Knowledge about maize varieties is the key to rural households' survival in native Mexico. Native peoples relate to nature in particular ways and they play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity. This paper discusses the relationship between native women's accumulated knowledge on maize varieties and the laboratory analysis of the species that they manage. Fieldwork was conducted in an Otomí community, San Pablo Arriba, located in the state of Mexico.

In this papper, we will do a travel to the history about Movimiento 19 de Abril, a Colombian guerrilla, and one of their units: the Batallón América. This army was conformed for four groups: M-19 and Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame, Alfaro Vive Carajo, and Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru. This battalion was a perfect example about the relation of M-19 with national and international guerrillas, and the Socialist International. Across this paper, we will show a primal idea about the internationalism in (...) the Latin American guerrillas, its effects in the posterior history from these guerrillas, the important paper from the Batallón América in their strategy about the cooperation between guerrillas in Colombia and the creation of a transnational revolutionary army in the Latin American continent. (shrink)

The European Commission has recently proposed the introduction of legally binding quotas for women on corporate boards of European companies. This proposal has put the spotlight on the question of whether increasing female representation on the board brings economic benefits to the firm. In order to shed light on the issue, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of women on the board on firm value. We use a simultaneous equation model to estimate the effects of women on the (...) board on firm value, financial performance, and compliance with ethical and social principles adopted by the firm. We find no evidence that a higher female representation on the board directly affects firm’s value. However, we find indirect effects. Women on the board are positively related with financial performance (measured in terms of return on assets and return on sales) and with ethical and social compliance, which in turn are positively related with firm value. The findings in this study suggest that greater female representation on corporate boards of large European firms can increase firm value indirectly. Further, part of the indirect effect comes from stronger compliance with ethical principles, something that is not captured by accounting-based financial performance. (shrink)

This paper presents a graffito written after firing on a Samian-ware bowl dated to the turn of the first and second centuries c.e., which seems to contain part of a hexameter included in the well-known anthology Carmina XII sapientum, the composition of which has recently been attributed to the Christian author Lactantius.

An experimental breast-feeding education programme conducted at the Philippine General Hospital in Manila demonstrated that women could be motivated to improve their breast-feeding practices and lengthen their period of lactational amenorrhoea in comparison to a control group. Mothers who participated in the programme breast-fed their babies more frequently, delayed the introduction of regular supplements, used fewer bottles and pacifiers and maintained night feeding longer than mothers who were not exposed to the positive breast-feeding messages. The programme was successful in lengthening (...) the period of amenorrhoea among women with elementary, high school, or technical school education, but not among college-educated women. Different educational approaches may be necessary for women of different education levels. (shrink)

Hilden and Gammelgaard's comments on the evaluation and application of statistical trials and on informed consent lead to the same conclusion that there are special circumstances when clinical trials are performed in emergency situations.The decision to comment on the work that H&G responded to was motivated by the wish to manifest the need to reach a consensus on modifying the conditions in which clinical trials should be performed in special circumstances.One unquestionable fact must first be addressed: clinical trials are necessary (...) for acquiring new knowledge and consequent improvements in health care services. At the same time, patient participation should be encouraged under conditions that respect patients' decision making capability.Are these conditions being met at present? An answer to this is given below. (shrink)

The problem of non-compliance with treatment and its repercussions on the clinical evolution of different conditions has been widely investigated.1–4 Non-compliance has also been shown to have significant economic implications, not only as a result of product loss but also indirectly through the complication of disease management and its subsequent healthcare and social costs.5–7Non-compliance as a health problemThe term “non-compliance” might be taken to refer both to the failure to follow a drug regimen and to the failure to adopt other (...) measures that contribute to improvement in health—for example, changes in lifestyle or diet. This letter focuses on the former.Non-compliance with a drug regimen can be the result of a number of different factors9–11 and a variety of techniques have been developed in an attempt to control it.12,13 Of these, the few techniques that have been shown to be effective have only managed to solve the problem in specific situations over short periods of time. The use of such techniques to control non-compliance, particularly where these are effective, raises interesting ethical questions about the extent to which their application constitutes an infringement of the patient’s right to decide on how to manage their own health.8 Here we suggest that in some cases one factor that leads to non-compliance is the tendency to provide extensive and exhaustive information on side effects in …. (shrink)

Advances in medicine are closely linked to clinical research, but certain study procedures may be in conflict with the fundamental principles of ethics and codes of conduct in medicine. Following an analysis of two studies involving treatments for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the admissibility of continuing a study was questioned after the initial results for two types of treatment showed that one was significantly better than the other. Also considered doubtful was the information provided to patients with the object of (...) obtaining their informed consent. (shrink)

In this paper we obtain a finite Hilbert-style axiomatization of the implicationless fragment of the intuitionistic propositional calculus. As a consequence we obtain finite axiomatizations of all structural closure operators on the algebra of {–}-formulas containing this fragment.

La teoría husserliana de la constitución es el método de la fenomenología como filosofía trascendental. Su problema específico es la constitución de objetividades en la conciencia. La reducción trascendental descubre la estructura noético-noemática de la conciencia, abriendo así el acceso a una esfera absoluta de reladones cidéticas. El análisis fenomenológico de la vivencia nos enfrenta con dos seres en sí: la conciencia y el ser de que se tiene conciencia. Lacuestión de la evidencia plantea el problema de la legitimidad racional (...) de toda correlación entre conciencia, verdad y ser. Lafenomenología tiene su fundamento en la «subjetividad trascendental absoluta».The husserlian theory of constitution is the method of phenomenology as transcendental philosophy. Its specific problem is the constitution ofobjectivities in consciousness.The transcendental reduction uncovers the noetic-noematic structure of consciousnes, opening up in tbat way the acreas to an absolute sphere of eidetic relationships. Tbe phenomenological analysis of experiential process confronts us withtwo beings: the consciousnessand the being aware of one’s consciousness. As regards evidence one thinks about the problem of rational legitimacy of every correlation between consciousness, truth and heing. Phenomenology has its foundations in the «absolute transcendental subjectivity». (shrink)

La teoría husserliana de la constitución es el método de la fenomenología como filosofía trascendental. Su problema especifico es la constitución de objetividades en la conciencia. La reducción trascendental descubre la estructura noético-noemática de la conciencia, abriendo así el acceso a una esfera absoluta de relaciones eidéticas. El análisis fenomenológico de la vivencia nos enfrenta con dos seres en si: la conciencia y el ser de que se tiene conciencia. La cuestión de la evidencia plantea el problema de la legitimidad (...) racional de toda correlación entre conciencia, verdad y ser. La fenomenología tiene su fundamento en la "subjetividad trascendental absoluta". (shrink)

New technological advancements have always changed the way society and human relationships work. New affordances created by technological tools inevitable modify and affect the way people interact with such tools, as well as with one another, and with the world within which this technology is embedded. -/- Technology, Users and Uses explores and discusses ethical issues around the use of technology and AI, by focusing on the way they affect individual, social and global interactions. The collection addresses topics including social (...) networks, public opinion, fake news and information warfare; digitalisation and datafication of society and individuals; and transhumanism, super-intelligent machines and the technological singularity. -/- Technology, Users and Uses aims to offer theoretical and practical guidelines and recommendations for regulators, developers, engineers and scientists, as well as for researchers, educators and scholars in the fields of technology and AI, philosophy and sociology. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the 1986 Amendments to the False Claims Act of 1863, which offers whistle-blowers financial rewards for disclosing fraud committed against the U.S. government. This law provides an opportunity to examine underlying assumptions about the morality of whistle-blowing and to consider the merits of increased reliance on whistle-blowing to protect the public interest. The law seems open to a number of moral objections, most notably that it exerts a morally corrupting influence on whistle-blowers. We answer these objections (...) and argue that the law is not objectionable on these grounds. Since there are no compelling moral objections to the law, it is appropriate and acceptable to judge the law in terms of its economic costs and benefits. We assess the most salient of these and conclude that the benefits outweigh the costs. We suggest that a mechanism similar to the Act should be considered for protecting stockholders’ interests in the private sector. We conclude by making several proposals for improving the existing legislation. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the 1986 Amendments to the False Claims Act of 1863, which offers whistle-blowers financial rewards for disclosing fraud committed against the U.S. government. This law provides an opportunity to examine underlying assumptions about the morality of whistle-blowing and to consider the merits of increased reliance on whistle-blowing to protect the public interest. The law seems open to a number of moral objections, most notably that it exerts a morally corrupting influence on whistle-blowers. We answer these objections (...) and argue that the law is not objectionable on these grounds. Since there are no compelling moral objections to the law, it is appropriate and acceptable to judge the law in terms of its economic costs and benefits. We assess the most salient of these and conclude that the benefits outweigh the costs. We suggest that a mechanism similar to the Act should be considered for protecting stockholders' interests in the private sector. We conclude by making several proposals for improving the existing legislation. (shrink)

El objetivo de estas breves notas esquemáticas es trazar una visión de conjunto del hombre religioso y de la esencia de la religiosidad. Ofrezco primero una presentación de los niveles de la experiencia de la interioridad religiosa -vida, espíritu, misterio inefable- en versión libre y moderna de las hipóstasis plotinianas: alma, inteligencia, uno-bien (nn. 1, 2, 3). Sigue después una visión de las unidades sintéticas reales, desde las cuales puede hablarse de sujeto religioso: la persona, el cosmos (por extensión), la (...) comunidad (nn. 4, 5, 6). Estas dos presentaciones del hombre religioso nos permitirán acercarnos a la determinación de la esencia de la religiosidad (nn. 7, 8, 9), para ver cómo es una esencia que sobrepasa toda esencia o estructura (n. 10), en tanto que núcleo dinámico (n, 11) previo a toda diferenciación de momentos estructurales. (shrink)

In this paper we study the relations between the fragment L of classical logic having just conjunction and disjunction and the variety D of distributive lattices, within the context of Algebraic Logic. We prove that these relations cannot be fully expressed either with the tools of Blok and Pigozzi's theory of algebraizable logics or with the use of reduced matrices for L. However, these relations can be naturally formulated when we introduce a new notion of model of a sequent calculus. (...) When applied to a certain natural calculus for L, the resulting models are equivalent to a class of abstract logics (in the sense of Brown and Suszko) which we call distributive. Among other results, we prove that D is exactly the class of the algebraic reducts of the reduced models of L, that there is an embedding of the theories of L into the theories of the equational consequence (in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi) relative to D, and that for any algebra A of type (2,2) there is an isomorphism between the D-congruences of A and the models of L over A. In the second part of this paper (which will be published separately) we will also apply some results to give proofs with a logical flavour for several new or well-known lattice-theoretical properties. (shrink)

Traducción del alemán de Irene Borges-Duarte.

B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) is a clonal malignant disease originated in a single cell and characterized by the accumulation of blast cells that are phenotypically reminiscent of normal stages of B‐cell differentiation. B‐ALL origin has been a subject of continuing discussion, given the fact that human disease is diagnosed at late stages and cannot be monitored during its natural evolution from its cell of origin, although most B‐ALLs probably start off with chromosomal changes in haematopoietic stem cells. However, the (...) cells responsible for maintaining the disease appear to differ between the different types of B‐ALLs and this remains an intriguing and exciting topic of research, since these cells have been posited to be responsible for resistance to conventional therapies, recurrence and dissemination. During the last years this problem has been addressed primarily by transplantation of purified subpopulations of human B‐ALL cells into immunodeficient mice. The results from these different reconstitution experiments and their interpretations are compared in this review in the context of normal B‐cell developmental plasticity. While the results from different research groups might appear mutually exclusive, we discuss how they could be reconciled with the biology of normal B‐cells and propose research avenues for addressing these issues in the future. (shrink)

[1] Crítica a "El tema de nuestro tiempo."--2. Crítica a "En torno a Galileo."--3. Crítica a "La rebelión de las masas.

Prólogo -- La democracia -- El socialismo -- El comunismo -- Fascismo y nazismo -- Bases ideológicas de la revolución mexicana -- El aprismo.

Trying to recapture the sense of human condition, Marcel and Levinas propose two ways which are apparently similar but different in ground. Marcel interprets intersubjectivity as a getting together that transcends the objectifying representation, while remaining at the ontological domain, as a co-esse. Levinas proposes an intersubjectivity that lies outside the limits of being, replacing the ontology with an ethics that acts as the new source of sense.

El estudio de la motivación de la utilización de los sistemas de control avanzado de música ambiental y el hecho de crear un buen ambiente, una buena experiencia de cara al cliente que entra en un local a realizar una compra debido al atractivo generado por la música es el objetivo de esta investigación. El estudio de las emociones que se derivan de la utilización de la música en locales comerciales y la repercusión que tiene en el comportamiento de compra (...) del consumidor serán analizados con el estudio de varios casos de éxito sobre esta cuestión. (shrink)