Through the analysis of Conrad-Martius Metaphysical Dialogues, our aim is show the relevance of the concept of spirit (Geist) and soul (Seele) to clarify the constitution of the human being. In order to understand Conrad-Martius’ phenomenological description, it is necessary to explain Husserl’s and Stein’s approaches to the same argument. Briefly their position is described at the beginning of the essay and then the main points of Conrad-Martius’ book are pinpointed. Human being is understandable in the complex of the degrees (...) of nature, that is, with reference to the organic life—plants and animals. Mental-spirit life is the distinguishing element regarding the human being. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:...

Film is a powerful medium that can influence audience’s perceptions, values and ideals. As filmmaking evolved into a serious art form, it became a powerful tool for telling stories that require us to re-examine our ideology. While it remains popular to adapt a literary novel or text for the screen, filmmakers have more freedom to pick and choose the stories they want to tell. This freedom allows filmmakers to explore narratives that might otherwise go unheard, which include stories that feature (...) marginal figures, such as serial killers, as sympathetic protagonists, which is what director Patty Jenkins achieves in her 2003 film Monster. Charlize Theron’s transformation into and performance as Aileen Wuornos, and Jenkins’s presentation of the subject matter, make this film an example of rogue cinema. In addition, Aileen Wuornos is portrayed as a clear example of the rogue character. This character trope frequently defies social standards, suffers from past trauma, is psychologically complex, and is often exiled. As a prostitute and social outcast, Aileen Wuornos exists on the fringes of society and rejects the hegemonic power structure and later heteronormativity of society, which makes her a rogue figure. While there are several aspects to consider when analyzing Jenkins’s film, my intention is to argue that this film is an example of rogue cinema because of its content. In order to accomplish this task, I examine Theron’s bodily transformation and her performance as Wuornos. Furthermore, I look at how Jenkins handles the depiction of romantic love and gendered violence and argue that her treatment of this content renders this film rogue. (shrink)

Newman and Soloviev -- The influences of Tolstoy and Tchadaiev -- Early influences -- Soloviev as professor -- Soloviev as writer -- Soloviev as logician -- Soloviev as moralist -- The beginning of Soloviev's work as a theologian -- Soloviev's development as a theologian-questions put to the Russian hierarchy-his relations with Mgr. Strossmayer -- The conclusions of Soloviev the theologian -- Soloviev's asceticism.

One puzzling result in training-test paradigms is that effects of reward-associated stimuli on attention are often seen in test but not in training. We focus on one study, where reward-related performance benefits occur in the training and which was discussed contentiously. By using a similar design, we conceptually replicated the results. Moreover, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and processes resulting in these reward-related performance benefits. In two experiments, using search tasks and having participants perform the tasks either with or without (...) individually adjusted time pressure, we disentangled the mechanisms and processes contributing to the reward-related benefits. We found evidence that not only search efficiency is increased with increasing reward, but also that non-search factors contribute to the results. By also investigating response time distributions, we were able to show that reward-related performance effects increased as search time increased in demanding tasks but not in less demanding tasks. Theoretical implications of the results regarding how reward influences attentional processing are discussed. (shrink)

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

Lors d’une conférence à l’université de Iéna, Paul Klee construit une ana­lo­gie entre la création artistique et la morphologie de l'arbre. Dans cette para­bole, qui a depuis connu une fortune critique internationale, il associe les racines au flux des apparences et des expériences et l'artiste au tronc, celui-ci ordonnant et acheminant dans l’œuvre ce courant qui l'assaille. Cette démons­tra­tion, qui a pour intention de justifier les développements abstraits de l'art moderne, réserve à l'ar...

Every day, we are confronted with a vast amount of information that all competes for our attention. Some of this information might be associated with rewards or losses. To what extent such information, even if irrelevant for our current task, not only attracts attention but also affects our actions is still a topic under examination. To address this issue, we applied a new experimental paradigm that combines visual search and a spatial compatibility task. Although colored stimuli did not modulate the (...) spatial compatibility effect more than gray stimuli, we found clear evidence that reward and loss associations attenuated this effect, presumably by affecting attention and response selection. Moreover, there are hints that differences in these associations are also reflected in a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect. We discuss theoretical implications of our results with respect to the influences of color, reward, and loss association on selective attention and response selection. (shrink)

I defend the thesis that, if there are substances, substance causation (i.e., causation by substances) is the only sort of causation in the universe – or the only fundamental sort. Subsequently, I develop an account of substance causation that is partly grounded on a peculiar interpretation of absolute change (i.e., of entities' coming and ceasing to be) and qualitative change, on some ontological assumptions about modes (i.e., individual properties that ontologically depend on their bearers) and powers. Finally, I reply to (...) some objections against substance causation in general (e.g., C. D. Broad's objection against causes' being non-essentially-dated entities) and to some possible objections against my own account and I briefly explore three advantages given by the acceptance of the latter. (shrink)

I put in question in this article the existence of conjunctive properties. In the second section, after having provided a characterization of conjunctive properties, I develop an argument based on the principle of ontological parsimony: if we accept that there are conjunctive properties in the universe then, ceteris paribus, our ontology turns out to be less ontologically parsimonious than if we reject them. Afterwards, in the third section, I distinguish between maximalist and non-maximalist and reductionist and non-reductionist theories of conjunctive (...) properties., as well as between reductionist and non-reductionist theories that reject conjunctive properties. Such distinctions help to clarify the options at hand when accepting or rejecting conjunctive properties. In light of these distinctions, I then tackle two objections against the argument from ontological parsimony. Finally, in the remaining sections, I deal with two arguments defended by D. M. Armstrong for the existence of conjunctive properties: the argument from infinite complexity and the argument from causal powers. I show that there are several ways to resist these arguments and their conclusion. (shrink)

: Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for "parity": equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active (...) citizenship defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for “parity”: equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for “parity”: equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for “parity”: equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Les réformes économiques néolibérales, suite à la crise financière de 1991, ont provoqué des mutations dans l’économie indienne, son développement industriel et agricole. Celles-ci ont touché l’ensemble de la population mais particulièrement, les groupes sociaux classés comme les plus vulnérables, telles que les communautés autochtones adivasi. Du point de vue des politiques publiques, ce qui caractérise les Adivasis, c’est leur désavantage économique et social. Ils font donc partie d’une catégorie sociale ciblée par différents programmes nationaux de développement et de réduction (...) de la pauvreté, notamment par l’intermédiaire du Dongria Kondh Development Agency (DKDA pour son acronyme anglais), département gouvernemental de médiation entre le gouvernement central indien et le groupe autochtone Dongria Kondh. C’est sur ce groupe que porte notre enquête anthropologique. Le présent article, dont les résultats s’appuient sur neuf mois de travail sur le terrain entre 2011 et 2015, vise à mettre en évidence la manière dont les politiques publiques nationales visant les communautés de dongria ont des impacts environnementaux et sociaux significatifs. (shrink)

Le discours et son envers Le discours officiel de nos sociétés - celui que diffusent couramment les média - se veut rationnel, à l’image des révolutions technologiques qui bouleversent la planète. Il ne doit pas faire exagérément illusion : un nombre incalculable de personnes cherchent leur vérité ailleurs ; il y a peu, l’émission la plus populaire de la télévision russe était celle d’un voyant ; dans notre France qui se pense sans préjugés, les croyances dans la voyance, voire la (...) sorcellerie... (shrink)

Le discours et son envers Le discours officiel de nos sociétés - celui que diffusent couramment les média - se veut rationnel, à l’image des révolutions technologiques qui bouleversent la planète. Il ne doit pas faire exagérément illusion : un nombre incalculable de personnes cherchent leur vérité ailleurs ; il y a peu, l’émission la plus populaire de la télévision russe était celle d’un voyant ; dans notre France qui se pense sans préjugés, les croyances dans la voyance, voire la (...) sorcellerie... (shrink)

Video barbam et pallium, philosophum nondum videoAulo Gellio, Noctes Atticae, IX, 2, 4 1 Lo scenario Immaginiamo che il direttore di un grande museo venga a sapere che uno dei più grandi e riconosciuti maestri dell’arte contemporanea - anch’egli immaginario, chiamiamolo per comodità D’Auchan — ha lasciato in eredità a qualcuno, diciamo un oscuro collezionista, una grande quantità di opere del tutto inedite e completamente ignote anche alla critica, che il fortunato beneficiario ha deciso infi...

Avec le réveil d'une conscience de la richesse que chaque culture apporte au monde, le danger de la possible disparition des langues est apparu et a suscité de nombreux plaidoyers et de nouvelles orientations de recherche. Pourtant, la mort des langues à faible diffusion n'est pas liée à l'extension des grandes langues de communication. L'évolution des langues peut s'analyser selon les politiques des États mais elle dépend surtout de choix individuels qui expriment d'abord des liens communautaires : les langues locales (...) manifestent la volonté qu'ont des individus de se situer dans une relation à leurs ancêtres et à des groupes liés par des solidarités affectives et culturelles, faute d'avoir accès au pouvoir politique. Les choix individuels répondent ensuite au besoin de participer à la vie publique et/ou à la vie internationale, au développement durable. Ils reflètent, enfin, le désir de jouer avec une variété infinie de combinaisons de sens, de sons, et de formes qui fait de chaque langue un trésor qu'on ne saurait apprécier en termes strictement économiques. Principe d'utilité et principe de plaisir sont donc à l'oeuvre pour s'opposer durablement à la puissante capacité réductrice des hégémonies linguistiques. Ils devraient être également pris en compte par une politique de la diversité linguistique qui, tout en reconnaissant la variété des valeurs que porte toute langue, ne considérerait pas les évolutions en cours comme nécessairement réductrices, et n'attribuerait pas non plus des avantages exorbitants au fait de parler uniquement le français ou l'anglais. Ni anges, ni démons, les langues en ressortiraient plus fortes de leur mise en perspective historique et politique.The growing awareness that each culture brings unique riches to the world has revealed the danger of certain languages possibly becoming extinct which led to many calls for support and stimulated research to move in new directions. Yet the extinction of little-spoken languages is not due to the spread of the main languages used for communication. The evolution of any language can be seen as the result of national government policy, but is dependent, first and foremost, on the choices of individuals which express community bonds: local languages show the will of a group of individuals to place themselves in a relationship with their ancestors and with other groups bound by emotional and cultural ties as they have no access to political power. An individual's choice comes, secondly, as a response to the desire to be in the public and/or international arena, and to be part of sustainable development. Lastly, it reflects the desire to play around with the infinitely varied combinations of meanings, sounds and shapes that make each language a treasure, the value of which cannot be evaluated in mere economic terms. In other words, the concepts of usefulness and of pleasure are both involved in a long-lasting struggle against the mighty linguistic hegemonies that cause them to wane. These concepts should also be taken into account by a policy on linguistic diversity which, while recognising that each language carries a variety of values, would not see current developments as necessarily leading to the decline of other languages and would, likewise, not overly favour speaking only French or English. When taken neither as angels nor as devils, languages would come out all the stronger, viewed against their historical and political backgrounds. (shrink)

Les nouvelles formes de démocratie dans la métropole s'affirment aujourd'hui en Europe en relation concrète avec de grandes opérations architecturales. De multiples groupes y affirment leurs besoins spécifiques dans la vision de la ville qui leur est propre. L'actuelle rénovation des Halles constitue de ce point de vue un cas d'école pour analyser les potentialités de glissements progressifs des impératifs de la technologie fordienne vers la geste architecturale spectaculaire, puis des expertises citoyennes qui dessinent d'autres besoins jusqu'ici ignorés par l'institué. (...) Dans ces mutations, les dimensions à la fois technique et esthétique de l'architecture lui permettent de focaliser les échanges entre ces multiples points de vue dans la ville. La situation parisienne permet aussi de mettre en évidence les fortes pesanteurs de son système étatique par rapport à d'autres métropoles européennes. (shrink)

Le printemps austral au Chili a été le théâtre d’un grand soulèvement qui a mis fin à la politique néolibérale de Piñera tout en critiquant le cadre constitutionnel, héritage de l’époque Pinochet. Au départ, le mouvement était une grève métropolitaine contre l’augmentation du prix du ticket des transports publics. Face à la répression qui a suivi la grève s’est transformée en un soulèvement des multitudes pour la démocratie et un nouveau système de protection sociale. Même les tentatives de médiation institutionnelles (...) ne semblent ne pas avoir de succès pour bloquer le mouvement qui tout de même rentre en hibernation à cause de la pandémie. Mais le résultat du plébiscite pour une nouvelle constituante qui montre que le pays s’émancipe du cadre pinochetiste. (shrink)

La notion de médiation culturelle s'est institutionnalisée dans le monde culturel et dans le monde universitaire. Son analyse concerne la situation de médiation et le système de médiations comme répertoire d'actions, ce qui engage deux dimensions: la dimension historique et la dimension politique. Il est donc nécessaire, tant dans la recherche que dans les formations, de maintenir une distance critique envers certaines conceptions mythiques de la notion.The concept of cultural mediation has become an institutionalized part of the worlds of both (...) culture and the university. Analysis of the concept covers the context of mediation and the general system of mediations, understood as a repertoire of actions. This brings into play two dimensions, historical and political. It is therefore necessary to maintain a critical distance from certain mythologizing versions of this notion, as much in research as in education and training. (shrink)

La communication plurilingue est aujourd’hui reconnue comme une nécessité, tant par les États que par les producteurs économiques, scientifiques et culturels. Elle alimente la pratique de la traduction conçue comme un outil pour accéder aux savoirs du monde entier. Or l’exercice de la traduction influence l’extension des notions, des représentations et des modes de pensée propres à la langue d’arrivée. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante à la définition du caractère vivant d’une langue réside donc non pas seulement dans l’exposition de (...) cette langue à la traduction mais dans l’accueil, par cette langue, des productions venues d’un ailleurs aussi divers que possible.Today, not only States but anyone involved in economic, scientific and cultural production recognise the necessity of multilingual communication, which has boosted the idea of translation as a tool that gives access to knowledge from everywhere in the world. But translation itself influences the dissemination of concepts, representations and patterns of thought that belong to the target language. The living nature of a language therefore resides not only in its exposure to translation but also in its capacity to integrate production of every kind from the greatest possible diversity of sources. (shrink)

L’évolution de la société se traduit dans le langage. Au Moyen Âge, notairesse, tutorresse et défenderesse rendaient visibles, dans les textes, l’épouse et la femme agissant dans la société. À notre époque s’emploient des noms, tels infirmière, institutrice et vendeuse, qui ne sont pas neufs. Simultanément, comme la femme accède à des professions réservées aux hommes, s’installent des appellations féminines nouvelles telles que (la) juge, (la) pénaliste, présidente, consœur, avocate, magistrate, huissière, enquêtrice. Au Québec, en Suisse, en Belgique et en (...) France, des textes officiels recommandent la féminisation. Celle-ci suscite les passions parce qu’elle touche aux traditions, au savoir-vivre, aux préjugés, au souci d’égalité et surtout à l’identité de la personne. Même si des raisons culturelles et sociales freinent l’évolution des mentalités, la progression de la féminisation dans l’usage constitue un fait linguistique remarquable. (shrink)

antonio favaro was born in padua on 21 may 1847 to a cultivated family of lower nobility. after having accomplished his studies in mathematics at the university of padua in 1866, he went to turin, where he specialized as an engineer at the scuola d’applicazione in 1869. as early as 1872, he was appointed as extra-ordinary professor at the university of padua. for fifty years he taught graphical statics there. during different periods he also gave courses in infinitesimal calculus and (...) projective geometry. since 1878 favaro, as one of the first in an italian university, also taught history of mathematics. he died in padua on 30 september 1922, shortly after his retirement. (shrink)

La définition kantienne du Gewissen associe deux schèmes interprétatifs anciens, celui de la voix et celui du tribunal, pour produire une invention dont le présent article essaie de mesurer la portée en même temps qu’il fait de cette réélaboration critique un vecteur de lecture des interprétations contemporaines. De manière presque inaperçue, c’est-à-dire sous l’apparence d’un héritage passivement transmis, Kant nous lègue un des problèmes les plus difficiles pour la philosophie pratique, celui de conférer du sens à la conscience morale.

Après Discours, figure (1971) qui montrait l’irréductibilité du visuel, Lyotard est saisi, en lisant Levinas, par une autre altérité à la logique du savoir : celle de l’obligation morale. Sa méditation rencontre le nouveau geste de sa philosophie ( Le Différend, 1983). En articulant l’obligation à la pensée du tort et du différend, dans un dialogue constant avec Levinas et Kant et leur épreuve réciproque, Lyotard achève le mouvement lévinasien de rupture avec toute philosophie de l’autonomie et procédure d’universalisation. Tandis (...) qu’il conduit la pensée lévinasienne à l’acuité de ses justesses et de ses impasses, il la décentre et inscrit le régime de l’obligation dans une configuration générale du différend constamment conflictuel entre plusieurs régimes de « phrases » jamais apaisées. L’éthique requiert l’aporie, l’absence de garantie, et, par là, la ressource du jugement. Il n’y a pas plus à chercher de relève dans un terme-refuge ou une autre instance et modalité de dernier recours : ni politique, ni esthétique. Le dénuement est le paradigme de la responsabilité. L’écriture, évasive par avance, en est « la trace toute vide ». (shrink)

Brillant analyste de la vie sociale et culturelle de l’Allemagne des années vingt et trente, Siegfried Kracauer montre dans son essai Le Roman policier comment l’inscription dans une culture de masse du genre littéraire récent qu’est le « roman policier » procède d’une mutation radicale de la rationalité et des conditions « métaphysiques » de la constitution du sens. C’est étonnamment en adoptant une perspective métaphysique que Siegfried Kracauer parvient à faire des transformations du roman policier les prodromes de la (...) terreur totalitaire qui vient. (shrink)

RESUME Dans cet article, on aborde le champ de la vulgarisation scientifique en mettant l'accent sur les différentes sphères d'activité langagière qui s'y croisent. On rappelle d'abord le modèle classique et linéaire de la diffusion scientifique avant de montrer le déplacement qui s'est ensuite produit avec l'intervention des médias traditionnels, qui, notamment lors d'événements scientifiques, ont fait dialoguer différentes communautés langagières. On aborde enfin les changements apportés par les nouveaux outils technologiques dans des formes de participation et de prise de (...) parole qu'autorise l'internet.ABSTRACT This paper deals with the field of popular science with a focus on the different linguistic spheres that intersect it. It starts by reviewing the classical linear model of scientific dissemination. The authors then show the displacement that took place with the involvement of traditional media that established a dialogue between different language communities, in particular for scientific events. Finally, the changes to forms of participation and speech resulting from new technological tools and made possible by the Internet are presented.RESUMO O presente artigo aborda o campo da divulgação científica através das diferentes esferas de atividade linguageira que nele se cruzam. Evocaremos incialmente o modelo clássico e linear da divulgação científica, antes de apresentarmos o deslocamento produzido, em seguida, pela mídia tradicional, que possibilitou o diálogo entre diferentes comunidades linguageiras, especialmente em acontecimentos científicos. Mostraremos finalmente as modificações trazidas pelas novas ferramentas tecnológicas nas formas de participação e de tomada da palavra proporcionadas pela Internet. (shrink)

Le centre d’art du Palais de Tokyo a ouvert ses portes. Derrière une façade bien connue et monumentale, l’intérieur du bâtiment a pris la forme d’une immense « friche industrielle » : un plateau sans cloisons de 4 000 m2. « Les hauteurs d’étage sont redevenues amples, les volumétries apparaissent étonnantes, la lumière naturelle est omniprésente et généreuse...

Sexually dimorphic mate selection strategies were examined in 200 university students reporting their willingness to engage in casual sexual encounters with hypothetical individuals of the opposite sex. Using a questionnaire format, the possibility of forming a long-term relationship was manipulated, while risk of disease, pregnancy, and detection was eliminated across all conditions. In addition, potential partners varied in level of attractiveness, and in personality and behavioral characteristics. As expected, men reported a greater anticipated willingness to engage in sexual intercourse across (...) all conditions compared with women. The possibility of forming a long-term relationship elevated women’s, but not men’s, willingness for sexual intercourse. While a potential partner’s attractiveness had a significant positive overall effect on responses, reducing their relative attractiveness had a greater negative impact on men’s responses. Reference to the parental qualities of a potential partner significantly increased women’s, but not men’s, anticipated willingness for sexual intercourse. Describing a hypothetical partner as non-aggressive marginally increased women’s willingness and did not affect men’s responses. The wording of items relevant to this condition may have resulted in the potential partner sounding "wimpy" rather than nonaggressive, and this may have reduced the expected effect of this manipulation. The possibility that women may trade off personality and behavioral characteristics with attractiveness to a greater degree than men when assessing potential mates is considered. (shrink)