Statistical models and expected mean squares [E(MS)] are important concepts that facilitate the extensive use of analysis of variance designs. These concepts were developed in the basic statistics area from 1939 through the 1950s. They were introduced into psychological statistics during the late 1950s and have been useful in attacking some statistical problems. Also, they simplify the teaching of ANOVA designs.

The Abhidharmakosabha'ya, preserved at the Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm, is the second longest Abhidharma text in Uighur. The important Buddhist text was written in Sanskrit by Vasubandhu and translated into Chinese by Zhen Di (499-569 AD) and Xuan Zang (602-664 AD). Later during the Yuan Dynasty the text was translated from Chinese to Uighur on the basis of Xuan Zang's version of the original Sanskrit text. Masahiro Shogaito examines the Uighur version of the Abhidharmakosabha'ya and provides the Uighur text in (...) transcription and the English translation with the corresponding Chinese text on opposite pages. The volume contains additional commentaries, a glossary and the original manuscripts as facsimiles. (shrink)

Are theories ‘underdetermined by the evidence’ in any way that should worry the scientific realist? I argue that no convincing reason has been given for thinking so. A crucial distinction is drawn between data equivalence and empirical equivalence. Duhem showed that it is always possible to produce a data equivalent rival to any accepted scientific theory. But there is no reason to regard such a rival as equally well empirically supported and hence no threat to realism. Two theories are empirically (...) equivalent if they share all consequences expressed in purely observational vocabulary. This is a much stronger requirement than has hitherto been recognised— two such ‘rival’ theories must in fact agree on many claims that are clearly theoretical in nature. Given this, it is unclear how much of an impact on realism a demonstration that there is always an empirically equivalent ‘rival’ to any accepted theory would have—even if such a demonstration could be produced. Certainly in the case of the version of realism that I defend—structural realism—such a demonstration would have precisely no impact: two empirically equivalent theories are, according to structural realism, cognitively indistinguishable. (shrink)