El artículo desarrolla cuatro asuntos que recogen la interpretación nietzscheana del arte y la posición central que esta actividad ocupa en la superación del nihilismo y la transvaloración de todos los valores. Esos temas son: el sentimiento de embriaguez; la tensión fuerza - forma; las nociones 'clásico' y 'romántico'; lo trágico. Todo ello en función del carácter dionisiaco de dicho arte, central a la hora de determinar el valor afirmativo que esta actividad y el carácter de apariencia de la realidad (...) a la que apunta. (shrink)

Uno se acerca a la filosofía a experimentar: al investigar, al construir acuerdos o desacuerdos para la vida, son las palabras las que modulan las diferencias, son ellas las que pueden plasmar una imagen del mundo incitante y diversa. En todas y cada una de sus prácticas la filosofía es un incansable laboratorio de palabras. [Fragmento].

El artículo desarrolla cuatro asuntos que recogen la interpretación nietzscheana del arte y la posición central que esta actividad ocupa en la superación del nihilismo y la transvaloración de todos los valores. Esos temas son: el sentimiento de embriaguez; la tensión fuerza - forma; las nociones 'clásico' y 'romántico'; lo trágico. Todo ello en función del carácter dionisiaco de dicho arte, central a la hora de determinar el valor afirmativo que esta actividad y el carácter de apariencia de la realidad (...) a la que apunta. (shrink)

50 números de una revista de filosofía. Un gran reto. Un logro significativo. Esta celebración acompaña la historia de una comunidad académica convencida de la importancia de dar a conocer sus reflexiones. Comunicar el pensamiento, poner a circular las razones. Para que ellas alimenten la razón pública, escenario natural del hacer filosófico.

La poética de Aristóteles gira alrededor de la definición de tragedia, y de un análisis de la construcción del Mythos, su contenido y sus exigencias formales. Así, la mímesis se liga a lo universal, lo verosímil y/o lo necesario; penetra en el plano de lo efectual, determinante en la consideración de lo trágico. De ello se desprende un diferencial platónico en la consideración de la Mímesis. El texto penetra el contenido de la Catharsis, término apenas mencionado en la definición de (...) tragedia pero en el que se contiene la fuerza problematizada de la concepción aristotélica de la poesía. Al final se intenta relacionar dicha noción con el Eleos (compasión) y el Phobos (temor), que soportan el carácter comunitario del quehacer poético. (shrink)

La fe como elevación del conocer personal. Con el método del abandono del límite mental, Polo descubrió el acceso a la realidad trans-inmanente o trans-operativa del ser humano, alcanzando así el entendimiento agente aristotélico o conocer personal como el conocimiento superior del ser humano. Dicho conocimiento no encuentra en sí su tema, lo cual lo abre para que trascendiéndose lo busque fuera de sí. El acto de fe debe consistir en la iluminación de dicho conocer por el cual percibe en (...) Cristo su tema o réplica, quien a su vez es réplica del Padre. (shrink)

Watts, Sandro. “¿Puede hablarse de poesía filosófica en Platón?” Eidos [Barranquilla, Universidad del Norte], 20 (2014): 75-94.

Este artículo presenta una interpretación hermenéutica/psicológica del cuento de hadas Zarevich Iván, el pájaro de fuego y el lobo a partir de la psicología analítica de Carl Gustav Jung y la metodología de interpretación diseñada por Marie Von Franz.

RESUMEN Un atento repaso por la concepción de la violencia chulhaniana en el contexto de las formas tradicionales que han estudiado este fenómeno social permite exponer con mayor detalle y claridad esta propuesta en cuanto a la relación con el otro se refiere. Cuando lo sucedido durante el colonialismo que azotó al mundo en el transcurso de los siglos XVIII y XIX se asumía como las más peligrosas acciones cometidas en procura de la supresión de las características propias de cada (...) uno, en la medida en que los fenómenos de invasión suprimían materialmente la diferencia que poblaba el mundo, apareció la violencia de la positividad como la disposición sistémica que parte de la libertad y el consentimiento individual para, tácitamente, eliminar cualquier tipo de sentido de otredad presente en su constitución. ABSTRACT A careful review of the conception of Chulhanian violence in the context of the traditional forms that have studied this social phenomenon makes it possible to explain in greater detail and clarity this proposal as to the relationship with the other refers. When what happened during colonialism that hit the world during the 18th and 19th centuries was assumed to be the most dangerous actions committed in seeking the suppression of each other's own characteristics to the extent that invasion phenomena materially suppressed the difference that populated the world, the violence of positivity appeared as the systemic disposition that begins with freedom and individual consent to, tacitly, to eliminate any kind of sense of otherness present in its constitution. (shrink)

The main thesis of this paper is that two prevailing theories about cognitive penetration are too extreme, namely, the view that cognitive penetration is pervasive and the view that there is a sharp and fundamental distinction between cognition and perception, which precludes any type of cognitive penetration. These opposite views have clear merits and empirical support. To eliminate this puzzling situation, we present an alternative theoretical approach that incorporates the merits of these views into a broader and more nuanced explanatory (...) framework. A key argument we present in favor of this framework concerns the evolution of intentionality and perceptual capacities. An implication of this argument is that cases of cognitive penetration must have evolved more recently and that this is compatible with the cognitive impenetrability of early perceptual stages of processing information. A theoretical approach that explains why this should be the case is the consciousness and attention dissociation framework. The paper discusses why concepts, particularly issues concerning concept acquisition, play an important role in the interaction between perception and cognition. (shrink)

John Dewey’s stay in Tokyo in early 1919 coincided with the height of the social movement calling for parliamentary democracy in Japan. His lectures at Tokyo Imperial University offered a new way of viewing the world and human actions that emphasizes the importance of communication and the growth of democratic personality. Those who expected to hear from him something else were disillusioned. But the disillusionment was mutual. Dewey was disillusioned by the Japanese intellectuals whose affection for European philosophy led them (...) to an uncritical acceptance of the emperor system and Japan’s imperialism abroad. His criticism toward the Japanese intellectuals grew severe as he saw the Japanese aggression while he was on the continent. Dewey’s lecture on democracy left some impact on a few of intellectuals who modified their view of person’s actions that was eventually to be crashed when Japan fell into the all-out war-making. (shrink)

In the context of medical ethics, how can the concept of informed consent be effectively implemented in a traditional society such as Japan? If the need for more openness and transparency is not felt in the practice of medicine and welfare, the clients must remain under the spell of paternalistic data. Patients and health-care professionals other than doctors are taken to be "responsible for what they do but not to be accountable for their conduct" because they do not participate in (...) a decision-making process. I explore the possibility of the concept's full implementation against the particularists' and communitarian ethicists' effort to reject the universal nature of the concept. (shrink)

La ética de la responsabilidad planteada por Hans Jonas responde a las demandas tecnocientíficas actuales a través de un imperativo axiológico, mediado por la denominada “heurística del temor”, la prevalencia en la investigación de los pronósticos malos sobre los buenos y la conjunción del bien, el deber y el ser como soporte metafísico de la ética; la cual, aplicada y orientada al futuro, se presenta como una alternativa fiable para guiar los procesos y desarrollos de la tecnociencia, haciendo énfasis en (...) el saber del progreso biomédico sobre el poder de la técnica y apelando a una prudencia responsable. (shrink)

El trágico, pero brillante siglo XX, fue un largo periodo de tiempo permeado por enormes problemáticas políticas y económicas, por el albor de las guerras y por los profundos avances científicos, en el que, además, se dejó como hecho histórico, la implementación de la conjugación de las teorías de Charles Robert Darwin sobre la selección natural y los planteamientos de su primo Charles Galton Darwin sobre el proceso natural que se debe seguir para erradicar las deficiencias humanas. Esa conjugación de (...) teorías y planteamientos fueron denominados por Charles Galton en el año de 1883 como “eugenesia” y a través de su aplicación se buscó desde finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX, que la humanidad debía ser decantada en sus razas más aptas. El objetivo del presente trabajo, a través de una investigación documental y un método cualitativo de análisis, es exponer que las teorías filosóficas de perfeccionamiento de la raza humana reunidas en la eugenesia y usadas en el siglo XX, preponderantemente por el régimen nazi, aún siguen vigentes en los avances científicos de codificación del genoma humano, en las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida y en el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, de cuyos desarrollos y consecuencias, se acuñó el término de eugenesia liberal. (shrink)

Este volumen trata de temas que en el mundo se debaten desde diversas perspectivas: la cuestion del embrion, el asesoramiento genetico y diagnostico prenatal, el aborto, la clonacion y celulas troncales, trasplante de organos, investigacion medica en seres humanos, eutanasia, neuroetica, eugenesia, etc. Ademas, el primer capitulo nos introduce al surgimiento del concepto de etica, y de ahi al nacimiento de la bioetica. Los autores exponen con seriedad e imparcialidad los puntos de vista contrarios a los que ellos mismos sostienen, (...) lo cual confiere a sus textos la probidad intelectual indispensable para una obra de esta naturaleza. (shrink)

Winner of the 2000-2002 outstanding publication award of the Section on Environment and Technology of the American Sociological Association.Risk as we now know ...

One of the world's most renowned theoretical physicists, Carlo Rovelli has entranced millions of readers with his singular perspective on the cosmos. In Helgoland, Rovelli examines the enduring enigma of quantum theory. The quantum world Rovelli describes is as beautiful as it is unnerving. Helgoland is a treeless island in the North Sea where the 21-year-old Werner Heisenberg first developed quantum theory, setting off a century of scientific revolution. Full of alarming ideas (ghost waves, distant objects that seem to be (...) magically connected, cats that appear both dead and alive), quantum physics has led to countless discoveries and technological advancements. Today our understanding of the world is based on this theory, yet it is still profoundly mysterious. As scientists and philosophers continue to fiercly debate the theory's meaning, Rovelli argues that its most unsettling contradictions can be explained by seeing the world as fundamentally made of relationships, not substances. We and everything around us exist only in our interactions with one another. This bold idea suggests new directions for understanding the structure of reality and even the nature of consciousness. Rovelli makes learning about quantum mechanics an almost psychedelic experience. Shifting our perspective once again, he takes us on a riveting journey through the universe so we can better understand our place in it. (shrink)

This paper extends earlier work by its authors on formal aspects of the processes of contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition and revising a theory to introduce a proposition. In the course of the earlier work, Gardenfors developed general postulates of a more or less equational nature for such processes, whilst Alchourron and Makinson studied the particular case of contraction functions that are maximal, in the sense of yielding a maximal subset of the theory (or alternatively, of one of (...) its axiomatic bases), that fails to imply the proposition being eliminated. In the present paper, the authors study a broader class, including contraction functions that may be less than maximal. Specifically, they investigate "partial meet contraction functions", which are defined to yield the intersection of some nonempty family of maximal subsets of the theory that fail to imply the proposition being eliminated. Basic properties of these functions are established: it is shown in particular that they satisfy the Gardenfors postulates, and moreover that they are sufficiently general to provide a representation theorem for those postulates. Some special classes of partial meet contraction functions, notably those that are "relational" and "transitively relational", are studied in detail, and their connections with certain "supplementary postulates" of Gardenfors investigated, with a further representation theorem established. (shrink)

In this article, Carlos Pereda introduces the concept of “colonial reason” and explores how philosophical practices and modes of thought are entwined with colonial political structures of exploitation, exclusion, and oppression. Pereda argues that philosophy in Latin America risks perpetuating and reinforcing the colonial gesture, either by turning to the European centers of thought (thus pursuing debates that always take place elsewhere) or by isolating itself and idealising the “own.” According to Pereda, both approaches fail to dismantle colonial violence (...) within philosophy. In his alternative approach, Pereda outlines principles and methodological criteria for the decolonisation of reason and philosophy. He emphasises the importance of methodological prudence that discerns between innocent, paralysing, and strategic uses of identity expressions and advocates for modes of reading and argumentation that conceive philosophy as an inclusive and ongoing dialogue. In Pereda’s terminology, this entails fostering “permeable reason” that manifests itself through “nomadic thinking,” a form of thinking that is capable of questioning itself and being questioned. (shrink)

After presenting Kripke’s criticism to Frege’s ideas on context dependence of thoughts, I present two recent attempts of considering cognitive aspects of context dependent expressions inside a truth conditional pragmatics or semantics: Recanati’s non-descriptive modes of presentation (MOPs) and Kaplan’s ways of having in mind (WHIMs). After analysing the two attempts and verifying which answers they should give to the problem discussed by Kripke, I suggest a possible interpretation of these attempts: to insert a procedural or algorithmic level in semantic (...) representations of indexicals. That a function may be computed by different procedures might suggest new possibilities of integrating contextual cognitive aspects in model theoretic semantic. (shrink)

Minding Time: A Philosophical and Theoretical Approach to the Psychology of Time offers an innovative philosophical account of the most fundamental kinds of time representation.

Effective vaccines for COVID‐19 are already available to humankind. In Peru, 86 million doses were administered to cover the demand for 33 million Peruvian people. Hence, vaccination has been prioritized in groups: health personnel, subjects with pre‐existing health conditions and those over 65 years of age. However, given the social problems and the public health situation in Peru, this work defends that the priority of vaccination should be focused on the population living in extreme poverty. The method used was an (...) ethical argumentation on the distribution of scarce antiSARS‐CoV2 vaccine in Peru. This argument is based on the analysis of the Peruvian population living in extreme poverty, which presents different layers of vulnerability, and that, in the face of an eventual SARS‐CoV2 infection, these would be exacerbated one after the other, through a cascade effect. This scenario would give rise to new vulnerabilities to those already existing, causing greater damage. Vaccination efforts on this key population would give them the opportunity to continue to find ways to bring food to their homes, significantly reducing the risk of contagion in their environment and mitigating the devastating effect of the local diseases to which they are already exposed. Four objections related to this argument are raised with their corresponding responses. Priority access to the vaccine would significantly reduce the humanitarian harm to people living in extreme poverty, prevailing the principles of justice and equity. (shrink)

La humanidad ya dispone de vacunas eficaces contra el COVID‐19. En Perú se administraron 86 millones de dosis para cubrir la demanda de 33 millones de peruanos. Para ello, se ha priorizado la vacunación en grupos clave: personal de salud, sujetos con condiciones de salud preexistentes y mayores de 65 años. Sin embargo, dada la problemática social y la situación de la salud pública en Perú, este trabajo defiende que la prioridad de la vacunación debe centrarse en la población que (...) vive en extrema pobreza. El método utilizado fue una argumentación ética sobre la distribución de la vacuna contra el COVID‐19 en Perú. Esta argumentación se basa en el análisis de la población peruana que vive en extrema pobreza, la cual presenta diferentes estratos de vulnerabilidad, y que, ante una eventual infección por SARS‐CoV‐2, se irían agravando uno tras otro, a través de un efecto en cascada. Este escenario daría lugar a nuevas vulnerabilidades de las ya existentes, causando mayores daños. Los esfuerzos de vacunación en esta población clave les brindaría oportunidad de seguir encontrando formas de llevar alimentos a sus hogares, reduciendo significativamente el riesgo de contagio en su entorno y mitigando el efecto devastador de las enfermedades locales a las que ya está expuesta. Se plantean cuatro objeciones relacionadas con este argumento, con sus correspondientes respuestas. El acceso prioritario a la vacuna reduciría significativamente el daño a las personas que viven en la extrema pobreza, haciendo prevalecer los principios de justicia y equidad. (shrink)

- la prima parte dà una presentazione sommaria dei principali paradigmi di filosofia del linguaggio, mostrando alcune connessioni tra i principali autori di riferimento. Dovrebbe contenere il minimo indispensabile per avere una panoramica delle tematiche della filosofia del linguaggio e addentrarsi negli argomenti in modo più approfondito. La conoscenza dei contenuti di questa parte è un prerequisito per l’esame.

Many of the computing systems programmed using Machine Learning are opaque: it is difficult to know why they do what they do or how they work. Explainable Artificial Intelligence aims to develop analytic techniques that render opaque computing systems transparent, but lacks a normative framework with which to evaluate these techniques’ explanatory successes. The aim of the present discussion is to develop such a framework, paying particular attention to different stakeholders’ distinct explanatory requirements. Building on an analysis of “opacity” from (...) philosophy of science, this framework is modeled after accounts of explanation in cognitive science. The framework distinguishes between the explanation-seeking questions that are likely to be asked by different stakeholders, and specifies the general ways in which these questions should be answered so as to allow these stakeholders to perform their roles in the Machine Learning ecosystem. By applying the normative framework to recently developed techniques such as input heatmapping, feature-detector visualization, and diagnostic classification, it is possible to determine whether and to what extent techniques from Explainable Artificial Intelligence can be used to render opaque computing systems transparent and, thus, whether they can be used to solve the Black Box Problem. (shrink)