Dentro de la filosofía de la práctica matemática, la cuestión de la pureza del método ha ido ganando un lugar en las agendas de investigación y publicaciones. Usualmente se asume que “pura” es un predicado de soluciones o demostraciones, el cual resulta satisfecho cuando estas son intrínsecas a los problemas o teoremas. En este artículo motivo la adopción de una concepción más hospitalaria, de acuerdo con la cual la pureza del método emerge con naturalidad en la práctica de construir teorías (...) matemáticas autónomas, y muestro cómo a partir de esta la concepción usual se ve enriquecida. (shrink)

La discusión sobre pureza del método suele enfatizar el estudio de demostraciones particulares de la práctica matemática. Una crítica a esta posición cuestiona el valor de la pureza al afirmar que el “progreso matemático” depende esencialmente del empleo de métodos impuros. Este artículo muestra que una perspectiva más holística, centrada en cómo las demandas de pureza pueden operar en la construcción de teorías autónomas, permite identificar un contexto donde la pureza del método adquiere valor en la práctica matemática. En particular, (...) se muestra la relevancia de tales demandas en el caso de las teorías algebraicas de números de Kronecker y Dedekind. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo presentar las incidencias que Edith Stein debió sortear durante su trato personal y profesional con Edmund Husserl en torno a la revisión, selección, ordenamiento y publicación de sus notas acerca del trabajo del filósofo alemán. En especial, centramos nuestro estudio en la contribución más sustantiva de Edith Stein en la obra de Husserl, a saber, la constitución de la realidad anímica en la empatía que consuma la consideración de la naturaleza psíquica y sirve de (...) puente desde lo psicológico a lo espiritual. Esa contribución agrupa las indagaciones de Edith Stein sobre el cuerpo y la empatía como requisitos para la constitución, el «intercambio de lugares» y para zanjar el dilema respecto del idealismo del que Husserl era acusado por sus críticos y que ella insistía en que el Maestro afrontara. Se sintetiza la solución steiniana como sigue: entre la naturaleza material y la espiritual ahora el factor mediador no es la lógica racional sino un aspecto de la propia naturaleza: lo psíquico, es decir, la sensibilidad del cuerpo vivo. Husserl, en cambio, quería hacer de la constitución un pre-requisito para la encarnación individual. Confiamos en que nuestro trabajo muestre el espíritu de colaboración fraterna que existía entre la santa del Carmelo y su querido Maestro. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce everyday aesthetics in education. First, it presents everyday aesthetics as a subdiscipline within philosophical aesthetics, that revisits sensory perception as the backdrop of all experience, claims ordinary life is a proper venue for aesthetic inquiry, and problematizes the impact aesthetic preferences have on habitual decisions. Second, the paper argues that among the diverse matters students learn in school, they learn—explicitly or implicitly—what and how to perceive, as well as the pedagogical purposes of (...) daily perception. School models the relationships that students will develop between what they perceive, what they think about it, and how they act accordingly. Next, the paper elaborates on the notions of “school aesthetic matrixes” and “space and place in school”. School aesthetic matrixes refer to perceptual patterns that allow characterizing relationships between daily perception and the pedagogical project of a school. They manifest through expressions such as prison school, home school, mall school, etc. Space and place in school allude to concomitant experiences, of corporeal basis, that allow describing how we inhabit the world. What distinguishes them is the approach each one gives to the senses and the body. The paper concludes by calling attention to the comprehension and role of perception in education, urging to mind the aesthetic-pedagogical character that students develop throughout 12 years of schooling. Ultimately, the key relationships we develop with ourselves, others, and the world, entail a basic perceptual dimension that can be educated to become more purposefully and integrally present in life. (shrink)

El artículo aborda las polémicas culturales desplegadas en Cuba en los inicios del magazine cultural de la Unión de Juventudes Comunistas, esencialmente las de El caimán barbudo, durante la permanencia de su primer equipo de redacción (1966-1967), que contó con la influencia notoria de la intelectualidad surgida a raíz del trabajo del Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de La Habana. Para tal fin, se analizan los debates de su director, Jesús Díaz, publicados en las revistas Bohemia (1966) y La (...) Gaceta de Cuba (1966), con Ana María Simó (antigua codirectora de la editorial El Puente) y con Jesús Orta Ruiz, conocido como El Indio Naborí. Asimismo, se retoma la polémica entre el equipo editorial de El caimán barbudo y el poeta Heberto Padilla en torno a las novelas de Lisandro Otero Pasión de Urbino (1966) y del ya por entonces emigrado Guillermo Cabrera Infante Tres tristes Tigres (1967). De este modo, se inquiere en la heterogeneidad que distinguió la práctica cultural de la isla en el período, a la vez que se subraya el afán polemista que caracterizó las discusiones entre arte y política establecidas por las divergentes corrientes estéticas integradas al proceso revolucionario. (shrink)

The field of Philosophy and Education seems to be experiencing a renewed interest in the work of Aristotle. As recently reviewed by Curren (Oxf Rev Educ 36(5):543–559, 2010), most of this attention aligns with the virtue ethics movement where themes like moral development in education, and the inquiry on human flourishing as the aim of education are prevalent. For sources, this scholarship relies heavily and extensively on the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics’ Book VIII where Aristotle develops his single, clearly defined (...) account of education. Among the short list of scholars who include Poetics in their research, their work seems to return to issues of morality and education (Carr in J Aesthet Educ 44(3):1–15, 2010; Gupta in J Aesthet Educ 44(4):60–80, 2010). This paper is an attempt to rediscover Aristotle’s insights on the peculiar type of learning that the arts seem to favor. In order to carry on this investigation, I will first guide my argument towards Aristotle’s remarks on poiesis. Then, I will focus on what constitutes the heart of poiesis, that is, mimesis. I will pay special attention to Aristotle’s consideration of both poiesis and mimesis as ultimately dealing with what he calls “possibility.” I will argue that learning in the arts entails the coming together of these three qualities. This would be a way of learning characterized by seeing human likenesses emerge as such in our interactions with artworks. (shrink)

Let us imagine that a man loses his keys one night and starts looking for them under the light of a street lamp. When people join him to help him search, they ask where it was that he thinks he might have let them fall; with a frustrated look on his face, he then points into the dark distance and says, by way of explanation, “I am looking under the lamppost because this is where the light is!” This story, introduced (...) by Janice Ross, provides us with a metaphorical description of an ongoing situation in arts education advocacy1: Certainly, I can only look for the arts in education where there is something about them that can be seen. Yet there may be aspects of them concealed beyond the reach of the vision.. (shrink)

This article analyzes the construction of female subjectivity in the specific context of audiovisual cyberspaces in Spain dedicated to the struggle against violence against women. Looking at the YouTube channels of two virtual feminist communities that deal with violence against women, the authors analyze how the victim-subject is configured in terms of agency and activism. The authors adopt a multimodal model of studying the sign complexes of the videos as semiotic artifacts that produce meaning. Sign complexes are always engaged because (...) representation is never neutral because what is represented in sign is meant to realize the values and positions of those who make the sign. In this article, the authors understand feminist activism in the fight against violence targeting women as constructing in its discourse not only the activist process, but also the subject of this activism: the victim-subject of gender-based violence. The analysis engages in the discussion about the various ways in which this subject is interpellated by the audiovisual texts in terms of agency. As a result, this study proposes the necessity to devise new ways of articulating this subject as a political and agential one. (shrink)

This article presents and reflects upon the results of a survey involving a sample of women who have experienced gender-based violence and who have turned to an institutional centre to tackle their situation. In aiming to move beyond a descriptive treatment, we consider the plurality of user types and their remote use patterns in relation to the resources offered by virtual feminist communities designed to promote increased sociopolitical mobilisation in the fight against violence against women. We will observe the progressive (...) emergence of protest actions organised by Spanish virtual feminist communities, which make use of new technologies to contribute productively to the debate and to political action in innovative organisations and formats. The article discusses how feminist virtual communities are using digital spaces for their work combatting violence against women, and whether this work is apparent to those who experience this violence. Finally, we tackle the implications of this work for online feminist activism in terms of a more interactive and social constructivist model of activism, as well as considering its relationship to institutional-legal discourse and public policies that require women to recognise themselves as victims. (shrink)

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by dysfunctional processing of nociceptive stimulation. Neuroimaging studies have pointed out that pain-related network functioning seems to be altered in these patients. It is thought that this clinical symptomatology may be maintained or even strengthened because of an enhanced expectancy for painful stimuli or its forthcoming appearance. However, neural electrophysiological correlates associated with such attentional mechanisms have been scarcely explored. In the current study, expectancy processes of upcoming laser stimulation (painful and non-painful) and (...) its further processing were explored by event-related potentials (ERPs). Nineteen fibromyalgia patients and twenty healthy control volunteers took part in the experiment. Behavioral measures (reaction times and subjective pain perception) were also collected. We manipulated the pain/no pain expectancy through an S1–S2 paradigm (cue-target). S1 (image: triangle or square) predicted the S2 appearance (laser stimulation: warmth or pinprick sensation). Laser stimuli were delivered using a CO2 laser device. Temporal and spatial principal component analyses were employed to define and quantify the ERP component reliability. Statistical analyses revealed the existence of an abnormal pattern of pain expectancy in patients with fibromyalgia. Specifically, our results showed attenuated amplitudes at posterior lCNV component in anticipation of painful stimulation that was not found in healthy participants. In contrast, although larger P2 amplitudes to painful compared to innocuous events were shown, patients did not show any amplitude change in this laser-evoked response as a function of pain predictive cues (as occurred in the healthy control group). Additionally, analyses of the subjective perception of pain and reaction time indicated that laser stimuli preceded by pain cues were rated as more painful than those signaling non-pain expectancy and were associated with faster responses. Differences between groups were not found. The present findings suggest the presence of dysfunction in pain expectation mechanisms in fibromyalgia that eventually may make it difficult for patients to correctly interpret signs that prevent pain symptoms. Furthermore, the abnormal pattern in pain expectancy displayed by fibromyalgia patients could result in ineffective pain coping strategies. Understanding the neural correlates of pain processing and its modulatory factors is crucial to identify treatments for chronic pain syndromes. (shrink)

The COVID-19 disease has caused thousands of deaths worldwide and required the rapid and drastic adoption of various protective measures as main resources in the fight to reduce the spread of the disease. In the present study we aimed to identify socio cognitive factors that may influence adherence to protective measures toward COVID-19 in a Spanish sample. This longitudinal study analyzes the predictive value of perceived severity and vulnerability of infection, self-efficacy, direct exposure to the virus, and instrumental focused coping (...) style for adhering to infection protection behaviors during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also tests sex and age differences in these factors and changes over time. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted in March and April 2020 starting the day after a strict national lockdown was decreed in Spain. A path analysis was used to test direct and indirect effects between vulnerability and the adherence to protective behaviors. Results suggest that individuals' perceived severity and vulnerability to COVID-19 and instrumental coping strategies are related to the use of more protective behaviors. This coping strategy mediates the effect of perceived vulnerability on engaging in protective behaviors, and this effect depends on direct exposure to COVID-19 and perceived self-efficacy moderators. Results suggest that recognizing one's own abilities to engage in instrumental actions may facilitate adherence to protective measures in people who had not been directly exposed to COVID-19. Therefore, adopting instrumental coping strategies to manage an individual's perceived vulnerability to infection may positively impact the adherence to protective behaviors, especially during the onset of an unexpected threat and when there is no prior direct experience with the situation. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, EarlyView.

The goal of this study was to introduce a model explaining how managers' attitudes, subjective norms, attributions, and the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension affect the way managers' deal with employee bribery in organizations. Twenty-six internal and external attributions related to bribery were identified through a series of structured interviews with 65 subject matter experts. These attributions, together with the other variables in the model, were evaluated by 354 Ecuadorian managers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes and external attributions significantly predicted managers' (...) intentions to discipline employees who accepted a bribe. In addition, external attributions mediated the relationship between individualism-collectivism and intent to discipline corrupt employees. Implications for the management of bribery in Latin American organizations are discussed. (shrink)

Apresentação / Pablo Lorenzano Introdução / Os editores Princípios em cosmologia / Antonio Augusto Passos Videira Aleatoriedad vs. arbitrariedad en la mecánica estadística clásica / Eduardo H. Flichman La teoría galileana de la materia: resolutio e infinitos indivisibles / Fernando Tula Molina Ciencia y música en la obra de Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520-1591) / Guillermo Boido & Eduardo Kastika T-invariancia, irreversibilidad, flecha del tiempo: similares pero diferentes / Olimpia Lombardi Mapa das interpretações da teoria quântica / Osvaldo Pessoa Jr. (...) Aspectos epistemológicos y geométricos de la teoría del campo unificado de Schrödinger / Victor Rodríguez & Pedro W. Lamberti. (shrink)

In this paper I offer an ontological elucidation of change. In the first part, I examine two conceptions of change that can be found in Aristotle'sPhysicsand I hold that one of them is more basic than the other. In the second part, I offer an ontological model of change according to which a change is a kind of conjunction of states and times.According to Aristotle a change,metabolé,isfromsomethingtosomething else. He distinguishes three kinds of changes. One of them is what he calls (...) motion-kinesis-i.e., the transition from a positive termAto a negative termB.Motion in respect to quality is called alteration, in respect to quantity it is known either as increase or as decrease, and in respect to place it is designated by the name of locomotion. (shrink)

En el escrito que aquí se rescata, publicado originalmente por la Universidad Nacional del Litoral en 1936, Vicente Fatone (Buenos aires, 1903-1962) concibe la danza y la arquitectura como modos privilegiados de acceso a lo absoluto. El filósofo argentino identifica la arquitectura como un infinito espacial y con una ascética, y a la danza, como infinito temporal, con una mística: mientras la primera es entendida como instauración de un mundo, la segunda es considerada como un ejercicio de libertad, que expresa (...) lo divino que habita en el ser humano a través de un principio dinámico. (shrink)

We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning based on arguments. This approach integrates the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. The main contribution of this paper is a precise, well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. It aims for usability rather than novelty. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes of arguments under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove (...) a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space for checking specificity. In order to implement the theoretical ideas, the language is restricted to Horn clauses for the evidential context. The language used to represent defeasible rules has been restricted in a similar way. The authors intend this work to unify the various existing approaches to argument-based defeasible reasoning. (shrink)

Bataille and Blanchot figure among the authors who influenced Foucault the most. In this article we show how close Foucault was to these authors and to what extent his proximity to them permitted him to deviate from the prevailing university culture, i.e from those great philosophical machines called Hegelianism and phenomenology. The questions we pose are the following: How important were these experiences for Foucault? How did he receive them? How did he transform their theoretical stakes? In the first part (...) of this article we argue that the encounter with Bataille’s work and Blanchot’s was for Foucault a kind of experience of the self. In Bataille and Blanchot, experience has the function of wrenching the subject from itself: it is a project of desubjectivation and of destruction of the notion of the foundational subject and system in philosophy. The second part focuses on the contemporary experience of the death of God. According to Foucault, such an experience discloses the limitless reign of the Limit. We show how the work of Bataille, his discovery of the categories of irreversible expenditure, death, sacrifice, excess, limit, negativity pushes the system beyond its limit. In the third part we take into account the literary experience of Blanchot. According to Foucault, Blanchot’s work focuses on the disappearance of the subject: the being of language emerges in the exclusion of the subject. How is it possible to have a language stripped of dialectics? (shrink)

O artigo – desde uma perspectiva da educação como direito humano universal que reconhece a diversidade – realiza um recorrido panorâmico por uma série de dimensões da educação intercultural no ensino superior do Chile, especialmente universitária, discute criticamente a situação atual da interculturalização na universidade – entendida genericamente – e conclui com algumas perguntas que podem orientar pesquisas ou decisões que levem a que o ensino superior considere os direitos indígenas, permita a expressão de sua cultura, promova a interculturalidade, forme (...) os técnicos e profissionais que requerem o desenvolvimento da sociedade e das comunidades e enriqueça a docência e a ciência com outros paradigmas de conhecimento. Desse modo, que reconheça e valide a interculturalidade e os aportes das culturas indígenas a sua identidade, formação e produção de conhecimento. Trata das comunidades e dos estudantes indígenas em geral, mas aprofunda a situação desde o povo mapuche, embasando-se em projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e em experiências em e desde a Região da Araucanía. A proposta se centra na ideia de que o direito à educação, desde a lei e inconstitucionalidade atual, se centra no sistema escolar formal de ensino básico e médio e não considera a educação superior ou a um sistema de educação continuado como direito universal, no qual poderia se especificar uma condição especial aos estudantes indígenas. Por isso, hoje se luta pela igualdade de oportunidades de inclusão entre indígenas e não indígenas. Palavras-chave: Ensino Superior. Interculturalidade. Cultura mapuche. (shrink)

This paper offers an exposition of Husserl's mature philosophy of mathematics, expounded for the first time in Logische Untersuchungen and maintained without any essential change throughout the rest of his life. It is shown that Husserl's views on mathematics were strongly influenced by Riemann, and had clear affinities with the much later Bourbaki school.

Negli scorsi decenni abbiamo assistito ad un processo di accelerazione centrifuga rispetto alla molarità statuale. Da un lato, tale accelerazione ha generato un interessante polimorfismo di valori, visioni del mondo e forme di vita, liberando quelle energie sociali e politiche che hanno contribuito e contribuiscono alla ridiscussione radicale dei più profondi presupposti del vivere comune. Dall’altro, tale carica liberogena si lega, come è ovvio, –insieme come causa e risultato– ad una crescente incertezza individuale e collettiva. Viviamo insomma in un’epoca panica, (...) che per molti aspetti ricorda proprio quella stagione barocca, che fece da crogiolo alla nascita degli Stati moderni e all’equilibrio Westfaliano. Il rischio è che di fronte al contemporaneo vuoto di risposte, resti la valorizzazione economica offerta dalla logica governamentale l’unica sponda di senso disponibile, con tutto il suo precipitato di sfruttamento e alienazione. È forse possibile ritrovare nella tensione metastorica fra barocco e classico una possibile linea di equilibrio fra dinamismo Istituente e stabilità dell’Istituito? (shrink)

Mit »Überwachen und Strafen« hat Michel Foucault vor 40 Jahren ein Buch veröffentlicht, das die gängigen Vorbegriffe des Machtdenkens - und damit der politischen Theorie und des Befreiungsdiskurses - durcheinander gewirbelt hat. Der Band geht der Frage nach, wie die aktuellen Machtverhältnisse beschaffen sind, die »uns« in ihrem Bann halten. Welche Aktualität besitzen die Analysen der Disziplinierung noch heute, mit denen Foucault vor 40 Jahren Aufsehen erregte und eine breite Wirksamkeit entfalten konnte? Wie lässt sich das für Foucault so zentrale (...) Verhältnis von Bio- und Disziplinarmacht in der Gegenwart bestimmen? Welche neuen Machtformen sind entstanden - und mit welchen begrifflichen Mitteln können sie erschlossen werden? (shrink)

The concern of this article is with the crisis of the concept of citizenship due to the social and political changes taking place in our societies. I shall focus on those problems caused by multiethnic, multicultural and multinational nature of present societies and by demands of nationalism and what has come to be know as the politics of “multiculturalism”. These pages attempt to offer a taxonomy of citizenship types as well as a criterion by which to distinguish between acceptable and (...) unacceptable varieties of citizenship. (shrink)

Recent work in formal semantics suggests that the language system includes not only a structure building device, as standardly assumed, but also a natural deductive system which can determine when expressions have trivial truth-conditions (e.g., are logically true/false) and mark them as unacceptable. This hypothesis, called the `logicality of language', accounts for many acceptability patterns, including systematic restrictions on the distribution of quantifiers. To deal with apparent counter-examples consisting of acceptable tautologies and contradictions, the logicality of language is often paired (...) with an additional assumption according to which logical forms are radically underspecified: i.e., the language system can see functional terms but is `blind' to open class terms to the extent that different tokens of the same term are treated as if independent. This conception of logical form has profound implications: it suggests an extreme version of the modularity of language, and can only be paired with non-classical---indeed quite exotic---kinds of deductive systems. The aim of this paper is to show that we can pair the logicality of language with a different and ultimately more traditional account of logical form. This framework accounts for the basic acceptability patterns which motivated the logicality of language, can explain why some tautologies and contradictions are acceptable, and makes better predictions in key cases. As a result, we can pursue versions of the logicality of language in frameworks compatible with the view that the language system is not radically modular vis-a-vis its open class terms and employs a deductive system that is basically classical. (shrink)

: In this paper I will examine two conceptions of philosophy that were defended in Latin America during the last century. I believe that both models have to be put away and that we must build a new one, recovering elements of both of them. At the end of my paper I will consider very briefly what can we learn from this in order to construct a genuine philosophical dialogue between the United States and Latin America.