On Typology and Deontics of Private Institutes of Law. In continuation of my treatise "Grundlegung zu einer Strukturtheorie des Rechts" Part I of this paper develops a typology of the fundamental patterns of institutes of law belonging to the relations of persons to move (movable or fixed)) assets. In Part II some reflections deal with the deontics of Gestalten of actions (in the sense of Part I) and related models in economics.

A Hobbesian Model. If ever possible the modelling of the abstract pattern of the item of a philosophical theory belongs, alas!, to its interpretation. In the case of the Hobbesian theory of the natural right and the natural laws (Lev c. XIV, XV) the mathematics of the covenant-model and of its interpretation by an model of preferences and utilities is a neglect task till now. Its performance shows certain shortcomings of the Hobbesian theory.

On Typology and Deontics of Private Institutes of Law. In continuation of my treatise "Grundlegung zu einer Strukturtheorie des Rechts" Part I of this paper develops a typology of the fundamental patterns of institutes of law belonging to the relations of persons to move ) assets. In Part II some reflections deal with the deontics of Gestalten of actions and related models in economics.

The chemist Max von Pettenkofer studied with Justus von Liebig, and after leaving Giessen in 1844 did not immediately find an academic position. During the period 1844/1845 he wrote a cycle of 16 Chemical Sonnets, but published them only in 1886. The Sonnets have with few exceptions a historiographical character. We present a translation of the Sonette into Portuguese as well as commentaries about their content and their philosophical significance. We also comment rather briefly on Pettenkofer’s career as an empirical (...) chemist and later as a somewhat heterodox hygienist. (shrink)

Drawing on a rich digitalized corpus of early modern texts, Hans-Juergen Diller argues that the concepts expressed by the English words >passion emotion emotion passion emotion<. But there are two concepts of a concept. According to the first, the meaning of a word expressing a concept is not sharply distinguished from the complete discourse in which it figures. According to the second, meaning is more narrow. For instance, it is restricted to the explicit definition an author provides. I show that (...) Descartes provides an explicit definition of passion and emotion in purely physical, a-moral terms. So Diller's method is not apt to trace concepts in the second, more restricted sense which Descartes himself has in mind. (shrink)

The “Cambridge pragmatists”, Charles S. Peirce, William James and Josiah Royce, are at least in two respects significantly indebted to Kant: first, as von Kempski, Apel and Murphey have shown, with regard to the epistemological issues investigated in pragmatism; secondly, with regard to the various pragmatic approaches to religion, something which has been long overlooked. These approaches are best understood as innovative re-readings of Kant’s postulates of freedom, immortality, and God. Since Hilary Putnam pointed out — in his 1992 (...) book Renewing Philosophy — that James’s essay, “The Will to Believe”, in spite of having received a great deal of hostile criticism, is in “its logic, in fact, precise and impeccable”, James’s thoughts are considered by many contemporary philosophers as particularly inspiring. James’s approach is based on the modern experience of secularism and interprets Kant’s “postulate” as the “option” to believe. A deepening of the debate on the relevance of Kant’s analysis of the horizon of religious hope with regard to human praxis for a pragmatism-inspired philosophy of religion can be expected from a detailed discussion of the thoughts of Peirce and Royce, of thoughts, which, in complex ways, relate to, as well as criticise, James’s individuum-focused interpretation of religious faith. (shrink)

Ausgehend von Kant, wird der Charakter der Jurisprudenz als Wissen- schaft für die beiden Hauptgebiete des Rechts, Zivilrecht und öffent- liches Recht, getrennt dargestellt und zwar im Zivilrecht anhand der Strukturtheorie des Rechts von Kempskis und im öffentlichen Recht durch den eigenen Versuch der «festgeschriebenen Politiktheorie».

... V The Foundations of Mathematics Braithwaite VI Logical Studies von Wright VII A Treatise on Induction and Probability von Wright VIII An Examination of ...

Betr. u.a. Erasmus und die Reformation in Basel.

Why is it so plausible that business organisations in contemporary society use values in their communication? In order to answer this question, a sociological, system theoretical approach is applied which approaches values not pre-empirically as invisible drivers for action but as observable semantics that form organisational behaviour. In terms of empirical material, it will be shown that business organisations resort to a communication of values whenever uncertainty or complexity is very high. Inevitably, value semantics are applied in organisations first when (...) the speakers are uncertain about which stakeholders to whom they have to address or when different stakeholder groups have to be addressed simultaneously ; second, when the identity of the organisation has to be described; and third, when future strategic options that cannot be expressed by quantitative terms have to be communicated. Values accordingly play a role in organisational practice when certain aspects are indeterminate. Therefore, they are a means for organisations to communicate under fuzzy circumstances. On the basis of these findings, new approaches to value management can now be formulated. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDas Axiomensystem der ebenen projektiven Geometrie ist dual in dem Sinne, dass es bei Vertauschung der Begriffe « Punkt » und « Gerade » in sich übergeht. Daraus folgt, dass mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz aus den Axiomen beweisbar ist. Dagegen kann aus der Dualität des Axiomensystems nicht geschlossen werden, dass in einem Modell mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz gilt; noch weniger folgt, dass ein Modell eine eineindeutige Abbildung zulässt, welche Punkte and Geraden unter Erhaltung der (...) Inzidenz vertauscht. Im Falle der projektiven Geometrie sind solche Modelle bekannt; für die einfache Typentheorie wird gezeigt, dassa die Existenz solcher Modelle äquivalent ist mit der Widerspruchsfreiheit des Systems « New Foundations ».Zusatz. Der folgende Satz beantwortet die beiden in der Arbeit aufgeworfenen Fragen: Eine vollständige Theorie mit einem Automorphismus hat ein Modell, welches einen entsprechenden Automorphismus zulässt. Insbesondere ist somit NF widerspruchsfrei, wenn die einfache Typentheorie mit den zusätzlichen Axiomen S ≡ S* widerspruchsfrei ist.RésuméLe système d'axiomes de la géométrie projective plane est dualistique dans le sens qu'il se transforme en lui‐même si I'on y échange les notions « points » et « droite ». Cette dualité entraîne un parallélisme des théorémes et de leurs démonstrations. Par contre, la dualité d'un système d'axiomes ne nous permet pas de conclure au parallélisme des énoncés qui soient vrais dans un modéle donné du systéme; moins encore peut‐on insérer I'existence d'une transformation biunivoque échangeant points et droites et conservant la relation d'incidence. Pour la géométric projective, de tels modèles sont bien connus; pour la théorie simple des types, I'existence d'un tel modèle est équivalent a la cohérence du système « New Foundations ».Remarque. Le théoréme suivant résout les deux problèmes proposés dans le travail: Toute théorie complète admettant un automorphisme possède un modèle admettant un automorphisme correspondant. NF est par conséquent cohérent si la théorie simple des types avec les axiomes supplémentaires S ≡ S * est cohérente.The axiom system of plane projective geometry is dual in the sense that it is transformed into itself by exchange of the notions « point » and « line.» It follows that for every theorem the dual sentence is also a theorem. However, from the duality of the axiom system one cannot conclude that in a model the truth of a sentence implies that of the dual sentence; even less can one conclude that each model admits a 1‐1‐transformation interchanging points and lines and preserving the incidence relation. For projective geometry, models of this kind are well known. For the simple theory of types it is shown that the existence of such models is equivalent to the consistency of « New Foundations. »Additional remark. The following theorem answers both of the questions proposed in the paper: If it is complete, then a theory with an automorphism has a model with a corresponding automorphism. NF is therefore consistent if simple theory of type with the additional axioms S ≡ S* is consistent. (shrink)

In seinem Traktat über das Glück orientiert sich Thomas in seiner eudaimonistisch ausgerichteten Ethik am Wesen des Menschen. Bei der Beurteilung des Wertes von Gütern bilden nicht individuelle Präferenzen den Maßstab, sondern Überlegungen zur allgemeinen Natur des Menschen. Subjektive Wünsche und Vorzugsordnungen werden von einer als objektiv gedachten Basis aus bewertet. Diese Basis ist die menschliche Natur, in der die Vernunft eine besondere Rolle spielt und die der Mensch in seinem Handeln mehr oder weniger zur Entfaltung bringen kann. Das Glück (...) ist an die Vollkommenheit des Menschen im Sinne der vollständigen Entwicklung seiner Wesensnatur gebunden. Man kann daher sagen, dass das höchste Ziel in der Selbstverwirklichung des Menschen liegt, diese aber nicht verstanden im Sinne der Ausprägung individueller Besonderheiten, sondern als vollständige Entfaltung des Menschseins. (shrink)

For statesmen, friendship is the lingua franca of politics. Considering the connections between personal and political friendship, John von Heyking’s The Form of Politics interprets the texts of Plato and Aristotle and emphasizes the role that friendship has in enduring philosophical and contemporary political contexts. Beginning with a discussion on virtue-friendship, described by Aristotle and Plato as an agreement on what qualifies as the pursuit of good, The Form of Politics demonstrates that virtue and political friendship form a paradoxical relationship (...) in which political friendships need to be nourished by virtue-friendships that transcend the moral and intellectual horizons of the political society. Von Heyking then examines Aristotle’s ethical and political writings – which are set within the boundaries of political life – and Plato’s dialogues on friendship in Lysis and the Laws, which characterize political friendship as festivity. Ultimately, arguing that friendship is the high point of a virtuous political life, von Heyking presents a fresh interpretation of Aristotle and Plato’s political thought, and a new take on the most essential goals in politics. Inviting reassessment of the relationship between friendship and politics by returning to the origins of Western philosophy, The Form of Politics is a lucid work on the foundations of political cooperation. (shrink)

The author examines john locke's arguments concerning the existence and binding force of natural law. (staff).

(i) Inferences from the (assumed) truth of the asserted sentence. Hearers may have conditional beliefs (if p, q) and upon hearing p asserted they can infer q by Modus Ponens (with suitable caveats about the reliability of their initial conditional belief and the new information that p).

Preface LUDWIG von Mises published many books and articles in his long and productive life, each of them making important contributions to the theory and ...

It is well known that indefinite phrases are more liberal in taking scope than other quantifying phrases. In general, the scope of indefinites is not limited by the finite clause in which they occur, although the scope of universal quantifiers is. Wh-phrases behave very much like indefinites: in languages with wh in situ, their scope need not be restricted by anything like clause boundedness.

An Introduction to the Logic of the Computing Sciences provides an introduction to symbolic logic by creating connections with the diverse fields of philosophy, mathematics, computing sciences, law, business, popular culture, and ethics, so that students from varied backgrounds can grasp the ideas of logic. The author relates symbolic logic to computer science by introducing each logical principle by a truth table, flow chart, and algorithm. He emphasizes the connections between logic and the different subjects through over two hundred word (...) problems that relate to the different areas. Following a strategic plan that avoids intimidating students, the author introduces each new principle one at a time with a set of twenty exercises that require the use of that principle. He introduces the next principle with exercises that require the use of the new principle and the principles previously studied, gradually building on the knowledge of the student until he or she has a thorough understanding of symbolic logic. (shrink)