Dijkstra and Scholten have proposed a formalization of classical predicate logic on a novel deductive system as an alternative to Hilbert's style of proof and Gentzen's deductive systems. In this context we call it CED (Calculus of Equational Deduction). This deductive method promotes logical equivalence over implication and shows that there are easy ways to prove predicate formulas without the introduction of hypotheses or metamathematical tools such as the deduction theorem. Moreover, syntactic considerations (in Dijkstra's words, "letting the symbols do (...) the work") have led to the "calculational style," an impressive array of techniques for elegant proof constructions. In this paper, we formalize intuitionistic predicate logic according to CED with similar success. In this system (I-CED), we prove Leibniz's principle for intuitionistic logic and also prove that any (intuitionistic) valid formula of predicate logic can be proved in I-CED. (shrink)

Dijkstra and Scholten have proposed a formalization of classical predicate logic on a novel deductive system as an alternative to Hilbert's style of proof and Gentzen's deductive systems. In this context we call it CED . This deductive method promotes logical equivalence over implication and shows that there are easy ways to prove predicate formulas without the introduction of hypotheses or metamathematical tools such as the deduction theorem. Moreover, syntactic considerations have led to the "calculational style," an impressive array of (...) techniques for elegant proof constructions. In this paper, we formalize intuitionistic predicate logic according to CED with similar success. In this system , we prove Leibniz's principle for intuitionistic logic and also prove that any valid formula of predicate logic can be proved in I-CED. (shrink)

Este artículo pretende revisar el concepto de responsabilidad moral frente a los animales y el medio ambiente; para ello se toman en cuenta algunas revisiones necesarias del concepto de responsabilidad, a saber, la posibilidad de entender un concepto de responsabilidad parcial, así como la necesidad de poder hacer responsables moralmente tanto a individuos como a colectivos. Estos conceptos se estudian en un análisis diferenciado entre la responsabilidad moral frente a los animales y frente a la naturaleza.

Volume 20, Issue 9, September 2020, Page W1-W4.

Este artículo busca situar la dicotomía entre leer y escribir, mediante una apropiación crítica de estos dos conceptos. Ambos participan de una doble implicación sin que uno pueda prescindir del otro y viceversa. La lectura y la escritura se aproximan como ejes de discusión a una definición intelectual de lector y de investigador, aspecto en el que constituyen un oficio de creación contingente y continua. Consecuente con esto, leer y escribir son en este caso objetos conjugados de un análisis que (...) tangencialmente recupera la exégesis sobre la teoría comunicativa, pertinente y posible para una crítica conceptual y sustancialmente creativa. (shrink)

Esta reseña aborda el libro de la estudiosa norteamericana Sophi Esch a propósito de la literatura y la música centroamericana y mexicana producida en medio de acontecimientos que involucran el uso de la violencia. A partir de registros variados, la autora observa los procesos de agencia, vinculados a nociones como masculinidad o independencia. El libro puede ser considerado una historia cultural de producciones sociales que parten de contingentes variados y que se emplazan desde lugares de enunciación diversos. Reseña de Letra (...) y metralla. Cultura y política durante los periodos de conflictos armados en México y Centroamérica (1910-1920), Ciudad de México, Bonilla Artiga Editores, 2022, cuenta con 350 páginas y el ISBN: 978-607-8838-09-7. (shrink)

In this paper, I use Jonathan Haidt’s theory to explore an affective disposition that I call “indolent sympathy”. I argue that this disposition prevents a considerable group of human beings from showing solidarity with the millions of people who find themselves in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty. To demonstrate this, I will first present two dissimilar cases that show the type of affective disposition that I wish to submit to the reader’s consideration. Secondly, I will discuss the main characteristics (...) of this affective disposition. Thirdly, I will discuss the social intuitionist model, highlighting the aspects that will help me to account for indolent sympathy. Finally, I will read indolent sympathy in the light of Haidt’s theory and explain one of its most important features: brutality. (shrink)

In this paper, I use Jonathan Haidt’s theory to explore an affective disposition that I call “indolent sympathy”. I argue that this disposition prevents a considerable group of human beings from showing solidarity with the millions of people who find themselves in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty. To demonstrate this, I will first present two dissimilar cases that show the type of affective disposition that I wish to submit to the reader’s consideration. Secondly, I will discuss the main characteristics (...) of this affective disposition. Thirdly, I will discuss the social intuitionist model, highlighting the aspects that will help me to account for indolent sympathy. Finally, I will read indolent sympathy in the light of Haidt’s theory and explain one of its most important features: brutality. (shrink)

In a world of ever growing specialization, the idea of a unity of science is commonly discarded, but cooperative work involving cross-disciplinary points of view is encouraged. The aim of this paper is to show with some textual support that Charles S. Peirce not only identified this paradoxical situation a century ago, but he also mapped out some paths for reaching a successful solution. A particular attention is paid to Peirce's classification of the sciences and to his conception of science (...) as a collective and cooperative activity of all those whose lives are animated by the desire to discover the truth. -/- . (shrink)

Building upon the insights of scholars attuned to story, narrative, and myth, this article explores the relationship between myth, science, and religion. After clarifying the interplay of the three terms—story, narrative, and myth—and the preference for the term myth, this article will argue that myth can serve as a medium through which religion, neuroscience, and mental well‐being interact. Such an exploration will cover the role of myths in religion, the neurological basis of myth, and the practices of narrative psychology and (...) bibliotherapy. The article will conclude with suggestions for understanding and utilizing the relationship between myth and the scholarly study of the relationship between science and religion. This article ultimately suggests that myth can operate as a methodological aid to the science‐and‐religion field. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:To Nurse BetterJaime HenselWhen things were quiet again I asked him what training he’d had to become the director of hospital security. “I worked for 20 years in corrections,” he answered proudly, and I was saddened but not surprised.In September 2010 I started an accelerated graduate entry nurse practitioner program to become a family nurse practitioner. Accelerated programs leave little time for preamble, since the idea is to take (...) a total novice and turn her first into a nurse and then into a nurse practitioner in just three years. While the classroom information was vital, it was our clinical experiences that really initiated us into the profession. In just the second week of school, we were divided into small groups and assigned to clinical preceptors—hands–on teachers who introduced us to our first patients, curbed our mistakes, quelled our fears, and pushed and pulled and cajoled us into being nascent healthcare providers. In showing us how to give bed baths, suction secretions, insert Foley catheters, and hang IV bags, our preceptors really began showing us how to use our hands as healers.In that first semester my patients also proved to be invaluable instructors. Talking to them, administering their medication, washing their bodies made me keenly aware of the delicate balance of vulnerability and power and trust and respect and intimacy that underlies all healthcare relationships. I hope, wherever those patients are now, they know how deeply I appreciate their patience and good humor and their collusion in my education.In December, the first semester and the first clinical rotations ended. Four months into nursing school I had a basic understanding of what it means to be a nurse. Frankly, most days I still felt like an impostor in blue pajamas sporting a stethoscope I didn’t really know how to use and new Dansko clogs that squeaked with every step. But in an accelerated program, fast and furious is the name of the game. We went away for winter break—a much needed breather—and came back to something completely different: psychiatric nursing.In preparation for these new clinicals, we were taught in class that we should not wear dangly jewelry or stethoscopes. That we should never let the patient get between us and the door. That psychiatric (psych) patients could escalate quickly; psych patients could have surprising triggers; psych patients could be very unpredictable. And psych patients could be violent. We were taught about physical and chemical restraints, and about show of force. We were cautioned, as students, to stay out of the way if things got tense on the floor. In stark contrast to medical patients, psych patients were made to sound less like people who had diseases and more like adversaries. I drove to my first day on the floor with trepidation.My new preceptor had spent her entire career in psych. She loved her job, loved the care of psychiatric patients. She set up a rotation because she wanted our entire clinical group to get full exposure to the breadth of psychiatric services offered by this medium–sized community hospital. We would each get to spend shifts on the locked psych floor, observing outpatient group therapy sessions, and in the psych emergency department (ED).I rotated to the psych ED for the first time on a Friday night. The first couple hours of the shift were very slow. I started talking to the mustachioed guard on duty, who looked as bored as I felt. He told me about his kids, I told him about nursing school. He seemed nice.When our conversation flagged, I explored the psych ED. It didn’t take long—just a short hallway with a bathroom, the social workers’ office, and two patient rooms without doors. The majority of the designated psych beds were actually around the corner in the main room of the medical ED—stretchers lined against the wall, without curtains or any [End Page 98] other attempt at privacy. I noticed that from where the guard stood at the corner of the psych hall he had a pretty good view of all the beds. Then again, so did most of the other patients... (shrink)

This article is a response to Josh Reeves's recent book Against Methodology in Science and Religion: Recent Debates on Rationality and Theology that welcomes Reeves's proposal for an anti‐essentialist future for the field of science‐and‐religion, particularly because it has the potential to move the field beyond current, well‐worn methods: the dominance of Christian theology and doctrine, the importance of credibility strategies, and the dependence upon philosophical discourses. Reeves’ proposal has the potential to open the science‐and‐religion field to other topics, problems, (...) and methods, such as studying lived science‐and‐religion. One way of doing this is to study popular culture and its artifacts such as literature, which portrays a co‐mingling of religion and science at the level of day‐to‐day experiences and practices of characters. For at the level of lived experience, religion and science are not well‐defined disciplines neatly compartmentalized into separate academic departments. (shrink)

Climate change exacts a devastating toll on health that is rarely incorporated into the economic calculus of climate action. By aligning health and environmental policy and collaborating across borders, governments and industries can develop powerful initiatives to promote both environmental and human health.

In this paper the relations between the almost unknown Spanish mathematician Ventura Reyes Prósper (1863-1922) with Charles S. Peirce and Christine Ladd-Franklin are described. Two brief papers from Reyes Prósper published in El Progreso Matemático 12 (20 December 1891), pp. 297-300, and 18 (15 June 1892) pp. 170-173 on Ladd-Franklin, and on Peirce and Mitchell, respectively, are translated for first time into English and included at the end of the paper.

George M. Searle (1839-1918) and Charles S. Peirce worked together in the Coast Survey and the Harvard Observatory during the decade of 1860: both scientists were assistants of Joseph Winlock, the director of the Observatory. When in 1868 George, a convert to Catholicism, left to enter the Paulist Fathers, he was replaced by his brother Arthur Searle. George was ordained as a priest in 1871, was a lecturer of Mathematics and Astronomy at the Catholic University of America, and became the (...) fourth superior general of his congregation from 1904 to 1909. Among the books he wrote for non-Catholic audiences was Plain Facts for Fair Minds (1895). On the 8th of August of 1895, Peirce found that book in a bookstore and the following day wrote a letter to George Searle developing his strong reservations about the question of the infallibility of the Pope. This letter (L 397) is almost unknown amongst Peirce's scholars. -/- After describing these historical circumstances as a framework, the aim of my paper is to describe Peirce's arguments against papal infallibility presented by George Searle in his book, and the contrast between the genuine scientific attitude and the putative metaphysical notion of absolute truth that is —according to Peirce— behind Searle's defense of infallibility. In this sense, Peirce's fallibilism will be explained with some detail, giving an account also of his practical infallibilism: "The assertion that every assertion but this is fallible, is the only one that is absolutely infallible. But though nothing else is absolutely infallible, many propositions are practically infallible; such as the dicta of conscience" (Minute Logic, CP 2.75, c. 1902). -/- Finally, having in mind the present interest in Peirce's religious ideas it will be suggested that some of Peirce's ideas on infallibility are nearer to contemporary understanding of that issue than Searle's defense. "I would with all my heart join the ancient church of Rome if I could. But your book," —Peirce writes to Searle— "is an awful warning against doing so." -/- . (shrink)

Who owns nature? The answer to this question opens the way to a series of investigations on the civilizational crisis generated by human beings, which we echo in this issue. The question, from its philosophical point of view, considers both our understanding as human beings and the foundations of the current civilization, which has created a wide justificatory repertoire, from which it legitimizes the monopolization, exploitation and enslavement of all non-human nature.

El artículo analiza la reactivación, para la Ética, de la pregunta por la importancia de la amistad. En una primera parte analiza desde diversas perspectivas las críticas cada vez más fuertes a las teorías éticas imparcialistas y universalistas, que han suscitado a su vez el renacimiento del tratamiento de la amistad como fenómeno moral; dicho análisis pretende también llamar la atención sobre diversos puntos críticos de las llamadas teorías de la amistad. En una segunda parte se analiza el modelo aristotélico (...) de las amistades virtuosas, mostrando la estructura de este tipo de amistad y su relación con la ética, para resaltar así algunos puntos de la teoría aristotélica de la amistad que pueden ser de ayuda para una mejor comprensión del problema hoy en día. (shrink)

El propósito de este ensayo es proponer una interpretación de los conceptosde “ley de naturaleza” y de “pacto” para disolver algunos problemas dela teoría de Hobbes. Para ello, primero, muestro que hay justicia en el estadode guerra de Hobbes, lo que implica que las leyes de naturaleza son vinculantesen tal Estado. Segundo, arguyo que en el estado de guerra no puedehaber justicia, lo que implica que las leyes de naturaleza no son vinculantes.Lo anterior me permitirá señalar una contradicción con respecto (...) a las leyesde naturaleza. Tercero, sugiero una interpretación para disolver dicha contradicción. Finalmente, muestro que en la propuesta contractual de Hobbeshay un círculo vicioso y, valiéndome de lo dicho en la tercera parte, sugierouna posible solución. Por último, presento una limitación a dicha solución. (shrink)

El propósito del presente ensayo es presentar una lectura crítica del modelo de constitución concebido por Jesse Prinz. De acuerdo con los modelos más significativos que se han producido hasta el momento, el juicio moral es el resultado de procesos cognitivos específicos, ya sean estos de tipo intuitivo, emocional o racional. Según afirma Prinz, la perspectiva sentimentalista sostiene que tales juicios son causados por emociones. En contraste, él defiende una tesis según la cual el juicio moral está constituido, no es (...) causado, por aquéllas. En este artículo se presentará el argumento con el que Prinz sustenta su propuesta y se expondrán algunas inconsistencias. (shrink)

En el artículo realizaré un estudio de algunos pasajes de Troyanas de Eurípides, en busca de posibles sentidos de justicia en el texto. En primer lugar, analizaré el pacto realizado entre Poseidón y Atenea en la primera parte del prólogo ; a continuación, me concentraré en la paradójica intervención de Casandra, antes de ser embarcada como esclava de Agamenón ; para terminar, resaltaré algunos puntos del agón entre Hécuba y Helena, que tiene como juez a Menelao. Considero que en estos (...) pasajes hay alguna alusión a débiles concepciones de justicia, aunque llegaré a conclusiones pesimistas al respecto. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza desde una perspectiva fenomenológica-hermenéutica los aportes del pensamiento franciscano en los procesos de autoevaluación institucional de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá. En primera instancia, se abordará el pensamiento franciscano como elemento que transversa las funciones sustantivas y todas aquellas actividades que propenden por el aseguramiento de la calidad y el mejoramiento continuo de la educación superior. En segundo lugar, se describen los significados y opiniones sobre el sistema de autoevaluación institucional en los diferentes agentes de la (...) comunidad académica Bonaventuriana en la sede Bogotá. Finalmente, se reconocerá cómo la filosofía institucional se materializa en los procesos de autoevaluación en el marco de los procesos de acreditación con el propósito de aportar elementos significativos para los planes de mejoramiento. (shrink)

Current methods of obtaining an informed consent leave much to be desired. Patients rarely read consent forms or understand all of the risks, benefits, or alternatives associated with their treatment. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of treatment options often presents a more significant challenge for patients with lower levels of health literacy. This article reviews the evidence of shortcomings in our informed consent system and then explores the potential for a new approach to engage patients at all levels of health (...) literacy in their treatment decisions. Specifically, the article will examine the potential of shared decision-making to bridge gaps in knowledge, increase patient adherence to treatment, and improve health outcomes in low health literacy patient populations. Leveling barriers to treatment information for disadvantaged populations should be a public health imperative, especially if it can be shown to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities. (shrink)

Current methods of obtaining an informed consent leave much to be desired. Patients rarely read consent forms or understand all of the risks, benefits, or alternatives associated with their treatment. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of treatment options often presents a more significant challenge for patients with lower levels of health literacy. This article reviews the evidence of shortcomings in our informed consent system and then explores the potential for a new approach to engage patients at all levels of health (...) literacy in their treatment decisions. Specifically, the article will examine the potential of shared decision-making to bridge gaps in knowledge, increase patient adherence to treatment, and improve health outcomes in low health literacy patient populations. Leveling barriers to treatment information for disadvantaged populations should be a public health imperative, especially if it can be shown to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities. (shrink)

Thirty years ago Richard Rorty detected the similarities between Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations (1953) and the philosophical framework of Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914), the founder of pragmatism. Rorty tried to show that Peirce envisaged and repudiated in advance logical positivism and developed insights and a philosophical mood very close to the analytical philosophers influenced by the later Wittgenstein (Rorty 1961). In spite of that, the majority of scholars have considered both thinkers as totally alien. Some scholars have attributed the pragmatist flavor (...) of the Philosophical Investigations to the influence of Frank P. Ramsey, who awoke Wittgenstein from the dogmatic slumber of the Tractatus. Nevertheless, the real scope of the influence of American pragmatist philosophy in Wittgenstein's later thought is not clearly known. The purpose of my paper is not to describe the common themes between Wittgenstein and Peirce, but the way in which recent scholarship has established some links between both philosophers. -/- . (shrink)

En su más reciente libro, Cuestiones de Filosofía del Lenguaje: Pragmática, David Pérez Chico (2022) nos presenta una muy interesante selección de artículos sobre diferentes temáticas actualmente trabajadas en filosofía del lenguaje. Personalmente, considero que este libro es una lectura imprescindible para cualquier lector de habla hispana que quiera introducirse en las temáticas más contemporáneamente discutidas en esa disciplina. En este marco, en el presente artículo me propongo realizar un análisis crítico de cuatro de los artículos de la compilación que (...) trabajan la temática de las emisiones evaluativas, i.e., emisiones cuya extensión depende de parámetros contextuales semánticamente no estándares. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene un doble propósito. Por un lado, realizar un balance de la recepción, temas y problemas que ocuparon a los filósofos peruanos que se interesaron por la fenomenología de Edmund Husserl durante el siglo XX, con la finalidad de señalar las continuidades y rupturas que han ido conformando nuestra incipiente tradición fenomenológica. Por el otro lado, realizar un necesario ajuste de cuentas con esa tradición a fin de abrir las perspectivas de nuevas líneas de investigación en la fenomenología (...) husserliana, es decir, reapropiarnos de ella para establecer los necesarios vasos comunicantes que nos permitan instituirnos como una comunidad. (shrink)

A partir de los análisis que Edith Stein realiza de la empatía y la solidaridad se arriba a la necesidad de indagar fenomenológicamente por la constitución esencial de las estructuras de la comunidad, la sociedad y el Estado. Desde esta perspectiva este trabajo se propone mostrar que el objeto de la indagación de Edith Stein es substancialmente la relación entre el individuo-asociación humana. En su minucioso análisis, no condicionado por ningún presupuesto, el sujeto es tomado en su singularidad. El ser (...) humano no puede vivir aislado, sino que es considerado como un microcosmos abierto y en cuya abertura se encuentran la empatía y la solidaridad como trazos fundamentales para la investigación de nuestra filósofa, que no considera ni lo particular ni la totalidad como absolutos, sino que apela a la importancia del individuo en un contexto más amplio. (shrink)

Several aspects of the personality, thought and work of Don Vasco de Quiroga are known today, but a deeper awareness of his legal thinking would enable us to understand better the motives for his actions in New Spain and the Michoacán region. In order to do this we need to place him in the conceptual, institutional and legal context in which he was educated and where he developed throughout his life. Well versed in the different legal systems in use at (...) the time, he absorbed Roman laws, which he respected as the work of esteemed scholars, while at the same time basing his evangelical mission in Mexico on the canons of the Church. And the legal system that was to govern the villages he created according to a new model would be based on custom coming from the grassroots. (shrink)

POLITICS is a system of computer programs which simulates humans in comprehending and responding to world events from a given political or ideological perspective. The primary theoretical motivations were: (1) the implemention of a functional system which applies the knowledge structures of Schank and Abelson (1977) to the domain of simulating political belief systems; (2) the development of a tentative theory of intentional goal conflicts and counterplanning. Secondary goals of the POLITICS project include developing a representation for belief systems, investigating (...) cognitive processes such as goal‐directed inferencing, and the integration of several types of knowledge representations into a functional system. (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 12, Issue 7, Page 32-33, July 2012.

Para Nietzsche se filosofa con el martillo cuando se lleva a cabo una crítica de la metafísica y de la moral. La crítica tiene como objetivo la transvaloración de todos los valores, concebida ésta como inversión de los valores supremos. La transvaloración se convierte en una crítica de la moral al interpretar a toda metafísica originándose a partir de una intención y desde una perspectiva moral que es falsa porque está basada en errores. El aspecto negativo de la crítica se (...) transforma en afirmativo cuando la transvaloración realiza una inversión del error básico de toda tesis de la religión y de la moral y obtiene así una nueva valoración. Nietzsche philosophizes with a hammer when metaphysics and morals are criticized. The criticism has as an objective the transvaluation of all values, conceived this as the inversion of supreme values. The transvaluation is converted into a critique of morals by interpreting all metaphysics originating from one intension and from a perspective morals that is false and based on errors. The negative aspect of the critique becomes positive when the transvaluation performs an inversion of the basic errors of all religious thesis and morals and in this manner obtaining a new valuation. (shrink)

The history of Latin American societies since their beginnings has been marked by popular revolts. It is a history written the majority of the time with violence which claims the right to life. It is the history of a community that refuses and resists the loss of its spaces. It has always been..

Recognizing that GLBTI individuals are often barred from visiting their partners in hospitals or from acting as health care surrogates for incapacitated partners, President Obama directed the Department of Health and Human Services to address these issues. In response, the department amended its rules to prohibit hospitals from restricting, limiting, or denying visitation privileges on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation. But the changes do not affect the designation of a health care surrogate, a matter largely governed by (...) state law. Therefore, subject to state law, same-sex partners can still be legally barred from making health care decisions for their incapacitated partners, and it remains essential that they execute advance directives and appoint one another as their health care proxies. (shrink)

Desde la antigüedad la reflexión sobre la imagen del arte se ha erigido como una de las tareas de la filosofía, más aun, desde el arte la filosofía ha tratado temas de gran relevancia para sí misma, como la imitación y el conocimiento, luego la imaginación, el juicio, la verdad, la interpretación. La fotografía surgió como un medio de hacer imágenes que cuestionó los principios fundamentales del arte, su relación con la naturaleza, la tradicional forma de hacer imágenes hasta entonces (...) conocida; puso además en tela de juicio los temas de la representación o géneros establecidos, pero también el arte cuestionó la incursión del nuevo medio en su dominio. (shrink)

The role of academic satisfaction on persistence and successful academic behavior has been the focus of research for decades. Nevertheless, driven by positive educational psychology, subjective well-being has been highlighted as another central feature in the academic path of students. Studies aimed at identifying the variables that contribute to explain different aspects of academic performance have been widely investigated, although studies aimed at identifying the determinants of subjective well-being are still limited. The present paper examined the contribution of AS judgments (...) on subjective well-being. To this end, it was hypothesized that SWB levels depend on the balance between positive/negative emotions and life satisfaction judgments. Furthermore, it was stipulated that AS has an indirect contribution on SWB, through life satisfaction, whereas the balance of emotions influences both AS judgments and life satisfaction. Using an analysis strategy based on structural equation modeling, the results indicated that the model fitted satisfactorily, explaining 32% of the variance of SWB. Particularly, it was observed that AS judgments contributed to life satisfaction judgments. Although no direct contribution of AS on SWB was reported, a total contribution partially mediated by life satisfaction judgments was revealed. These findings support the importance of academic satisfaction judgments, not only because of their importance in academic terms, but also because of their impact on university students’ subjective well-being and health. (shrink)