that it (...)
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  8. Leibniz on Number Systems.Lloyd Strickland - 2023 - In Bharath Sriraman (ed.), Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice. Cham: Springer. pp. 1-31.
    This chapter examines the pioneering work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) on various number systems, in particular binary, which he independently invented in the mid-to-late 1670s, and hexadecimal, which he invented in 1679. The chapter begins with the oft-debated question of who may have influenced Leibniz’s invention of binary, though as none of the proposed candidates is plausible I suggest a different hypothesis, that Leibniz initially developed binary notation as a tool to assist his investigations in mathematical problems that were (...)
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  9. How Leibniz tried to tell the world he had squared the circle.Lloyd Strickland - 2023 - Historia Mathematica 62:19-39.
    In 1682, Leibniz published an essay containing his solution to the classic problem of squaring the circle: the alternating converg-ing series that now bears his name. Yet his attempts to disseminate his quadrature results began seven years earlier and included four distinct approaches: the conventional (journal article), the grand (treatise), the impostrous (pseudepigraphia), and the extravagant (medals). This paper examines Leibniz’s various attempts to disseminate his series formula. By examining oft-ignored writings, as well as unpublished manuscripts, this paper answers the (...)
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  10. Why Did Leibniz Invent Binary?Lloyd Strickland - 2023 - In Wenchao Li, Charlotte Wahl, Sven Erdner, Bianca Carina Schwarze & Yue Dan (eds.), »Le present est plein de l’avenir, et chargé du passé«. Hannover: Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Gesellschaft e.V.. pp. 354-360.
  11. F Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Hexadecimal.Lloyd Strickland & Owain Daniel Jones - 2023 - The Mathematical Intelligencer 45:126-130.
  12. G.W. Leibniz: From the “Symbolic Revolution” in Mathematics to the Concept of Suppositive Cognition.Dimitry A. Bayuk & Olga B. Fedorova - 2022 - Epistemology and Philosophy of Science 59 (2):201-217.
    The transition from the exclusive use of words to the predominant use of symbols in mathematics continued for centuries, but by the seventeenth century it turned out to be explosive. This phenomenon became known as the “symbolic revolution” in mathematics. One of its main outcomes was the discovery of mathematical analysis almost simultaneously and independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. To both scientists their discovery served as the basis for far-reaching philosophical generalizations. For Leibniz, it led to the (...)
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  13. The global/local distinction vindicates Leibniz's theodicy.James Franklin - 2022 - Theology and Science 20 (4).
    The essential idea of Leibniz’s Theodicy was little understood in his time but has become one of the organizing themes of modern mathematics. There are many phenomena that are possible locally but for purely mathematical reasons impossible globally. For example, it is possible to build a spiral staircase that is rising at any given point, but it is impossible to build one that is rising at all points and comes back to where it started. The necessity is mathematically provable, so (...)
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  14. In the Beginning Was Binary.Lloyd Strickland - 2022 - Church Times 8322.
  15. An Unpublished Manuscript of Leibniz's on Duodecimal.Lloyd Strickland - 2022 - The Duodecimal Bulletin 1 (54z):26z-30z.
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  16. Leibniz on Binary: The Invention of Computer Arithmetic.Lloyd Strickland & Harry R. Lewis - 2022 - Cambridge, MA, USA: The MIT Press.
    The first collection of Leibniz's key writings on the binary system, newly translated, with many previously unpublished in any language. -/- The polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) is known for his independent invention of the calculus in 1675. Another major—although less studied—mathematical contribution by Leibniz is his invention of binary arithmetic, the representational basis for today's digital computing. This book offers the first collection of Leibniz's most important writings on the binary system, all newly translated by the authors with many (...)
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  17. Are infinite explanations self-explanatory?Alexandre Billon - 2021 - Erkenntnis 88 (5):1935-1954.
    Consider an infinite series whose items are each explained by their immediate successor. Does such an infinite explanation explain the whole series or does it leave something to be explained? Hume arguably claimed that it does fully explain the whole series. Leibniz, however, designed a very telling objection against this claim, an objection involving an infinite series of book copies. In this paper, I argue that the Humean claim can, in certain cases, be saved from the Leibnizian “infinite book copies” (...)
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  18. Leibniz’s Binary Algebra and its Role in the Expression and Classification of Numbers.Mattia Brancato - 2021 - Philosophia Scientiae 25:71-94.
    Leibniz’s binary numeral system is generally studied for its arithmetical relevance, but the analysis of several unpublished manuscripts shows that from the very beginning Leibniz also envisaged a new form of algebra in the context of dyadics based on the idea that its letters can only express numbers that are either 1 or 0. In this paper, I shall present the most notable results of this binary algebra: the determination of the algorithm for the expansion of squares and the development (...)
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  19. Leibniz’s Binary Algebra and its Role in the Expression and Classification of Numbers.Mattia Brancato - 2021 - Philosophia Scientiae 25:71-94.
    Leibniz’s binary numeral system is generally studied for its arithmetical relevance, but the analysis of several unpublished manuscripts shows that from the very beginning Leibniz also envisaged a new form of algebra in the context of dyadics based on the idea that its letters can only express numbers that are either 1 or 0. In this paper, I shall present the most notable results of this binary algebra: the determination of the algorithm for the expansion of squares and the development (...)
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  20. ¿Qué es una ficción en matemáticas? Leibniz y los infinitesimales como ficciones.Oscar Miguel Esquisabel - 2021 - Logos. Anales Del Seminario de Metafísica [Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España] 54 (2):279-295.
    El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar el concepto leibniziano de ficción matemática, con especial énfasis en la tesis de Leibniz acerca del carácter ficcional de las nociones infinitarias. Se propone en primer lugar, como marco general de la investigación, un conjunto de cinco condiciones que una ficción tiene que cumplir para ser matemáticamente admisible. Sobre la base de las concepciones de Leibniz acerca del conocimiento simbólico, se propone la ficción matemática como la clase de nociones confusas que carecen de (...)
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  21. Leibniz on Bodies and Infinities: Rerum Natura and Mathematical Fictions.Mikhail G. Katz, Karl Kuhlemann, David Sherry & Monica Ugaglia - 2021 - Review of Symbolic Logic:1-31.
    The way Leibniz applied his philosophy to mathematics has been the subject of longstanding debates. A key piece of evidence is his letter to Masson on bodies. We offer an interpretation of this often misunderstood text, dealing with the status of infinite divisibility innature, rather than inmathematics. In line with this distinction, we offer a reading of the fictionality of infinitesimals. The letter has been claimed to support a reading of infinitesimals according to which they are logical fictions, contradictory in (...)
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  22. La matemática mixta en las investigaciones de G. W. Leibniz.José Gustavo Morales - 2021 - Culturas Cientificas 2 (2):42-52.
    Para favorecer la interacción disciplinar y recuperar la dimensión práctica del conocimiento matemático en la escuela secundaria, Yves Chevallard plantea la necesidad de introducir en los programas de estudio la matemática mixta. La matemática mixta, cuyo apogeo tuvo lugar en Europa entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, se propone el abordaje de problemas surgidos por fuera de la propia matemática valiéndose de nociones mecánicas -como la de centro de gravedad y fuerza centrífuga- y del empleo de variados instrumentos para realizar (...)
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  23. Leibniz’s Imaginary Bridge. The Analogy between Pure Possibles and Imaginary Numbers in the Paris Writings.Osvaldo Ottaviani - 2021 - Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy 10:133-167.
    This chapter discusses the analogy between bare possibles and imaginary numbers, developed by Leibniz during his Paris years. In this period, he came to realize that imaginary quantities are not impossible in themselves, but they cannot be geometrically represented, for they cannot be ordered within the number line. Similarly, he regarded actual things as belonging to a single ‘series of things’, where each member is connected to every other by relations of position and succession. Bare possibles, on the contrary, can (...)
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  24. Exposants et tangentes chez Leibniz à Paris, entre formes et géométrie.Arilès Remaki - 2021 - Philosophia Scientiae 25:95-132.
    L’œuvre mathématique de Leibniz a ceci d’intéressant qu’au travers des innombrables manuscrits de travail dont nous disposons dans ses archives à Hanovre, le philosophe nous a confié le matériel nécessaire pour rétablir ses divers cheminements de recherche ainsi que ses méthodes de découvertes à l’origine de ses créations mathématiques. L’exemple des exposants que nous allons traiter permet d’éclairer utilement la façon dont Leibniz apprend les mathématiques et change progressivement de posture et de démarche. Ainsi, dans sa première année parisienne, la (...)
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  25. Exponents and Tangents in Leibniz’s Work in Paris.Arilès Remaki - 2021 - Philosophia Scientiae 25:95-132.
    L’œuvre mathématique de Leibniz a ceci d’intéressant qu’au travers des innombrables manuscrits de travail dont nous disposons dans ses archives à Hanovre, le philosophe nous a confié le matériel nécessaire pour rétablir ses divers cheminements de recherche ainsi que ses méthodes de découvertes à l’origine de ses créations mathématiques. L’exemple des exposants que nous allons traiter permet d’éclairer utilement la façon dont Leibniz apprend les mathématiques et change progressivement de posture et de démarche. Ainsi, dans sa première année parisienne, la (...)
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  26. Leibniz and the Structure of Sciences: Modern Perspectives on the History of Logic, Mathematics, Epistemology, ed. Vincenzo De Risi.Laurynas Adomaitis - 2020 - The Leibniz Review 30:163-171.
  27. Leibniz: Dissertation on Combinatorial Art. Translated with introduction and commentary by Massimo Mugnai, Han van Ruler, and Martin Wilson.Richard T. W. Arthur - 2020 - The Leibniz Review 30:141-145.
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  28. Dissertation on Combinatorial Art.G. W. Leibniz - 2020 - Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  29. Continuity, containment, and coincidence: Leibniz in the history of the exact sciences: Vincenzo De Risi (ed.): Leibniz and the structure of sciences: modern perspectives on the history of logic, mathematics, and epistemology. Dordrecht: Springer, 2019, 298pp, 103.99€ HB.Christopher P. Noble - 2020 - Metascience 29 (3):523-526.
  30. The problem of logical form: Wittgenstein and Leibniz.Michał Piekarski - 2020 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 56 (S1):63-84.
    The article is an attempt at explaining the category of logical form used by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his Tractatus logico-philosophicus by using concepts from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s The Monadology. There are many similarities and analogies between those works, and the key concept for them is the category of the inner and acknowledged importance of consideration based on basic categories of thinking about the world. The Leibnizian prospect allows for a broader look at Wittgenstein’s analysis of the relation between propositions and (...)
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  31. La visión de Leibniz sobre el producto infinito de Wallis.Federico Raffo Quintana - 2020 - Tópicos 39:118-148.
    En este trabajo examinaré de qué manera Leibniz consideró el producto infinito de Wallis para la cuadratura del círculo. En particular, mostraré que Leibniz concibió que el resultado de Wallis no es equivalente al suyo, pues de la infinitización del producto del matemático británico, según la lectura del de Leipzig, se sigue un absurdo. De esta manera, se justificaría la concepción de Leibniz de que su propuesta de una cuadratura aritmética exacta del círculo no tiene precedentes.
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  32. Equivalence of hypotheses and Galilean censure in Leibniz: A conspiracy or a way to moderate censure?Laurynas Adomaitis - 2019 - Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 72 (1):63-85.
    Spending six months in Rome in 1689 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) occupied himself with the question of Copernican and Galilean censure. An established reading of the Rome papers suggests that Leibniz’s attempt to have the Copernican censure lifted was derived solely from the equivalence of hypotheses stemming from the relativity of motion; and involved Leibniz’s compromising his belief in the truth of the Copernican hypothesis by arguing that it should only be interpreted instrumentally; and that Leibniz believed in the unrestricted (...)
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  33. The Idea of Continuity as Mathematical-Philosophical Invariant.Eldar Amirov - 2019 - Metafizika 2 (8):p. 87-100.
  34. Leibniz and the Structure of Sciences: Modern Perspectives on the History of Logic, Mathematics, Epistemology.Vincenzo De Risi (ed.) - 2019 - Springer.
    The book offers a collection of essays on various aspects of Leibniz’s scientific thought, written by historians of science and world-leading experts on Leibniz. The essays deal with a vast array of topics on the exact sciences: Leibniz’s logic, mereology, the notion of infinity and cardinality, the foundations of geometry, the theory of curves and differential geometry, and finally dynamics and general epistemology. Several chapters attempt a reading of Leibniz’s scientific works through modern mathematical tools, and compare Leibniz’s results in (...)
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  35. Principia Calculi rationalis.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz & Wolfgang Lenzen - 2019 - The Leibniz Review 29:51-57.
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  36. Ex nihilo nihil fit.Wolfgang Lenzen - 2019 - The Leibniz Review 29:59-81.
    In the essay “Principia Calculi rationalis” Leibniz attempts to prove the theory of the syllogism within his own logic of concepts. This task would be quite easy if one made unrestricted use of the fundamental laws discovered by Leibniz, e.g., in the “General Inquiries” of 1686. In the essays of August 1690, Leibniz had developed some similar proofs which, however, he considered as unsatisfactory because they presupposed the unproven law of contraposition: “If concept A contains concept B, then conversely Non-B (...)
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  37. Three Infinities in Early Modern Philosophy.Anat Schechtman - 2019 - Mind 128 (512):1117-1147.
    Many historical and philosophical studies treat infinity as an exclusively quantitative notion, whose proper domain of application is mathematics and physics. The main aim of this paper is to disentangle, by critically examining, three notions of infinity in the early modern period, and to argue that one—but only one—of them is quantitative. One of these non-quantitative notions concerns being or reality, while the other concerns a particular iterative property of an aggregate. These three notions will emerge through examination of three (...)
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  38. Logic Through a Leibnizian Lens.Craig Warmke - 2019 - Philosophers' Imprint 19.
    Leibniz's conceptual containment theory says that singular propositions of the form a is F are true when the complete concept of being a contains the concept of being F. In this paper, I provide a new semantics for first-order logic built around this idea. The semantics resolves longstanding problems for Leibniz's theory and can represent, without possible worlds, both hyperintensional distinctions among properties and a certain kind of presumably impossible situation that standard approaches cannot represent. The semantics also captures the (...)
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  39. Leibniz’s Legacy and Impact.Julia Weckend & Lloyd Strickland (eds.) - 2019 - New York: Routledge.
    This volume tells the story of the legacy and impact of the great German polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz made significant contributions to many areas, including philosophy, mathematics, political and social theory, theology, and various sciences. The essays in this volume explores the effects of Leibniz’s profound insights on subsequent generations of thinkers by tracing the ways in which his ideas have been defended and developed in the three centuries since his death. Each of the 11 essays is concerned (...)
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  40. Syllogistic Expansion in the Leibnizian Reduction Scheme.Arman Besler - 2018 - Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi / Cilicia Journal of Philosophy 5 (2):1-16.
    The standard inferential scheme of traditional assertoric syllogistic, based on the initial chapters of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics, employs single-premissed deductions, i.e., principles of immediate inference, in the reduction of imperfect valid moods to perfect moods. G. W. Leibniz has attempted to replace this scheme with his own version of syllogistic reduction, in which the principles of immediate inference themselves are modelled as valid syllogisms. This paper examines the place of this modelling, i.e. syllogistic expansion, of immediate inferences in Leibniz’s scheme (...)
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  41. Etude Sur La Théodicée de Leibniz..Francois Bonifas - 2018 - Wentworth Press.
    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...)
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  42. Leibniz y las matemáticas: Problemas en torno al cálculo infinitesimal / Leibniz on Mathematics: Problems Concerning Infinitesimal calculus.Alberto Luis López - 2018 - In Luis Antonio Velasco Guzmán & Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez (eds.), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Las bases de la modernidad. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 31-62.
    El cálculo infinitesimal elaborado por Leibniz en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII tuvo, como era de esperarse, muchos adeptos pero también importantes críticos. Uno pensaría que cuatro siglos después de haber sido presentado éste, en las revistas, academias y sociedades de la época, habría ya poco qué decir sobre el mismo; sin embargo, cuando uno se acerca al cálculo de Leibniz –tal y como me sucedió hace tiempo– fácilmente puede percatarse de que el debate en torno al cálculo leibniziano (...)
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  43. Interpreting the Infinitesimal Mathematics of Leibniz and Euler.Jacques Bair, Piotr Błaszczyk, Robert Ely, Valérie Henry, Vladimir Kanovei, Karin U. Katz, Mikhail G. Katz, Semen S. Kutateladze, Thomas McGaffey, Patrick Reeder, David M. Schaps, David Sherry & Steven Shnider - 2017 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 48 (2):195-238.
    We apply Benacerraf’s distinction between mathematical ontology and mathematical practice to examine contrasting interpretations of infinitesimal mathematics of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, in the work of Bos, Ferraro, Laugwitz, and others. We detect Weierstrass’s ghost behind some of the received historiography on Euler’s infinitesimal mathematics, as when Ferraro proposes to understand Euler in terms of a Weierstrassian notion of limit and Fraser declares classical analysis to be a “primary point of reference for understanding the eighteenth-century theories.” Meanwhile, scholars like (...)
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  44. Is Leibnizian calculus embeddable in first order logic?Piotr Błaszczyk, Vladimir Kanovei, Karin U. Katz, Mikhail G. Katz, Taras Kudryk, Thomas Mormann & David Sherry - 2017 - Foundations of Science 22 (4):73 - 88.
    To explore the extent of embeddability of Leibnizian infinitesimal calculus in first-order logic (FOL) and modern frameworks, we propose to set aside ontological issues and focus on pro- cedural questions. This would enable an account of Leibnizian procedures in a framework limited to FOL with a small number of additional ingredients such as the relation of infinite proximity. If, as we argue here, first order logic is indeed suitable for developing modern proxies for the inferential moves found in Leibnizian infinitesimal (...)
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  45. Leibniz in Paris: A Discussion Concerning the Infinite Number of All Units.Oscar M. Esquisabel & Federico Raffo Quintana - 2017 - Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 73 (3-4):1319-1342.
    In this paper, we analyze the arguments that Leibniz develops against the concept of infinite number in his first Parisian text on the mathematics of the infinite, the Accessio ad arithmeticam infinitorum. With this goal, we approach this problem from two angles. The first, rather philosophical or axiomatic, argues against the number of all numbers appealing to a reductio ad absurdum, showing that the acceptance of the infinite number goes against the principle of the whole and the part, which is (...)
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  46. Content Analysis of the Demonstration of the Existence of God Proposed by Leibniz in 1666.Krystyna Krauze-Błachowicz - 2017 - Roczniki Filozoficzne 65 (2):57-75.
    Leibniz’s juvenile work De arte combinatoria of 1666 included the “Proof for the Existence of God.” This proof bears a mathematical character and is constructed in line with Euclid’s pattern. I attempted to logically formalize it in 1982. In this text, on the basis of then analysis and the contents of the proof, I seek to show what concept of substance Leibniz used on behalf of the proof. Besides, Leibnizian conception of the whole and part as well as Leibniz’s definitional (...)
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  47. Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of »Impossible Objects«.Wolfgang Lenzen - 2017 - Logica Universalis 11 (1):85-104.
    The core idea of the ontological proof is to show that the concept of existence is somehow contained in the concept of God, and that therefore God’s existence can be logically derived—without any further assumptions about the external world—from the very idea, or definition, of God. Now, G.W. Leibniz has argued repeatedly that the traditional versions of the ontological proof are not fully conclusive, because they rest on the tacit assumption that the concept of God is possible, i.e. free from (...)
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  48. Leibniz’s Theory of Propositional Terms.Marko Malink - 2017 - The Leibniz Review 27:139-155.
  49. Remarks on the Lucky Proof Problem.Marco Messeri - 2017 - The Leibniz Review 27:1-19.
    Several scholars have argued that Leibniz’s infinite analysis theory of contingency faces the Problem of Lucky Proof. This problem will be discussed here and a solution offered, trying to show that Leibniz’s proof-theory does not generate the alleged paradox. It will be stressed that only the opportunity to be proved by God, and not by us, is relevant to the issue of modality. At the heart of our proposal lies the claim that, on the one hand, Leibniz’s individual concepts are (...)
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  50. The Logic of Leibniz’s Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum. [REVIEW]Massimo Mugnai - 2017 - The Leibniz Review 27:117-137.
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