The question if Europe brings itself to build a political identity or remains with being a community of second order will determine the following way of the European integration. The condition of the political identity sure enough is a European public, so that the citizens are able to accept the decisions of the European political system by participating in the relevant discussions. Three concepts of public shall serve to understand the European public as interrelation of community, basing on networks. The (...) supplementation of the “public sphere” by the “public discourse” reflects the effort to transcend the national ideas: We are not speaking of one European public, but it is designed as network of partial national publics, arising from events which have certain importance for Europe. That way, a European identity can be generated by focusing the political interest of citizens on themes of collective significance. (shrink)

La question de savoir si l’Europe est en train de construire une identité politique, ou si au contraire elle demeure une communauté de second ordre, déterminera le chemin de l’intégration européenne. La condition déterminante de l’identité politique est le public européen afin que les citoyens soient capables d’accepter les décisions du système politique européen en participant aux débats pertinents. Trois concepts du public serviront à la perception du public européen comme interconnexion d’une communauté reliée par des réseaux. L’enrichissement de la (...) « sphère publique » par un « discours public » reflète la tentative de dépasser les idées nationales : on ne parle pas d’un public européen, mais d’un réseau de publics nationaux partiels, émanant des événements significatifs pour l’Europe. De cette façon, l’identité européenne peut être créée en focalisant les intérêts politiques des citoyens sur des sujets communs. (shrink)

Die Frage, ob Europa sich dazu durchringt, eine politische Identität zu schaffen oder dabei bleibt, eine Gemeinschaft zweiter Ordnung zu sein, wird den weiteren Weg der europäischen Integration bestimmen. Bedingung einer politischen Identität ist gewiss eine europäische Öffentlichkeit, sodass die Bürger in der Lage sind, die Entscheidungen des europäischen politischen Systems anzuerkennen, indem sie an den wesentlichen Diskussionen teilnehmen. Drei Konzepte von Öffentlichkeit sollen dazu dienen, die europäische Öffentlichkeit als Kommunikationszusammenhang zu verstehen, der auf Netzwerken basiert. Die Ergänzung der „public (...) sphere“ durch den „public discourse“ spiegelt das Bemühen wider, die nationalen Ideen zu transzendieren: Wir sprechen nicht von einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit, sondern diese ist gestaltet als Netzwerk von nationalen Teilöffentlichkeiten, hervorgegangen aus Ereignissen, die eine wesentliche Bedeutung für Europa haben. In dieser Weise kann eine europäische Identität entstehen, indem man das politische Interesse der Bürger auf Themen von gemeinsamer Relevanz lenkt. (shrink)

A partir de trois positions paradigmatiques du discours bioéthique, il est démontré dans quelle mesure ces positions sont dépendantes de leurs propres concepts porteurs. Ce faisant, aucun point de vue ne doit être exclu du discours bioéthique pour la seule raison qu’il implique un fondement métaphysique. En outre, au niveau philosophico-moral, chaque position doit être jugée d’abord de façon théoriquement immanente pour voir si elle développe ses critères de manière cohérente, à partir des concepts porteurs établis rationnellement. Puis, différents aspects (...) peuvent entrer en dialogue permettant l’apparition de potentielles unilatéralités. Ce n’est que dans un deuxième temps qu’il s’agit d’interpréter du point de vue juridico- éthique et d’entreprendre une correction philosophico-morale selon les critères éthiques si dans le cadre d’un examen juridico-éthique il n’est pas possible d’empêcher le danger de l’instrumentalisation de façon satisfaisante. Ensuite, la tâche consiste à traduire en langue publique les potentiels religieux de l’interprétation censés occulter les aspects laïques. Une éthique du droit devrait certainement refléter ses résultats grâce aux intuitions philosophico-morales pertinentes afin de pouvoir questionner l’approche orientée en priorité vers les intérêts. (shrink)

Anhand dreier paradigmatischer Positionen des bioethischen Diskurses wird dargestellt, inwiefern diese von ihren Leitbegriffen abhängig sind. Dabei darf eine Ansicht nicht vom bioethischen Diskurs exkludiert werden, nur weil sie metaphysische Begründungsweisen impliziert. Vielmehr ist auf einer moralphilosophischen Ebene jede Position zunächst allein theorieimmanent danach zu beurteilen, ob sie ihre Kriterien konsistent aus den rational zu begründenden Leitbegriffen entwickelt. Dann können die Ansichten in ein Gespräch miteinander gebracht werden, das mögliche Einseitigkeiten zutage treten lässt. Erst in einem zweiten Schritt geht es (...) um eine rechtsethische Engführung, wobei eine moralphilosophische Korrektur nach ethischen Kriterien angebracht ist, wenn es bei rechtsethischer Betrachtung nicht möglich ist, der Instrumentalisierungsgefahr hinreichend vorzubeugen; dann kann es Aufgabe sein, religiöse Bedeutungspotentiale, die säkularistischen Ansichten verborgen bleiben müssten, in eine öffentliche Sprache zu übersetzen. Jedenfalls sollte eine Rechtsethik ihre Ergebnisse anhand moralphilosophisch relevanter Intuitionen überdenken, sodass ein Ansatz, der vorwiegend an Interessen orientiert ist, hinterfragt werden kann. (shrink)

This article examines whether European integration and identity are prerequisites for a common constitution, or whether they can result from the process through which the European member states give themselves a constitution; in the latter case integration may be considered the main task and challenge for the European constitutive process, especially when we seek to formulate the basic rights, the preamble or other symbols. In order to be able to engage in the process of developing a common constitution Europeans have (...) to assume first of all that there already are common experiences and values in Europe that can bring about the intended results. What we invoke are events and memories that connect the citizens of the European Union. Understood in this way, the search for a European constitution is itself a necessary condition for initiating European identity. By consequence, there is no predetermined concept of a European constitution, rather there is an ideal of political unity that needs to be realized in practice. (shrink)

Pitanje izgrađuje li Europa politički identitet ili ostaje zajednica drugog reda odredit će put europske integracije. Uvjet političkog identiteta je zasigurno europska javnost; na taj način su građani sposobni prihvatiti odluke europskog političkog sustava sudjelujući u relevantnim raspravama. Tri koncepta javnog će poslužit će pri razumijevanju europske javnosti kao međusobne povezanosti zajednice temeljene na mrežama. Nadopunjavanje »javne sfere« »javnim diskursom« odražava nastojanje nadilaženja nacionalnih ideja: ne govorimo o jednoj europskoj javnosti, nego je ona zamišljena kao mreža parcijalnih nacionalnih javnosti, koje (...) izviru iz događaja koje imaju određen značaj za Europu. Tako se europski identitet može stvoriti fokusiranjem političkih interesa građana na teme od zajedničkog značaja. (shrink)

Na temelju tri paradigmatske pozicije bioetičkoga diskursa pokazuje se u kojoj su mjeri one ovisne o svojim vodećim pojmovima. Pritom se iz bioetičkoga diskursa ne smije isključiti neko gledište samo zato što implicira metafizički način utemeljenja. Štoviše, na moralno-filozofskoj razini, svaku poziciju treba prosuđivati najprije teorijski imanentno, s obzirom na to da li svoje kriterije razvija konzistentno iz vodećih pojmova koji se mogu racionalno utemeljiti. Potom različiti pogledi mogu stupiti u razgovor koji dopušta pojavljivanje mogućih jednostranosti. Tek u drugom koraku (...) radi se o pravno-etičkom tumačenju pri kojem se poduzima moralno-filozofska korektura prema etičkim kriterijima ako u pravno-etičkom razmatranju nije moguće na zadovoljavajući način spriječiti opasnost instrumentalizacije. Nakon toga se kao zadaća može postaviti to da se u javni jezik prevedu religijski potencijali tumačenja, koji bi morali ostaviti skrivenima sekularne poglede. Jedna bi etika prava svakako trebala reflektirati svoje rezultate pomoću moralno-filozofijski relevantnih intuicija kako bi se moglo propitivati pristup koji je prvenstveno orijentiran prema interesima. (shrink)

On grounds of three paradigmatic stances in bioethical discourse we will introduce the level of their dependence on their leading notions. All trough, we mustn’t exclude a certain point of view out of bioethical discourse just because it implies a metaphysical foundation. In fact, on a morally-philosophical level, every stance should be judged first as a theoretically immanent, considering whether it evolves its criteria consistently out of the leading notions which could be rationally founded. Successively, different views may join into (...) a dialogue which allows the occurrence of potential one-sidedness. Only this second step is concerning legally-ethical explanation with a morally-philosophical correcture of ethical criteria, in case that a legally-ethical consideration doesn’t give us a possibility to prevent the danger of instrumentalisation in a proper manner. Only after, the aim to translate the religious potentials of explanation into a common language can be set, and the secular views would have to be left concealed. Ethics of law should certainly be able to reflect its results using morally-philosophical relevant intuitions, so approach, mainly oriented towards interests, could be questioned. (shrink)

Seit jeher treibt das Lachen als anthropologische Grundkonstante Philosophen, Wissenschaftler und Kunstler um. Obwohl sich der Mensch im Lachen nonverbal verstandigt, bleibt diese soziale Geste hochst komplex, da in ihr Limitation sowie Transgression, Einschliessung wie Ausgrenzung stecken. Lachen wurde in der Geschichte teils als wahnsinnig, blasphemisch oder destruktiv, ebenso haufig aber auch als gutmutig, heilig und heilend konnotiert; Lachen ist ein paradoxes Phanomen. Im Band soll durch Interdisziplinaritat diesem Paradoxon Rechnung getragen werden. Mit Beitragen von Nina Bartsch, Peter Friedrich, Holger (...) Glinka, Niklas Hebing, Felix Huttemann, Alexander Jaklitsch, Anna-Sophie Jurgens, Nicola Kaminski, Peter Kuhlmann, Hans-Ulrich Lessing, Kevin Liggieri, Lenz Prutting, Linda Simonis und Klaus Thomalla. (shrink)

In diesem Buch erscheint Kants Moralphilosophie in neuem Licht. Kants Bestimmung und Begründung des Moralprinzips wird gegen das Gros der bisherigen Forschung als konsistente Argumentation auf hohem Niveau aufgeschlüsselt. Das gut lesbare Buch klärt die Grundbegriffe von Kants Moralphilosophie und lässt sich als Kommentar zu deren als besonders schwierig empfundenen Teilen benutzen.

In der 1970 gegr ndeten Reihe erscheinen Arbeiten, die philosophiehistorische Studien mit einem systematischen Ansatz oder systematische Studien mit philosophiehistorischen Rekonstruktionen verbinden. Neben deutschsprachigen werden auch englischsprachige Monographien ver ffentlicht. Gr ndungsherausgeber sind: Erhard Scheibe (Herausgeber bis 1991), G nther Patzig (bis 1999) und Wolfgang Wieland (bis 2003). Von 1990 bis 2007 wurde die Reihe von J rgen Mittelstra mitherausgegeben.

*******Résume en français plus bas****** Karl Kraus’s favourable and conceptually complex comments of the portrait drawings byOskar Kokoschka in 1910 put us on the trail of a host of different phenomena of pictorial representation. Based on close-readings of several aphorisms by Kraus and drawings by Kokoschka, I suggest that there is something like realistic distortion and that the traditional concepts of style cannot account for all essential stylistic variations that are important in pictures. I argue that we need to introduce (...) the concept of subject specific style. This must be distinguished from other concepts such as signature style. I try to show how these conceptual distinctions are connected to the difference in representational range displayed by media that are based on traces, like photography, and by media based on testimony, like drawing or writing. *********** Résumé En 1910, Oskar Kokoschka produit une série de dessins pour la revue expressionniste berlinoise Der Sturm. L’un des portraits représente le satiriste Karl Kraus, un autre l’architecte Adolf Loos. Au même moment, Kraus fait paraître une série d’aphorismes qui commentent le travail de Kokoschka. Kraus part du travail de Kokoschka pour arriver à des principes généraux sur la représentation picturale. Une analyse des réflexions de l’écrivain et des deux dessins faits par Kokoschka nous permet non seulement de mieux comprendre comment un dessin peut saisir le caractère d’un modèle au-delà du physique, mais aussi de forger des concepts pour enrichir les notions de style traditionnelles. Nous soutenons dans notre article qu’il faut introduire l’idée d’un style à l’oeuvre pour compléter les notions de style habituelles.Le style à l’oeuvre peut être spécifique au sujet traité. Nous montrons en particulier comment le dessin permet des distorsions réalistes, difficiles à obtenir dans des médias basés sur la trace comme la photographie. (shrink)

In this article, I try to show that the question of what the “first proposition” in Groundwork I is can be answered by textual evidence. At the end of paragraph 15 of GMS I, Kant recapitulates the “first proposition”. It is: “Eine Handlung aus Pflicht sondert den Einfluss der Neigung ganz ab.“ (“An action from duty puts aside entirely the influence of inclination.”). It is also shown that this “proposition” summarizes an important result of Kant’s argument in the preceding paragraphs (...) 8–13 and is presupposed by the “second proposition” and by Kant’s whole argument in the paragraphs 14 and 15, which he recapitulates in the last sentence of paragraph 15. (shrink)

FinanzethikFinanzethik wurde und wird, besonders im englischsprachigen Raum, als Teil der UnternehmensethikUnternehmensethik(business ethics) verstanden. Als solche richtet sie sich vor allem an individuelle Akteure in Finanzinstitutionen und auf den Finanzmärkten (z. B. Manager, Berater, Rechnungsprüfer, Investoren) und betont etwa Pflichten der Ehrlichkeit, Treue und zukunftsgerichteten Verantwortung. Diese (weitgehend isolierte) individual- oder mikroethische Perspektive wird, nicht zuletzt vor dem Hintergrund der im deutschsprachigen Raum vorherrschenden Tradition einer die Wirtschaft insgesamt in den Blick nehmenden WirtschaftsethikWirtschaftsethik und der Erfahrungen der Finanzkrise, zunehmend als (...) unzureichend angesehen. (shrink)

Attention is automatically allocated to stimuli that are opposite in valence to the current motivational focus (Rothermund, 2003; Rothermund, Voss, & Wentura, 2008). We tested whether this incongruency effect is due to affective–motivational counter-regulation or to an increased salience of stimuli that mismatch with cognitively activated information. Affective processing biases were assessed with a search task in which participants had to detect the spatial position at which a positive or negative stimulus was presented. In the motivational condition, positive or negative (...) affective–motivational states were induced by performance feedback after each trial. In the cognitive activation condition, participants memorised the word “good” or “bad” during the search task. The affective incongruency effect was replicated in the motivational condition, whereas an affective congruency effect obtained in the cognitive activation condition. These findings support an explanation of affective incongruency effects in terms of automatic counter-regulation that is motivational in nature. (shrink)

Even beginners and young graduate students will have something to learn from this book." (Andre Hautot, Physicalia, Vol. 57 (3), 2005)"All-in-all, this highly ...

One of many writers inspired by Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, the German novelist Jean Paul Richter coined the term 'Shandean humour' in his work of aesthetic theory. The essays in this volume investigate how Sterne's humour functions, the reasons for its enduring appeal, and what role it played in identity-construction and in the representation of melancholy. In tracing its hitherto under-recognised impact both on literary writers, such as Jean Paul and Herman Melville, and on philosophers, including Hegel and Marx, the (...) collection reveals that Shandean humour is a Grenzgänger - a point of commerce not only between Anglophone and German discourses, but also between literature and philosophy.Klaus Vieweg is Professor of Philosophy at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; James Vigus is postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of English and American Studies, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; Kathleen M. Wheeler is Reader in English Literature at the University of Cambridge. (shrink)

Oaksford and Chater (1994) proposed to analyse the Wason selection task as an inductive instead of a deductive task. Applying Bayesian statistics, they concluded that the cards that participants tend to select are those with the highest expected information gain. Therefore, their choices seem rational from the perspective of optimal data selection. We tested a central prediction from the theory in three experiments: card selection frequencies should be sensitive to the subjective probability of occurrence for individual cards. In Experiment 1, (...) expected frequencies of the p- and the q-card were manipulated independently by concepts referring to large vs. small sets. Although the manipulation had an effect on card selection frequencies, there was only a weak correlation between the predicted and the observed patterns. In the second experiment, relative frequencies of individual cards were manipulated more directly by explicit frequency information. In addition, participants estimated probabilities for the four logical cases and of the conditional statement itself. The experimental manipulations strongly affected the probability estimates, but were completely unrelated to card selections. This result was replicated in a third experiment. We conclude that our data provide little support for optimal data selection theory. (shrink)

En la Filosofía del Derecho, Hegel dedica especial atención a uno de los problemas más preocupantes de las sociedades y los estados modernos: la inequitativa distribución de la riqueza y la consiguiente secuela de inequidades e injusticias sociales. En su análisis, Hegel enfatiza la idea de que la conformación de una sociedad civil justa y de un estado racional o de derecho, depende enteramente del reconocimiento, por parte de esas esferas, de los derechos de todos los individuos a gozar de (...) una vida material digna, que les permita no sólo el aseguramiento de las condiciones elementales de existencia, sino también la participación y el disfrute de los bienes materiales y espirituales que sustentan y dinamizan la vida en común. De acuerdo con el diagnóstico de Hegel, tal reconocimiento tiene, ciertamente, su punto de partida en la esferas del derecho abstracto y se prolonga en la esfera de la moralidad, en las que el individuo es reconocido como persona o sujeto moral, pero es sólo en la esfera superior de la eticidad donde el reconocimiento de todos los derechos que garantizan una vida digna, alcanza validez y necesidad universales, dado que es en dicha esfera, concretamente en la esfera del estado, donde dicho reconocimiento logra asegurarse en las diferentes instancias legales y jurídicas que lo componen. Tal es la vía por la cual la filosofía política de Hegel intenta ofrecer una salida a un problema que, como el señalado, sigue siendo una amenaza a las sociedades del presente y un cuestionamiento a las estructuras mismas del poder. Independientemente de la viabilidad de la solución ofrecida, la filosofía política de Hegel recaba aquí una vigencia pertinente e incuestionable. (shrink)

Friedrich Nietzsche has emerged as one of the most important and influential modern philosophers. For several decades, the book series Monographien und Texte zur Nietzsche-Forschung (MTNF) has set the agenda in a rapidly growing and changing field of Nietzsche scholarship. The scope of the series is interdisciplinary and international in orientation reflects the entire spectrum of research on Nietzsche, from philosophy to literary studies and political theory. The series publishes monographs and edited volumes that undergo a strict peer-review process. The (...) book series is led by an international team of editors, whose work represents the full range of current Nietzsche scholarship. (shrink)

Recent findings suggest impaired motor skill development during infancy in children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether infants at high familial risk for ASD would benefit from early interventions targeting the motor domain. The current study investigated this issue by providing 3-month-old infants at high familial risk for ASD with training experiences aimed at facilitating independent reaching. A group of 17 high-risk (HR) infants received 2 weeks of scaffolded reaching experiences using “sticky mittens,” and (...) was compared to 72 low-risk (LR) infants experiencing the same or alternative training procedures. Results indicate that HR infants – just like LR infants – show an increase in grasping activity following “sticky mittens” training. In contrast to LR infants, evidence that motor training encouraged a preference for faces in HR infants was inconclusive. (shrink)

This paper contributes to a theory of rational choice for decision-makers with incomplete preferences due to partial ignorance, whose beliefs are representable as sets of acceptable priors. We focus on the limiting case of `Complete Ignorance' which can be viewed as reduced form of the general case of partial ignorance. Rationality is conceptualized in terms of a `Principle of Preference-Basedness', according to which rational choice should be isomorphic to asserted preference. The main result characterizes axiomatically a new choice-rule called `Simultaneous (...) Expected Utility Maximization'. It can be interpreted as agreement in a bargaining game (Kalai-Smorodinsky solution) whose players correspond to the (extremal) `acceptable priors' among which the decision maker has suspended judgment. An essential but non-standard feature of Simultaneous Expected Utility choices is their dependence on the entire choice set. This is justified by the conception of optimality as compromise rather than as superiority in pairwise comparisons. (shrink)

A real number x is computable iff it is the limit of an effectively converging computable sequence of rational numbers, and x is left computable iff it is the supremum of a computable sequence of rational numbers. By applying the operations “sup” and “inf” alternately n times to computable sequences of rational numbers we introduce a non-collapsing hierarchy {Σn, Πn, Δn : n ∈ ℕ} of real numbers. We characterize the classes Σ2, Π2 and Δ2 in various ways and give (...) several interesting examples. (shrink)

In The History of the Race Idea: From Ray to Carus, Eric Voegelin places the rise of the race idea in the context of the development of modern philosophy.

Según Hegel, la filosofía tiene que hacerse inmune contra las objeciones escépticas de la isosthenía. Esto sólo se logra mediante la inclusión del escepticismo auténtico. Dos momentos caracterizan el pirronismo originario como escepticismo radical o universal: la libertad del carácter y la libertad del pensamiento. La estrategia hegeliana de la inclusión o superación se refiere a la skepsis como forma de vida y de pensamiento La negatividad escéptica tendría entonces que ser instaurada en el propio pensamiento se tendría que llevar (...) a cabo la integración tanto en la perspectiva epistémica como en la práctico-ética, lo cual implícala superación de las debilidades de las dos partes del pirronismo. El legado pirrónico en el pensamiento de Hegel se muestra particularmente en la comprensión hegeliana del comienzo de la filosofía, en la decisión de "querer pensar con toda pureza”. (shrink)