Depuis quatre décennies, les organisations non gouvernementales alertent l'opinion publique face au modèle de croissance destructrice des ressources écologiques de la planète. Quelles leçons tirer de l'histoire récente? Comment accélérer l'innovation sociale afin de construire un autre monde? Autant de questions auxquelles répondent avec conviction douze auteur·e·s dans un ouvrage mosaïque. Sans doute que tout est dans le sous-titre : la société civile, moteur de la transition écologique. A côté des États et des collectivités supra-nationales, ONU, Europe entre autres, les (...) acteurs de la société civile ont joué un rôle prophétique de lanceurs d'alertes et de créateurs d'alternatives durables. Non écoutés ou à tout le moins peu pris en compte, ils prennent le relais d'acteurs politiques classiques, défaillants et timides, voire contribuant significativement à l'aggravation du constat. Crise de la gouvernance politique? Certainement. Démarquage, différences et divergences face au capitalisme mondial et existentiel? Oui encore. (shrink)

■ Evidence from functional neuroimaging studies on resting state suggests that there are two distinct anticorrelated cortical systems that mediate conscious awareness: an “extrinsic” system that encompasses lateral fronto-parietal areas and has been linked with processes of external input (external awareness), and an “intrinsic” system which encompasses mainly medial brain areas and..

It is known today that Hegel's philosophy was at the center of the development of pragmatism. In particular, the relation of Dewey's philosophy to Hegel's has recently been studied with great attention1. Many studies have revealed that the German philosopher had a fundamental influence on the young John Dewey, particularly with regard to his theory of culture, for his logic, as well as for his psychology. These new readings propose a profoundly original view of Dewey and explain why he thought (...) of his philosophy as a "permanent Hegelian deposit".Our work aims to... (shrink)

DMet 10: Prime matter is the origin of all quantities. Hence it is the origin of every dimension of continuous quantity whatever. ...

Objectives: Recent fMRI studies have shown that it is possible to reliably identify the defaultmode network (DMN) in the absence of any task, by resting-state connectivity analyses in healthy volunteers. We here aimed to identify the DMN in the challenging patient population of disorders of consciousness encountered following coma. Experimental design: A spatial independent component analysis-based methodology permitted DMN assessment, decomposing connectivity in all its different sources either neuronal or artifactual. Three different selection criteria were introduced assessing anticorrelation-corrected connectivity with (...) or without an automatic masking procedure and calculating connectivity scores encompassing both spatial and temporal properties. These three methods were validated on 10 healthy controls and applied to an independent group of 8 healthy controls and 11 severely brain-damaged patients [locked-in syndrome (n ¼ 2), minimally conscious (n ¼ 1), and vegetative state (n ¼ 8)]. Principal observations: All vegetative patients showed fewer connections in the default-mode areas, when compared with controls, contrary to locked-in patients who showed nearnormal connectivity. In the minimally conscious-state patient, only the two selection criteria considering both spatial and temporal properties were able to identify an intact right lateralized BOLD connectivity pattern, and metabolic PET data suggested its neuronal origin. Conclusions: When assess-. (shrink)

What is philosophy of science? Numerous manuals, anthologies or essays provide carefully reconstructed vantage points on the discipline that have been gained through expert and piecemeal historical analyses. In this paper, we address the question from a complementary perspective: we target the content of one major journal of the field—Philosophy of Science—and apply unsupervised text-mining methods to its complete corpus, from its start in 1934 until 2015. By running topic-modeling algorithms over the full-text corpus, we identified 126 key research topics (...) that span across 82 years. We also tracked their evolution and fluctuating significance over time in the journal articles. Our results concur with and document known and lesser-known episodes of the philosophy of science, including the rise and fall of logic and language-related topics, the relative stability of a metaphysical and ontological questioning (space and time, causation, natural kinds, realism), the significance of epistemological issues about the nature of scientific knowledge as well as the rise of a recent philosophy of biology and other trends. These analyses exemplify how computational text-mining methods can be used to provide an empirical large-scale and data-driven perspective on the history of philosophy of science that is complementary to other current historical approaches. (shrink)

BACKGROUND: Through their action on the locus coeruleus, ␣ 2-adrenoceptor agonists induce rapidly reversible sedation while partially preserving cognitive brain functions. Our goal in this observational study was to map brain regions whose activity is modified by clonidine infusion so as to better understand its loci of action, especially in relation to sedation. METHODS: Six ASA I–II right-handed volunteers were recruited. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored continuously. After a baseline H215O activation scan, clonidine infusion was started at a rate ranging from (...) 6 to 10 ␮g ⅐ kgϪ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1. A sequence of 11 similar scans was then performed at 8 min intervals. Plasma clonidine concentration was measured. Using statistical parametric mapping, we sought linear correlations between normalized regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), an indicator of regional brain activity, and plasma clonidine concentration or spindle EEG activity. RESULTS: Clonidine induced clinical sedation and EEG patterns (spindles) comparable to early stage nonrapid eye movement sleep. A significant negative linear correlation between clonidine concentration and rCBF or spindle activity was observed in the thalamus, prefrontal, orbital and parietal association cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus. CONCLUSIONS: The EEG patterns and decreases in rCBF of specific brain regions observed during clonidine-induced sedation are similar to those of early stage nonrapid eye movement sleep. Patterns of deactivated brain regions are also comparable to those observed during general anesthesia or vegetative state, reinforcing the hypothesis that alterations in the activity of a common network occur during these modified conscious states. (shrink)

Cet essai se propose de retracer le parcours de John Milton, formidable poète, mais aussi prosateur au service de la cause républicaine dans l’Angleterre révolutionnaire des années 1640-1660. On y découvre un penseur radical contrarié, figure puritaine s’il en faut, mais également un écrivain doué d’un humanisme profond. Ces tensions créatrices l’amènent à réconcilier, d’une manière peu banale, l’homme avec Dieu pour poser la liberté, qu’elle soit personnelle, domestique ou politique. This essay purports to show the life and works of (...) John Milton, universally known as a brilliant poet, but we should also remember him as an unequalled pamphleteer defending the republican cause in revolutionary England 1640-1660. There we discover a thwarted radical thinker, caught between humanism and Puritanism. Yet Milton eventually manages to reconcile God’s sovereignty with man’s liberty in quite an original way as he asserts freedom in all fields. (shrink)

Plusieurs épreuves peuvent être engagées avec l’image, depuis les "devinettes" du Sphinx auxquelles répond brillamment Oedipe jusqu’à la panique télévisuelle que déclenche l’entrée en eau d’Éric Moussambani aux jeux Olympiques de Sydney. Chacune des épreuves prises en compte dans cet ouvrage implique la mise en relation de l’image et du corps. Cet ouvrage se propose de mener une enquête pour tenter de comprendre comment, pour faire-image, un corps doit s’insérer dans une nouvelle configuration du sensible, à partir d’un choix d’objets (...) issus du théâtre, de la littérature, de la philosophie, du cinéma et de la télévision. Depuis Oedipe jusqu’aux Monty Pythons, de La Bruyère à Hrundi V. Bakshi, le héros du film The Party, de Blake Edwards, avec les traités de Balzac, de Barbey d’Aurevilly ou de Marcel Mauss, une "épreuve de l’image" se précise dans une nouvelle transaction des corps et de l’espace, où se déploient également de nouvelles puissances des corps. (shrink)

This book is the first collective study of this major figure in the intellectual and political life of 12th-century Europe to appear for thirty years. Based on the latest research, thirteen contributions by leading experts in the field provide an overview of John of Salisbury’s place in the political debates that marked the reign of Henry II in England as well as of his place in the history of the Church. They also offer a detailed introduction to his philosophical works (...) ‘(Metalogicon’, ‘Entheticus’), his political thought (‘Policraticus’) and his writing of history (‘Historia pontificalis’). 0Contributors include Julie Barrau, David Bloch, Karen Bollermann, Cédric Giraud, Christophe Grellard, Laure Hermand-Schebat, Frédérique Lachaud, Constant Mews, Clare Monagle, Cary Nederman, Ronald Pepin, Yves Sassier, and Sigbjørn Sønnesyn.0. (shrink)

« Car celui qui regarde, dans ce drame, est aussi celui qui détruit. » J.-M. G. Le Clézio, Le rêve mexicain « Le barbare, c’est d’abord celui qui croit à la barbarie. »C. Lévi-Strauss, Race et histoire « Là où dialoguent les cultures. »Slogan du Musée du quai Branly Introduction Durant plus de quatre siècles, l’altérité radicale s’est incarnée en Occident dans la figure du barbare « exotique », issu de mondes lointains et méconnus. Notre rapport à cet Autre absolu (...) a souvent trahi une fascinat... (shrink)

La présente étude de cas soulève une série de questions historiographiques et archivistiques induites par une enquête que nous avons consacrée à la patrimonialisation des papiers personnels de Jean Leray. Nous entendons tout d’abord reconstituer la persona scientifique de Jean Leray telle qu’elle ressort des notices biographiques produites en particulier après son décès. Le récit que nous a livré Leray sur sa captivité durant la seconde guerre mondiale y est alors reproduit et amplifié. Nous établissons ensuite que le tri des (...) papiers de Leray est contemporain de ces éloges et qu’il a été mené sous l’étroit contrôle du mathématicien et académicien Paul Malliavin. Nous formulons ce faisant quelques hypothèses sur les principes ayant conduit ce dernier à n’en déposer que quelques fragments dans trois bibliothèques de mathématiques distinctes. Pour finir, nous replaçons le récit de captivité de Leray dans le contexte des relations étroites que certains membres de l’Académie des sciences, dont Gaston Julia et Henri Villat, entretenaient avec l’université en captivité de l’Oflag XVII-A durant l’Occupation. (shrink)

The notion of chemical evolution is controversially defined in reference to Darwinian evolution: for some, it is nothing but natural selection applied to chemical systems; yet, for others, it is precisely what happened before natural selection, the latter being the birthmark of life. Taking into account a plurality of evolutionary processes, I propose to construe chemical evolution as a composite theory within which natural selection might only be one of several evolutionary processes.

Le Conseil d'élèves est une instance de médiation et de régulation de la vie de la classe. Les enfants y débattent démocratiquement de tous les sujets et problèmes ayant de l'importance pour eux : conflits, projets pédagogiques, cantine, etc. Dans une période où l'apprentissage du " vivre ensemble " est devenu une des priorités de l'école primaire, cet ouvrage original présente un double intérêt. Il apporte, par les récits de trois praticiens, un éclairage pluriel et des repères pédagogiques concrets à (...) tous ceux qui souhaitent se lancer dans la pratique du Conseil d'élèves ou en repenser le fonctionnement. Il présente, dans une deuxième partie, les résultats de recherches menées par un chercheur à la Réunion sur les modalités organisationnelles et relationnelles que déclarent adopter les maîtres dans leur classe, mais aussi sur les motivations, les résistances qui les animent ainsi que sur l'impact qu'ils perçoivent chez leurs élèves. Les données et les récits recueillis s'adressent aux enseignants de la Réunion et à leurs collègues de métropole qui envisagent de se lancer dans l'aventure du Conseil ainsi qu'aux formateurs, étudiants et chercheurs qui s'intéressent à la démocratie à l'école et aux pédagogies coopératives. (shrink)

Philosophy of Law sometimes refers to Heidegger, yet Heidegger does not explicitly tackle this area of philosophy. In this paper, I will argue that it is actually possible to bring to light a theory of law in Heidegger’s writings. Such a theory would help juridical thought by tracing it back to its metaphysical presuppositions.

Résumé La réflexion sur le thème de l’actualité et de l’inactualité de la peinture peut être éclairée par l’étude des correspondances dialogiques mises en œuvre dans certains tableaux partagés en deux parties : « avant » et « après ». Pour les tableaux Before and After qu’Andy Warhol réalise en 1961 et 1962, pour le diptyque à charnières Poubelle à pédale avec jambe de 1961 de Roy Lichtenstein ou pour les différents panneaux formant pendants, Before et After, que William Hogarth (...) exécute dans les années 1730, le passage d’une peinture à l’autre, entre avant et après, atteste une similitude et marque une différence. Il s’agit ici de considérer certaines relations dialogiques pour en souligner la fonction opératoire dans le champ élargi de la peinture. On pense en particulier à un travail de Franck Scurti de 2002 conçu pour s’inscrire dans de nouvelles relations et se situer différemment dans le temps. En considérant la part d’humour qui anime ces différentes œuvres, on tentera enfin de démontrer que « faire après ce qui a été peint avant » ne consiste pas tant à recopier ce qui a déjà été fait, qu’à faire et voir autrement. (shrink)

The concept of “life” certainly is of some use to distinguish birds and beavers from water and stones. This pragmatic usefulness has led to its construal as a categorical predicate that can sift out living entities from non-living ones depending on their possessing specific properties—reproduction, metabolism, evolvability etc. In this paper, we argue against this binary construal of life. Using text-mining methods across over 30,000 scientific articles, we defend instead a degrees-of-life view and show how these methods can contribute to (...) experimental philosophy of science and concept explication. We apply topic-modeling algorithms to identify which specific properties are attributed to a target set of entities (bacteria, archaea, viruses, prions, plasmids, phages and the molecule of adenine). Eight major clusters of properties were identified together with their relative relevance for each target entity (two that relate to metabolism and catalysis, one to genetics, one to evolvability, one to structure, and—rather unexpectedly—three that concern interactions with the environment broadly construed). While aligning with intuitions—for instance about viruses being less alive than bacteria—these quantitative results also reveal differential degrees of performance that have so far remained elusive or overlooked. Taken together, these analyses provide a conceptual “lifeness space” that makes it possible to move away from a categorical construal of life by empirically assessing the relative lifeness of more-or-less alive entities. (shrink)

Initiation de l'amitié -- En lisant en écrivant -- Le dérèglement originel de l'amour de soi humain -- Au démêlé avec Pascal -- Montaigne législateur? -- "Mointaigne a tort" -- "La justice est sujette à dispute" -- L'injustice du moi -- Pascal et Hobbes -- Le règlement de la dispute -- Une vraisemblance de justice.

English summary: Heidegger allowed us to better hear metaphysics by passionately listening to it. In this volume we seek to better understand Heidegger by patiently listening to another metaphysician: Descartes. The meaning of Descartess thought in creating an onto-theology of the causa and cogitatio, also taken up in the work of Heidegger, faithfully reveals Heideggers directions. French description: En se mettant passionnement a son ecoute, Heidegger nous a permis d'entendre la metaphysique d'une maniere inouie. Par un juste retour des choses, (...) dans un geste inedit, il s'agira ici de mieux entendre Heidegger en se mettant patiemment a l'ecoute d'un metaphysicien precis: Descartes, ou plutot a l'ecoute de ce qu'il nous en dit. Car loin d'etre anecdotiques, les significations que la pensee de Descartes a - la premiere faisant d'elle une onto-theologie de la causa, la seconde une onto-theologie de la cogitatio - et prend dans l'oeuvre de Heidegger - la premiere etant de la provoquer, la deuxieme de l'aiguiller, la troisieme de l'instruire - revelent fidelement les orientations de celui-ci, en et hors metaphysique. Comme il sied en hermeneutique, il sera donc question de sens, celui que l'on prend n'etant pas moins indifferent a celui que l'on donne que celui que l'on donne n'est innocent de celui que l'on prend. (shrink)

Loin d’être circonscrit à Sein und Zeit , dont il est un motif central de l’analytique existentiale, le On heideggérien — das Man — n’est ni une notion ordinaire, ni un hapax arbitraire. Comme tout concept philosophique, il possède une histoire que son auteur ne cesse d’ailleurs d’écrire avant la publication de son œuvre majeure. S’y employant dès 1922, dans le cadre de l’herméneutique de la vie facticielle, il s’en détache pourtant en 1927 pour, de fait, y renoncer définitivement. Animé (...) du désir d’en faire mieux comprendre le sens, en nous appuyant sur ses occurrences, c’est le devenir de ce motif singulier que, de sa naissance à son évanescence, nous aimerions retracer. (shrink)

Motif déterminant de l’analytique existentiale, le On — das Man — n’est jamais interrogé pour lui-même par les commentateurs de Heidegger ; il fait pourtant de leur part l’objet d’interprétations non seulement très contrastées, mais encore fort éloignées de ce que le penseur allemand semblait avoir envisagé en menant son analyse. D’où la nécessité d’en faire le sujet central d’une réflexion qui, en contrepoint des lectures historique­ment situées et scientifiquement orientées, entend éclairer l’être qui est le sien en le ramenant (...) à son statut d’existential d’un Dasein dont il constitue, toujours et d’emblée, l’ombre portée. (shrink)

Condemned to exist beyond his essence, since he is only what he does and can always become what he is not or not to be what he is any more, man is, for Sartre, condemned to freedom without condition which constitutes, not his nature, but his condition. Free of anything apart from not being free, since he chooses neither to be, nor the necessity to choose the being that he must make himself be, man, however, is always already determined by (...) his condition: thrown in to a world where he acknowledges his own condition. Far from calling into question the integrity of his autonomy of choice, this ontological conditioning is for the Being-itself the ground on which the need for his engagement appears and, therefore also the plenitude of his freedom. As tragic as that which one considers controlled by fate, for Sartre, the human condition thus means being condemned to freedom.(Romanian). (English) Copyright of Filozofia is the property of Filozofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (shrink)

If the opposition between “action and contemplation” seems characteristic of the history of philosophy, it also sums up Hannah Arendt’s personal history and philosophy – the diagnosis of the theoretician of the political practice on her contemporaries being eloquent. But the author of the Human condition invites us to reverse the conjunction. Arendt breaks up deliberately with philosophical tradition and particularly with Thomas Aquinas by making these terms exclusive and choosing to think either action or contemplation . We would like (...) thus to reflect on the relationship between these two thinkers by examining potential echoes of Summa Theologiae within Arendt’s 1958 essay. (shrink)

If the opposition between “action and contemplation” seems characteristic of the history of philosophy, it also sums up Hannah Arendt’s personal history and philosophy – the diagnosis of the theoretician of the political practice on her contemporaries being eloquent. But the author of the Human condition invites us to reverse the conjunction. Arendt breaks up deliberately with philosophical tradition and particularly with Thomas Aquinas by making these terms exclusive and choosing to think either action or contemplation. We would like thus (...) to reflect on the relationship between these two thinkers by examining potential echoes of Summa Theologiae within Arendt’s 1958 essay. (shrink)

Réservant à la pensée de Descartes un traitement plus réservé que l’étude qu’il peut mener de ses autres grands devanciers, Heidegger, à en croire certains commentateurs, dissimulerait mal envers le penseur français son inimitié, celle-ci le prémunissant sans doute du danger de ne pouvoir se relever d’un « cartésianisme inné », dont il fait le reproche aux philosophes. C’est pourtant contre ce préjugé qu’il s’agit ici de lutter en désamorçant, à travers l’éclaircissement de la notion d’ Auseinandersetzung , cet apparent (...) paradoxe : entrant toujours en confrontation avec ses ‘’prédécesseurs’’, jamais pourtant Heidegger n’entre en conflit avec eux. (shrink)

This book argues that the othering and criminalization of Black people in times of crisis is part of the religious meaning of America that fuels the problem of mass incarceration. The author develops a religious interpretation of the significance of these images to America’s political economy the produces the very problems we punish as a society.

With a meta-analysis of 85 studies and 190 experiments, the authors test the relationship between socially responsible investing and financial performance to determine whether including corporate social responsibility and ethical concerns in portfolio management is more profitable than conventional investment policies. The study also analyses the influence of researcher methodologies with respect to several dimensions of SRI on the effects identified. The results indicate that the consideration of corporate social responsibility in stock market portfolios is neither a weakness nor a (...) strength compared with conventional investments; the heterogeneous results in prior studies largely reflect the SRI dimensions under study. (shrink)

This paper explores the notion of 'relational values' from a phenomenological point of view. In the first place, it stresses that in order to make full sense of relational values, we need to approach them through a relational ontology that surpasses dualistic descriptions of the world structured around the subject and the object. With this aim, the paper turns to ecophenomenology's attempt to apprehend values from a first-person perspective embedded in the lifeworld, where our entanglement with other beings is not (...) a theoretical construction but a palpable reality. Overall, the article's main purpose is to show that, in our direct and raw experience, values do not appear as subjective judgments or as objective properties but as events in which we participate alongside other human and non-human beings. (shrink)

Though only established as a discipline since the 1970s, philosophy of biology has already triggered investigations about its own history The Oxford handbook of philosophy of biology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 11–33, 2008). When it comes to assessing the road since travelled—the research questions that have been pursued—manuals and ontologies also offer specific viewpoints, highlighting dedicated domains of inquiry and select work. In this article, we propose to approach the history of the philosophy of biology with a complementary (...) data-driven perspective that makes use of statistical algorithms applied to the complete full-text corpus of one major journal of the field—Biology and Philosophy—from its launch in 1986 up until 2017. By running text-mining and topic-modeling algorithms, we identified 67 key research topics that span across these 32 years. We also investigated the evolution of these topics over time and their fluctuating significance in the journal articles. Our results concur with known episodes or traits of the discipline—for instance, the significance of evolution-related topics or the decrease of articles with a marked historical dimension—but also highlight a diversity of topics that is much richer than what is usually acknowledged. (shrink)