This paper advances a provisional case denying the attribution of the medieval liturgical sequence Sanctitatis nova signa, written in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, to Thomas of Celano (died c. 1260), who is best known for writing the earliest biography of the saint. The Conventual Franciscan friar and bishop, Pietro Ridolfi, provides the oldest extant attribution of this sequence to Celano. Luke Wadding (died 1657) echoes this point in his Annales Minorum; several recent critical editions of early Franciscan texts, (...) as well as countless secondary sources, cite Wadding for the attribution to Celano. This identification remains problematic, not only due to the lateness of the Ridolfi-Wadding claim; the sequence's use of Dionysian mystical motifs and details unique to Bonaventure's Legenda Major (completed 1262) should exclude the possibility of Celano's authorship. Consequently this study tentatively dates the sequence to the latter part of the thirteenth century. Unlike the earlier sequences for Saint Francis attributed to Pope Gregory IX (died 1241) and Thomas of Capua (died 1243), Sanctitatis depicts Francis as a model Dionysian mystic. This mystical exemplarity becomes the image of unity advanced by the Franciscans to heal the internal crises plaguing the order in the later thirteenth century. (shrink)

While the story of Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure of Bagnoregio engaging in a friendly contest, at the behest of Pope Urban IV, to compose the Mass and Office of Corpus Christi is likely a pious fiction, one can still ponder the fascinating hypothetical scenario: had such a contest taken place, who might have won? To consider that question, this paper embarks on a close reading of Bonaventure's hymns in his Office of the Passion, comparing his poetic approaches to those of (...) Aquinas in the hymns for Corpus Christi. After an introductory historical examination into the supposed involvement of both friars in the composition of the Corpus Christi liturgy, this article proceeds in three sections. First, a look into select excerpts from Bonaventure's Office of the Passion will establish his general poetic technique. In the transitional second section, a direct comparison between Bonaventure and Aquinas on the composition of the final doxological verses of their respective hymns will place their different poetic styles into greater relief. Third, a broader reading of Aquinas's Eucharistic hymns will highlight the unique qualities of his versified praises. Finally, in light of the foregoing analyses, a prospective winner of the hypothetical contest will be suggested. (shrink)

Corrientes epistemológicas jurídicas -- Epistemología general -- El derecho como no ciencia y el concepto de “paradigma” en la investigación jurídica.

The concepts of “good” and “bad” are associated with right and left space. Individuals tend to associate good things with the side of their dominant hand, where they experience greater motor fluency, and bad things with their nondominant side. This mapping has been shown to be flexible: Changing the relative fluency of the hands, or even observing a change in someone else's motor fluency, results in a reversal of the conceptual mapping, such that good things become associated with the side (...) of the nondominant hand. Yet, based on prior studies, it is unclear whether space–valence associations were determined by the experience of fluent versus disfluent actions, or by the mere expectation of fluency. Here, we tested the role of expected fluency by removing motor execution and perceptual feedback altogether. Participants were asked to imagine themselves performing a psychomotor task with one of their hands impaired, after which their implicit space–valence mapping was measured. After imagining that their right hand was impaired, right-handed participants showed the “good is left” association typical of left-handers. Motor imagery can change people's implicit associations between space and emotional valence. Although asymmetric motor experience may be necessary to establish body-specific associations between space and valence initially, neither motoric nor perceptual experience is needed to change these associations subsequently. The mere expectation of fluent versus disfluenct actions can drive fluency-based effects on people's implicit spatialization of “good” and “bad.” These results suggest a reconsideration of the mechanisms and boundary conditions of fluency effects. (shrink)

In this paper we criticize the existing contradictions in the context of bone marrow donor records in Spain. On the one hand there is the necessity to register as many patients as possible to maximize the opportunities to access a bone marrow transplant and on the other the always important economic issue of having to perform the relevant histocompatibility tests. In fact, these records are globally coordinated with each other to provide a wide range of potential donors and make better (...) use of existing resources. It should be noted that many patients who should have a transplant but who do not achieve a sufficient donor support must follow a medical treatment with high economic costs with tragic results for many of them. For example, those suffering from certain types of leukemia, when not finding that compatible donor, must follow chemotherapy-based treatments. There are also cord blood units banks which allow performing these transplants, also coordinated at the international level. Therefore, according to the principle of reciprocity, it is not justifiable that some countries are doing an important economic effort to have a large registration while others take advantage without making an equivalent effort according to their economic and population size. (shrink)

The main purpose of this essay is to explore the relationship between the incommensurability of paradigms or general theories, a thesis due to Kuhn and Feyerabend, and the idealizations and abstractions that permeate concepts and fundamental laws of physical theories. One can find some unrealistic or idealizational suppositions underlying the semantic level of the differences between the conceptual vocabularies of incommensurable theories, on which these theories rest. This kind of suppositions relates to the idealizations and abstractions involved in forming concepts (...) and formulating laws. Generally, the fundamental laws of physical theories have an abstract and idealized character. Physical theories contain conceptual networks of kind concepts and quantitative concepts, which are interconnected by several sorts of relationships. The discrepancies between such conceptual network, and their underlying assumptions, of alternative paradigms or theories make their comparison at a theoretical level, that is, their commensurability implausible. That at once strengthens the incommensurability thesis and further supports it. In addition, it follows that Kuhn’s philosophy of science indeed involves a version of conceptual or epistemological relativism about science. (shrink)

En este artículo se plantea la fertilidad del pensamiento marxista de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915-2011) al abordar los desafíos inherentes al desarrollo tecnológico. Se busca ofrecer una aproximación al pensamiento del autor acerca de la tecnología, temática tratada de manera implícita a lo largo de su obra. De esta manera, se aborda una cuestión apenas explorada en los estudios sobre Sánchez Vázquez, abriendo así la puerta a posteriores investigaciones sobre del tema. El trabajo se divide en tres partes. Una primera, (...) en la que se presenta someramente su filosofía de la praxis a partir de la hipótesis hermenéutica de la «trayectoria intelectual elíptica». Esta hipótesis de lectura permitirá comprender la obra de Sánchez Vázquez como articulada en torno a dos grandes preocupaciones principales: la creatividad y la emancipación política. Dos preocupaciones que definirán, a su vez, las reflexiones del autor acerca de la tecnología. En esta línea, será en la segunda parte donde se aborde la lectura sanchezvazquiana de la tecnología y su concepto de «racionalismo tecnológico». Finalmente, en la tercera parte, se proponen tres ámbitos estrechamente relacionados con el desarrollo tecnológico a los que las ideas del autor -marcadas por la doble preocupación anteriormente señalada-harían una contribución relevante: el de la ecología, el de la filosofía del trabajo y el de la socialización de la creación. (shrink)

En una época en la que el "pensamiento débil" del posmodernismo intenta desmantelar las bases del comportamiento ético, es muy necesaria una reflexión profunda sobre las ideas de libertad y responsabilidad. No es sólo la "mente" humana la que exige la excelencia moral, sino también la realidad del "ser" humano, en particular de los seres humanos que sufren. Este ensayo se ha escrito como un diálogo entre dos autores contemporáneos.

El presente artículo invita a considerar la dimensión política de la obra de Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro como una pieza crítica que desde el universalismo de la filosofía cristiana replantea la reelaboración moderna de los ideales cosmopolitas antiguos (de raíz cínica uno, estoica el otro). Con este fin, en primer lugar, se descubrirán al lector los debates literarios, políticos y científicos que explican la aparición de los volúmenes del Viaggio estatico dentro de la Idea dell’Universo. A continuación, al subrayar la (...) peculiaridad literaria del Viaggio dentro de la Idea, la calificación de su interlocutor como Cosmopolita, se analizará cómo Hervás respondió con ella a la ideologización del término por obra del Cosmopolite (1751) de Fougeret de Monbron. Finalmente, se contrasta la reacción del Hervás posterior a la Revolución francesa con el giro estoico del cosmopolitismo que representa la obra del Kant del período crítico, desarrollada entre 1781 y 1795. (shrink)

O ensaio discute as relações entre a produção poética e a experiência pandêmica. Estabelece o movimento identitário do narrador poético entre três modalidades de produção poética. Trata-se de triangulação artística que se envidencia entre Poema Minuto, Diet Poesia e Minimalismus Pandemicus. Para a caracterização do deslocamento intervérsico a tríplice produção artística, vale-se dos conceitos de “celebração móvel” de Hall (2006), das noções de dupla vocalidade da Signifyin(g) e da tripla dimensão de Exu e Iorubás, segundo Gates (1988), além da ideia (...) de política da conversão de West (1994). O ensaio sugere recorrer a uma ética do amor que, segundo West, teria a capacidade de estabelecer uma epistemologia poética com vistas a proteger a terra e fazer um mundo melhor. (shrink)

This paper aims to explore and offer different hypotheses that could account for an adequate understanding of the duty to die and its relation to biopolitics from two neglected approaches. First, death will be analysed from a biopolitical perspective to understand the crucial role it has in biopower. Second, the focus lies on the two-folded implication that death has in biopower, for it could be either a defiance of it or the final sublimation of its control. Similarly, the next section (...) addresses the relations between death and neoliberalism from a biopolitical perspective, exploring the possibility of understanding the duty to die as resistance to economic mandates or, on the contrary, as the fulfilment of neoliberal interests. Finally, as a continuation of the relations between the duty to die and neo-liberalism, the paper analyses a similar two-folded view of the former from a psychopolitical perspective. (shrink)

This paper will review the strategies and learning trajectories followed to tap the opportunities opened by the successive waves of biotechnologies: early imitators followed by late imitators in the first generation of biosimilars (erythropoietin, insulins, interferons), and then sequential entry and skipping stages during the second generation (monoclonal antibodies).

O objetivo do artigo é explorar as conexões entre o problema da morte, o conceito de ideia e a tese da indestrutibilidade do nosso ser com a morte, em Schopenhauer. Como ponto de partida, é apresentada a crítica de Schopenhauer à compreensão empírica da morte como passagem ao não-ser. Passa-se, então às considerações do filósofo sobre a indestrutibilidade do nosso ser com a morte, por meio do destaque às suas considerações sobre o caráter de coisa, vinculado à sua intepretação das (...) ideias como formas eternas. Após discorrer pontualmente a respeito do sentido desta noção na filosofia platônica, são apresentados os principais elementos que configuram a apropriação schopenhaueriana da teoria platônica das ideias tendo em vista exclusivamente o problema elegido, qual seja, a morte e a indestrutibilidade do nosso ser. (shrink)

This volume highlights interdisciplinary research on the ethical, metaphysical, and experimental dimensions of extended reality technologies, including virtual and augmented realities. It explores themes connected to the nature of virtual objects, the value of virtual experiences and relationships, experimental ethics, moral psychology in the metaverse, and game/simulation design. -/- Extended reality (XR) refers to a family of technologies aiming to augment (AR) or virtually replace (VR) human experience. The chapters in this volume represent cutting-edge research on XR experiences from a (...) wide range of approaches including philosophy, psychology, Africana studies, and cognitive sciences. They are organized around three guiding questions. Part 1, “What is Extended Reality?”, contains a series of chapters examining metaphysical questions about virtual objects, actions, and worlds. Part 2, “Is There an Ethics for Extended Realities?”, includes chapters that address ethical questions that arise within XR experiences. Finally, Part 3, “What Can We Do with Extended Realities?”, features chapters from a diverse group of social scientists on the potential uses of XR as an investigative and educational tool, including its strengths and pitfalls. (shrink)

José Ortega y Gasset (Madrid, 1883-1955), doctor en Filosofía y Letras, amplió estudios en las universidades de Leipzig, Berlín y Marburgo, consiguiendo a los veintisiete años la cátedra de Metafísica de la Universidad Central de Madrid. En 1923 funda Revista de Occidente, una de las publicaciones culturales de mayor prestigio internacional. ¿Qué es filosofía? nació en 1929 en la Universidad de Madrid. La suspensión de las actividades académicas por causas políticas y la dimisión de Ortega le obligaron a continuar el (...) curso en un teatro. ¿Qué es filosofía? contiene un análisis radical de la actividad filosófica y es la mejor vía para conocer el pensamiento orteguiano. A ello nos ayuda en su Introducción Ignacio Sánchez Cámara, mostrando cómo Ortega persigue una radical reforma de la filosofía, que consiste en la superación del idealismo y en la crítica de la modernidad. Ortega nos marca el rumbo, sin duda fértil, por donde pueden evitarse los escollos del racionalismo moderno sin recaer en el irracionalismo ni en el relativismo. (shrink)

Las ideas expuestas por José Eusebio Caro en su obra inconclusa intitulada Mecánica social o Teoría del movimiento humano, considerado en su naturaleza, en sus efectos y en sus causas, en 1836, recoge aspectos característicos del pensamiento de las primeras décadas del Siglo XIX, con raíces algunas de ellas en ápocas anteriores. La riqueza intelectual de la obra en mención indujo la investigación analítica, de la cual da cuenta este documento, según la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuáles son los rasgos (...) epistemológicos predominantes en las tesis filosóficas y sociológicas de José Eusebio Caro, en su obra póstuma inconclusa intitulada Mecánica social o teoría del movimiento humano, considerado en su naturaleza, en sus efectos y en sus causas? El estudio en torno a esta obra se concentra en precisar aspectos epistemológicos de una propuesta que comparte honores con el positivismo y con el surgimiento de la teoría social cuyas tesis dan paso al surgimiento de la sociología. Esto, en un particular siglo caracterizado por la búsqueda de la originalidad ideológica y política del continente americano, que esperaba resurgir lejos de la dominación española y cerca de los teóricos franceses y de los desarrollos ideológicos de Inglaterra. (shrink)

La observación del cinismo antiguo como precursor filosófico del anarquismo ha sido abordada por un gran número de estudiosos y especialistas de ambos campos. El siguiente trabajo se propone aportar nuevos puntos de vista a la relación cinismo-anarquismo. Nuestro punto de partida es la figura del protocínico Diógenes de Sinope [412-402 /325-321], cuya heterodoxa filosofía, de la que no conservamos escritos, ha sido objeto de ambivalentes recepciones a lo largo de la historia. Veremos por qué ha sido reivindicado como un (...) miembro ilustre de la prehistoria del anarquismo y qué nuevas perspectivas podemos añadir a esos estudios. (shrink)

The dialogue Bruno of 1802 is arguably the natural starting point for any investigation on the concepts of finitude, evil and human freedom in Schelling’s middle metaphysics. In this dialogue the author elaborates for the first time in his system a concept of freedom and independence of the finite, which extends via his reformulation in Philosophy and Religion of 1804 to the Freedom Essay of 1809 and beyond to the works of 1810 and 1811 – Stuttgart Private Lectures and The (...) Ages of the World. The central ontological problem of the dialogue relates to the possibility of a separation between the absolute and the world as space of finite beings, which, according to the system of identity first presented in 1801, cannot exist as such. The question we will then address concerns the status of the finite as such and how would it be possible to admit both its existence for consciousness and the positing of an absolute and infinite principle of philosophy. We will show how Schelling’s interest shifts, almost unintentionally, from the infinite principle to the finite as such, as a principle of freedom and self-initiation independent of the real. (shrink)

Each science has its own domain of investigation, but one and the same science can be formalized in different languages with different universes of discourse. The concept of the domain of a science and the concept of the universe of discourse of a formalization of a science are distinct, although they often coincide in extension. In order to analyse the presuppositions and implications of choices of domain and universe, this article discusses the treatment of omega arguments in three very different (...) formalizations of arithmetic. In Peano's formalization the domain is a restricted class of individuals, while the universe of discourse is the unrestricted class of all individuals. In Gödel's formalization the domain is a restricted class of individuals as in Peano's formalization, but the universe of discourse coincides with the domain. In Whitehead-Russell's formalization the domain is a class of logical notions in Tarski's sense, that are necessarily not individuals, whereas the universe of discourse is the unrestricted class of individuals as in Peano's formalization. The present approach emphasizes the viewpoint that the universe of discourse of a given discourse is important in determining which propositions are expressed by which sentences. (shrink)

Se muestra y fundamenta una de las principales ideas que desarrolla augusto Boal en su libro Estética del Oprimido: toda actividad artística, para que lo sea realmente, debe cumplir ciertos requerimientos éticos.

The concept of political obligation has not attracted much attention within Heideggerian scholarship. In this paper, we identify and explicate Heidegger’s conception of political obligation embedded in his pre-Kehre works. It will be argued that Heidegger’s magnum opus Being and Time and his address as Rector of Freiburg contain a latent associative account of political obligation. We argue that the ontological framework disclosed in Being and Time and the more concrete policy prescriptions of the Rectoral Address reveal a communitarian ethos (...) which animates the early Heideggerian canon and grounds his account of political obligation. For Heidegger, Dasein must be connected to a particular community’s ontological heritage in order to delimit its ontical possibilities in concrete situations. It will be argued that this relationship between ontological heritage and ontical possibilities is what defines political obligation for Heidegger. (shrink)

A partir de la convicción de que la filosofía ha de atenerse a los datos de la realidad, de la imagen del filósofo como sometido a la fuerza de la verdad que se le impone, según la enseñanza de Aristóteles en su Metafísica, de que le está prohibido facilitarse la tarea descartando aquellas aristas de la experiencia reacias a encajar en sistemas previamente establecidos, Millán-Puelles desplegó su titánica labor filosófica. Esta posición totalizadora permitió que, a partir de la filosofía de (...) la Escuela, vitalmente asimilada, y en contacto con las principales corrientes del pensamiento moderno, especialmente Kant y la fenomenología, su pensamiento esclareciera importantes asuntos pertenecientes a distintas disciplinas filosóficas: la metafísica, la antropología, la ética, la filosofía política, la pedagogía, y también a campos afines como la economía, la historia y el arte.(Resumen de la editorial). (shrink)

En aquest article pretenem fer una crítica, des de postulats ètics de caràcter republicà, al mode actual d’entendre i, per tant, posar en pràctica el principi d'autonomia de la bioètica. Pretenem mostrar que, en l’estat actual d’aplicació d'aquest principi, emprant una definició liberal de llibertat i de la natura humana, aquest idea de llibertat i autonomia que es pretén protegir, no es compleix en deixar fora de l’equació tot un seguit de circumstàncies socials, polítiques o econòmiques que poden dificultar al (...) pacient prendre una veritable decisió sobirana sobre quin ha de ser el fet d'actuar dels professionals sanitaris sobre el seu cos en cada cas. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de mostrar que actualmente la bioética, si bien requiere de la aplicación de conocimientos de disciplinas heterogéneas, afronta diversas polémicas que tienen una estructura filosófica. Para sustentar una perspectiva filosófica como problema central, el método de abordaje de la presente propuesta contempla un análisis acerca del tipo de indagaciones que caracterizan a la bioética, la delimitación del objeto que estudia, las propuestas metodológicas más relevantes y aquellas alternativas de búsqueda que pretenden tomar distancia de la (...) reflexión filosófica, paralelamente a las variadas conceptualizaciones que parten de la moral y desembocan en la casuística. El argumento central es que la bioética atiende a incertidumbres morales que surgen en la interacción con la vida, estas son el objeto sobre el que reflexiona la ética, y si la ética es una disciplina que se resuelve apelando a los métodos de la filosofía, con este trabajo se pretende concluir que la bioética necesariamente ha de tener una estructura filosófica. (shrink)

Entre os anos 1925 e 1928, Edmund Husserl elaborou uma série de reflexões acerca do que deveria ser uma psicologia fenomenológica e sua relação com a fenomenologia transcendental, presentes na Husserliana IX, com o título de “Psicologia fenomenológica” (Phänomenologische Psychologie). Esses escritos são partes constitutivas das preleções do semestre de verão de 1925, somados à quarta e última versão do artigo destinado à Enciclopédia Britânica, as Conferências de Amsterdam e, adicionalmente, alguns apêndices bastante ilustrativos do que ficara amplamente concebido como (...) a psicologia fenomenológica. (shrink)

Lucrèce adopte résolument les principes de l’épistémologie d’Épicure mais il n’en explicite guère les procédures et le vocabulaire qu’il emploie pour en traduire les termes spécifiques n’est pas toujours cohérent, ce qui entraîne quelques difficultés et des innovations. Après cette présentation générale, on étudiera certaines analogies dans lesquelles Lucrèce infléchit la méthode d’inférence épicurienne. L’usage spécial des analogies à des fins scientifiques semble même la marque de la créativité méthodologique du poète latin. On tentera donc finalement d’évaluer l’intérêt que présente (...) cette méthode pour la compréhension de la doctrine d’Épicure, en particulier dans ses aspects les plus complexes. (shrink)