Are incorrect judgments on false belief tasks better explained within the framework of a conceptual change theory or a bias theory? Conceptual change theory posits a change in the form of reasoning from 3 to 4 years old while bias theory posits that processing factors are responsible for errors among younger children. The results from three experiments showed that children who failed a test of false belief took as long to respond as those who passed, and both groups of children (...) took longer to respond to belief questions than to questions about prior states of reality. These results seem to support the bias theory. (shrink)

人々が追求してきた近代的な価値が揺らいでいる。荻生徂徠の思想は、「開化」「近代化」に抗しうる最も強力なものではないだろうか。.

: Are incorrect judgments on false belief tasks better explained within the framework of a conceptual change theory or a bias theory? Conceptual change theory posits a change in the form of reasoning from 3 to 4 years old while bias theory posits that processing factors are responsible for errors among younger children. The results from three experiments showed that children who failed a test of false belief took as long to respond as those who passed, and both groups of (...) children took longer to respond to belief questions than to questions about prior states of reality. These results seem to support the bias theory. (shrink)

世界を騒がせた、理化学研究所のSTAP細胞事件。この背後には、日本の歪んだ科学行政があった。外圧によってもたらされた、分子生物学・再生医療分野の盛況と、潤沢すぎる研究資金。大学の独立行政法人化により伝 統と研究の自由を蹂躙され、政府・産業界の使用人と化した大学研究者たち。学術雑誌の正体と商業主義など、研究者を論文捏造に走らせる原因の数々を、筆者ならではの視点から、科学史を交えつつ鋭く指摘する。研究者 の自由を取り戻し、論文捏造を根絶するための提言も行なう。.

世界を騒がせた、理化学研究所のSTAP細胞事件。この背後には、日本の歪んだ科学行政があった。外圧によってもたらされた、分子生物学・再生医療分野の盛況と、潤沢すぎる研究資金。大学の独立行政法人化により伝 統と研究の自由を蹂躙され、政府・産業界の使用人と化した大学研究者たち。学術雑誌の正体と商業主義など、研究者を論文捏造に走らせる原因の数々を、筆者ならではの視点から、科学史を交えつつ鋭く指摘する。研究者 の自由を取り戻し、論文捏造を根絶するための提言も行なう。.

This study challenges the conventional boundaries of philosophy by asserting that organizations can function as legitimate subjects within philosophical discourse. Western philosophy, epitomized by Descartes, has long assumed that individual human beings are the fundamental units of thought and moral agency. However, in a significant oversight, this belief overlooks the idea that organizations can think independently, leading to both virtuous and malevolent results. Epistemology lacks a clear prioritization of morally sound knowledge over potentially harmful knowledge. The advent of artificial intelligence (...) (AI) has also transformed the landscape of cognition from a primarily individual human endeavor into a joint undertaking where humans collaborate with AI entities in collective thinking and decision-making. Nevertheless, AI lacks the innate ability to discern between ethical and unethical actions. This symbiosis creates organizations as fundamental philosophical subjects, marking a significant shift in philosophical emphasis where the organization takes the center stage. Accordingly, within this emerging field, we advance four propositions as the core subjects of organization philosophy: organizations can think, organizations can create knowledge, AI can be part of an organization, and humans in the organization control moral discipline. These propositions guide the ethical coexistence of AI and human agents in organizations, emphasizing the importance of ethical deliberation in knowledge use. Moreover, the malicious use of profound knowledge hinders human progress, as illustrated in this study by an ethical examination of military institutions within organization philosophy. (shrink)

Contributed articles presented at the Conference in Japanese and other languages, translated into English.

Human B cell stimulatory factor 2 (originally designated BSF2) was initially characterized and isolated as a T cell‐derived factor that caused the terminal maturation of activated B cells to immunoglobulin producing cells. Molecular cloning of the cDNA has revealed that BSF2 is identical with 26 kD protein, interferon β2, plasmacytoma growth factor and hepatocyte stimulating factor and the designation “IL‐6” has been proposed for this molecule. It is now known that BSF2/IL‐6 has a wide variety of biological functions and that (...) abnormal regulation of BSF2/IL‐6 expression may be related to the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. (shrink)

I tested the hypothesis that, in infant-mother-sibling interactions, infants with older siblings aged 11 to 24 months produce deictic gestures when they are proximal to, or engaging in joint attention with, their mothers more frequently than same-aged infants without siblings. Fifteen infant-mother dyads and 10 infant-mother-sibling triads were individually observed for 15 minutes in a playroom full of toys. Infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions produced more deictic gestures when they were proximal to their mothers than infants in infant-mother interactions. Further, (...) infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions accompanied their gestures with vocalizations at a higher rate than infants in infant-mother interactions. This result suggests that infants with older siblings monitor their mothers more carefully in interactions in which their sibling is also present, and that they produce deictic gestures in order to effectively elicit joint action with their mothers. (shrink)