The First Conference of the International Society for the Study of Time was held at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut at Oberwolfach in the Black Forest, Federal Republic of Germany from Sunday, 31 August to Saturday, 6 September, 1969. The origin of this conference and the formation of the Society goes back to a proposal due to J. T. Fraser that was discussed at a conference on "Interdisciplinary Perspectives of Time" held by the New York Academy of Sciences in January, 1966. It (...) was unanimously agreed than that an international society should be formed on an interdisciplinary basis with the object of stimulating interest in all problems concerning 'time and that this object could best be attained by means of conferences held at regular intervals. J. T. Fraser was elected Secretary, S. Watanabe Treasurer, and I was elected President. It was agreed, at my suggestion, that the organization of the first conference of the newly formed Society be left to a committee of these three officers, on the understanding that they would invite authorities on the role of time in the various special sciences and humanities to form an Advisory Board to assist them. One of the main difficulties in seeking support for an interdisciplinary conference is that most foundations confine their interest exclusively either to the sciences or to the humanities. (shrink)

En el primer libro de su Ética Nicomaquea, Aristóteles hace dos intentos por establecer la tesis de que ser un ser humano tiene un punto, usando dos conjuntos paralelos de ejemplos. Su primer paso es sostener que siempre que algo tiene una actividad característica esa actividad es su fin, usando el ejemplo del “flautista, el escultor y, en general, cualquier artesano”. Esta identificación de la actividad característica de un artesano con la ubicación de su “bien y lo bueno” qua artesano (...) y, por ello, presumiblemente con el télos del artesano, podría ser cuestionada, por supuesto, pero esto no afecta el curso de los argumentos y el uso de los ejemplos que quiero perseguir. Es suficiente que, para ciertos roles dados, pueda haber una relación teleológica con algún punto para aquel rol. (shrink)

Western societies today are coming unmoored in the face of an earth-shaking ethical and cultural paradigm shift. At its core is the question of what it means to be human and how we are meant to live. The old answers are no longer accepted; a dizzying array of options are offered in their stead. Underpinning this smorgasbord of lifestyles is a thicket of unquestioned assumptions, such as the separation of gender from biological sex, which not so long ago would have (...) been universally rejected as radical notions. In the spring of 2019, a group of Orthodox Christian scholars drawn from a wide variety of academic disciplines met together to offer responses to the moral crisis our generation faces, elaborating upon its various forms and facilitating a fuller understanding of some of its theological and philosophical foundations. In doing so they offer support to all those who question the claims that are so forcefully insisted upon today--a clarity that will aid them in standing up and resisting trends that have already shown to be the cause of great suffering and unhappiness. (shrink)

İnsanlar sahip oldukları bilginin bir kısmını akıl ve duyu organları vasıtasıyla elde ederken diğer bir kısmını da haber vasıtasıyla elde etmektedir. Geçmişte meydana gelen olaylar, yaşamış şahsiyetler, görmediğimiz uzak memleketler hakkında bilgi elde etmemizi sağlayan yegâne kaynak haberdir. Dolayısıyla müşahedeye dayanmayan ve düşünce yoluyla elde edilmeyen bütün bilgilerin kaynağı “haber”dir. Haberler içerisinde kesin bilgi ifade eden kısım ise mütevâtirdir.Hicri 4. asırda haberle ilgili tartışmaları ayrıntısıyla ele alıp eserlerinde bunu derli toplu bir nazariyye şekline işleyen alimlerden biri de akli (...) istidlâle önem vermesiyle ön plana çıkan Mu’tezile mezhebine mensup olan Kâdî Abdülcebbâr’dır (ö. 415/1025). O, haber ve haberin bilgi değeri konusunda eserlerinde müstakil başlıklar açmış ve bu konudaki görüşlerini çeşitli şekillerde temellendirmiş, haberi bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul etmeyen Sümeniyye ve nübüvvet müessesesini kabul etmeyen Berâhime’ye karşı akli ve nakli istidlâl metotlarını kullanarak İslam’ın temel kaynakları olan Kur’ân, Sünnet ve icmâ‘ın savunuculuğunu yapmıştır. Bu çalışmada Kâdî Abdülcebbâr’ın mütevâtir nazariyesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Onun görüşleri tespit edilirken ansiklopedik bir hüvviyete sahip el-Muğnî adlı eseri esas alınmıştır. Kâdî, hem haberi bilgi kaynağı olarak görmeyenlerle mücadele etmek hem de İslam’ın temel kaynaklarını temellendirmek üzere Mütevâtir haberi rasyonel bir zemine oturtmaya çalışmıştır. Bunun için de insanlar nezdinde itibar gören, geçerli olan, daha nesnel ve rasyonel bir hüviyete sahip âdetullahı veya tabiat kanunları anlamına gelen “el-âde” kavramını kullanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kelam, Mutezile, mütevâtir haber, Kâdî Abdülcebbâr, Zarûrî Bilgi, el-âde.AbstractHumans obtain some of their knowledge through the organs of the mind and senses, and the other through khabars. t is the only source news that enables us to obtain information about past events, personalities and distant countries we have not seen. Therefore, the source of all information that is not based on observation and mutawatir khabars. The part that expresses certain information in the news is mutawatir.One of the scholars who discussed the details of the news in the Hijri 4th century and took a detailed view of it in his works is Qādi Abd al-Jabbar (415/1025). He has opened independent titles in his works on the value of news and knowledge of the news, and has based his views on this subject in various ways, using the methods of Islam as the basic sources of Islam, using the methods of intelligence and transportation against the Sumenians who do not accept the news as a source of information and Berahime who do not accept the prophethood of the prophethood. He was the advocate of ân, Sunnah and icma.In this study, the modest theory of Qādi Abd al-Jabbar is emphasized. His views were based on his work, al-Mughni, which had an encyclopedic identity. Qâdi, tried to put the modest news on a rational basis both in order to combat those who do not see the news as a source of information and to base the basic sources of Islam. For this, he used the concept of “al-ade, which means det the rule of law det or law of nature which is respected by people, has a more objective and rational identity.Keywords: Kalam, Mutezile, mutawatir khabar, Qādi Abd al-Jabbar, accurate information, el-âde. (shrink)

We will show that there is a strong form of emergence in cell biology. Beginning with C.D. Broad's classic discussion of emergence, we distinguish two conditions sufficient for emergence. Emergence in biology must be compatible with the thought that all explanations of systemic properties are mechanistic explanations and with their sufficiency. Explanations of systemic properties are always in terms of the properties of the parts within the system. Nonetheless, systemic properties can still be emergent. If the properties of the components (...) within the system cannot be predicted, even in principle, from the behavior of the system's parts within simpler wholes then there also will be systemic properties which cannot be predicted, even in principle, on basis of the behavior of these parts. We show in an explicit case study drawn from molecular cell physiology that biochemical networks display this kind of emergence, even though they deploy only mechanistic explanations. This illustrates emergence and its place in nature. (shrink)

Fıkıh literatüründe sünnet önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çünkü fıkhın temeli Hz. Peygamber tarafından atılmış ve fıkhın gayesini en iyi bilen ve uygulayan kendisi olmuştur. Bu sebeple şer’î amelî konularda hüküm istinbatı için müctehid imamlar, Kur’an’dan sonra sünnete başvurmuşlardır. Bununla birlikte müctehid imamlar, Hz. Peygamber’den gelen rivayetlerin bazılarını kabul ve onlarla amel etmede görüş ayrılıkları yaşamışlardır. Görüş ayrılıklarının temelinde ise sünnetin ekseriyetini teşkil eden haber-i vâhid vardır. Çünkü haber-i vâhid yapısal açıdan yalan, yanlışlık ve vehm ihtimali bulundurması yanında doğruluğu (...) zan ile sabit olması sebebiyle özellikle Hanefî usûlcülerine göre bilgi ifade etmez. Bu yönüyle haberi vâhid, mütevâtir haber kadar kuvvetli ve bağlayıcı olmayıp zannî bir bilgi ifade eder. Bu doğrultuda haber-i vâhid, “bilgi gerektirmez, zan gerektirir” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir. Bu ifade bağlamında şöyle bir soru ortaya çıkmaktadır: Haber-i vâhid, bilgi ifade etmediği halde, onunla amel edilmesi mümkün müdür? Bu sorudan hareketle zan ifade eden haber-i vâhidin hücceti ve onunla amel edilmesinin mümkün olup olmadığını, mezheplerin haber-i vâhide yaklaşımlarının nasıl olduğunu ve bu durumun cenaze bahsine ilişkin hükümlere nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymak amacıyla bu çalışma ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın konusu, haber-i vâhidin hücceti için mezheplerin ileri sürdüğü farklı şartlar ve bu şartların hükümlere -cenaze namazı özelinde- etkisi ile sınırlıdır. Yöntem olarak öncelikle kavramsal çerçevede haber-i vâhidi tanımlamak, bilgi değerini ortaya koymak ve mezheplerin onunla hücceti noktasında benimsedikleri şartları tespit etmek amacıyla ilgili mezheplerin usûl eserleri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra mezheplerin benimsediği bu usûlî yöntem, cenaze bahsindeki yerini belirlemek üzere ilgili mezheplerin fürû kitapları taranmıştır. Bu metottan hareketle mezheplerin usûlde benimsediği ilkenin fürû meselelerine nasıl yansıdığı, haber-î vâhidin zannî bilgi ifade etmesine rağmen onunla amel etmenin gerekçesi ve cenazeye ilişkin bazı hükümlerde mezheplerin farklı hüküm benimsemelerinin nedeni ortaya konulacaktır. (shrink)

Towards the close of Book V of theRepublicPlato tells us that the true philosopher has knowledge and that the objects of knowledge are the Forms. By contrast, the ‘lovers of sights and sounds’, he tells us, have no more than belief, the objects of which are physical particulars. He then goes on to present us with some very radical-sounding assertions about the nature of these physical particulars. They are bearers of opposite properties, he says, in so thorough-going a manner that (...) we cannot say of them that they are nor that they are not: they lie somewhere between being and utter non-being.This passage of theRepublic still awaits an agreed interpretation and I want to suggest as a reason for this that it is usually interpreted in isolation. I will argue that it becomes easier to understand when seen against the background of Plato's developing thought. To be more precise, it makes sense when taken as a rejection by Plato of one of his earlier beliefs: namely, a doctrine of essentialism to be found in thePhaedo.The greater part of this paper then will be an attempt to show thatRepublicV is a rejection of thePhaedo'sdoctrine of essences. Its concluding part will try to explain why that doctrine was rejected. (shrink)

This is a book about the philosophy of Henri Bergson which shows how relevant Bergson is to much contemporary philosophy. The book takes as its point of departure Bergson's insistence on precision in philosophy. It then discusses a variety of topics including laughter, the nature of time as experienced, how intelligence and language should be construed as a pragmatic product of evolution, and the antinomies of reason represented by magic and religion. This is not just another exposition of Bergson's work. (...) It offers an account of why Bergson commanded such a massive reading public in his own day and why he deserves to be read now. Written in a terse and clear style, this book will prove appealing to teachers and students of philosophy, cognitive science, psychology, religious studies and literature. (shrink)

F. C. Copleston; XIV*—The Logical Empiricism of Nicholas of Autrecourt, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 74, Issue 1, 1 June 1974, Pages 249–262.

This book is a philosophical commentary on Schopenhauer's "Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason," dealing with each of Schopenhauer's principal ...