El propósito de “Venganza imaginaria y espera escatológica” es demostrar como la temporalidad heredada de la religión cristiana se divide en dos regímenes distintos. Uno nos permite profundizar y ralentizar, según un largo proceso de incorporación. El otro, vinculado a una teleología fantasmática, es un tiempo acelerado por el ansioso esfuerzo de acabar con todo. En el conflicto que opone estas dos temporalidades, Nietzsche procura definir tres tipos de relaciones entre la espera y la expectativa.

This chapter introduces the rationalist model of delusions. It begins by presenting John Campbell’s seminal proposal that delusions are caused top-down by pathological Wittgensteinian framework or hinge beliefs. After presenting Campbell’s rationalist account of delusions, the chapter raises and examines prominent objections by Tim Bayne & Elisabeth Pacherie as well as by Tim Thornton. The former make an important distinction between the aetiological top-down cognitive part and the epistemological rationalist framework part of Campbell’s account. The thesis that delusions are caused (...) top-down by pathological beliefs is not equivalent to the thesis that delusions are Wittgensteinian framework certainties. This chapter endorses this distinction. While the arguments against the top-down aspect are found to be more convincing – which motivates popular two-factor theories – the rationalist framework model of delusions is defended as an epistemologically promising account of delusion. Finally, this chapter examines a range of developments that have been made taking Campbell’s rationalism as a starting point. Most prominently the section examines Eilan’s early development of rationalism and Rhodes and Gipps’ proposal that delusions are not framework propositions but a product of their absence. (shrink)

Hannah Arendt réfléchit, dans toute son œuvre, aux conditions d’une action libre. Elle commence sa réflexion, à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, par interroger les bouleversements induits par les régimes totalitaires et montre en quoi ils ont détruit l’espace public qui sépare et relie les membres d’une société au profit de la domination de l’idéologie, qui récuse toute action. Mais il y a un héritage des totalitarismes, au-delà de leur défaite, c’est la disparition de l’autorité et de ses (...) figures historiques, parce que l’autorité ne se réduit pas à la contrainte et permet l’existence d’un cadre commun pour les libertés publiques, sans lequel ces dernières peuvent difficilement se rencontrer, se frotter, se féconder, coopérer. L’action décline alors au profit de la consommation, la liberté au profit de la seule indépendance privée. (shrink)

There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation are primarily habit- or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale has been proposed to capture inter-individual differences in habitual tendencies. It is subdivided into two dimensions: routine and automaticity. We first considered a French version of this questionnaire for validation, based on a sample of 386 undergraduates. The relationship between two dimensions (...) of habit and the risk of substance use disorder and impulsive personality traits was also investigated. COHS has good psychometric properties with both features of habits positively associated with an Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score. Besides, the propensity to rely more on routines was associated with lower levels of alcohol abuse and nicotine use, suggesting that some degree of routine might act as a protective factor against substance use. In contrast, a high automaticity score was associated with an increased risk of harmful alcohol use. These results demonstrate that the COHS is a valid measure of habitual tendencies and represents a useful tool for capturing inter-individual variations in drug use problems in undergraduates. (shrink)

L'écologie est avant tout la prise de conscience que nomme est partie intégrante de son milieu, ce qui génère sa condition depuis ses origines. De tous temps et dans toutes les sociétés, elle est ce qui nous fait, ce qui nous rattache à une humanité commune. Notre civilisation s'est enfermée dans des impasses : prépondérance du court terme, épuisement des ressources naturelles, concurrence élevée au rang de modèle... Elle exerce sur nous des contraintes, souvent chargées de promesses alléchantes, et nous (...) prive du pouvoir d'être, individuellement comme collectivement, maîtres de nos vies, en vivant en harmonie avec nous-mêmes. Elle substitue à la réalité un récit imaginaire qui produit en nous insatisfaction et frustration. La logique de la technique moderne est de ne considérer dans la nature que ce qui sert directement à la croissance de la production, ignorant et détruisant tout le reste. Pourtant, l'humanité ne pourra aller jusqu'au bout de sa puissance, parce que cette fin correspondrait à son anéantissement. Il est grand temps de comprendre que notre condition n'est pas sans condition. Ce qui nous fait propose en toute simplicité une philosophie de l'homme à l'époque de la crise écologique afin d'ouvrir des pistes pour réconcilier l'humanité avec elle-même. (shrink)

Le désir et le goût. Une autre histoire regroupe dix-huit communications de collègues, d’élèves et de disciples de Jean-Louis Flandrin réunis en 2003 à l’université Paris 8 pour rendre hommage à cet historien des sensibilités décédé en 2001. Le titre du volume reprend l’intitulé du séminaire qu’il anima à l’EHESS et résume parfaitement, complété du sous-titre « une autre histoire », le parcours scientifique de cet historien qui consacra ses travaux à la famille (Familles, 1976) à la sexualité...

Le désir et le goût. Une autre histoire regroupe dix-huit communications de collègues, d’élèves et de disciples de Jean-Louis Flandrin réunis en 2003 à l’université Paris 8 pour rendre hommage à cet historien des sensibilités décédé en 2001. Le titre du volume reprend l’intitulé du séminaire qu’il anima à l’EHESS et résume parfaitement, complété du sous-titre « une autre histoire », le parcours scientifique de cet historien qui consacra ses travaux à la famille (Familles, 1976) à la sexualité...

Plotin, né à Alexandrie en 205 et père du néoplatonisme est un des penseurs les plus originaux de l' histoire de la philosophie. Il voit le monde comme émanation de l' être à partir de l' Un dont tout provient. C' est précisément dans son lien à l' Un que l' homme retrouve sa provenance. Le lien de l' Un et de l' être est ce lieu singulier dans lequel on peut lire la finalité de toute chose en comprenant son (...) origine. Penser le lien de l' Un et de l' être alors même qu' ils s' opposent mais sont indissociables, nous invite à reprendre l' unité entre continuité et altérité. (shrink)

The period from Plato's birth to Aristotle's death (427-322 BC) is one of the most influential and formative in the history of Western philosophy. The developments of logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and science in this period have been investigated, controversies have arisen and many new theories have been produced. But this is the first book to give detailed scholarly attention to the development of dialectic during this decisive period. It includes chapters on topics such as: dialectic as interpersonal debate between (...) a questioner and a respondent; dialectic and the dialogue form; dialectical methodology; the dialectical context of certain forms of arguments; the role of the respondent in guaranteeing good argument; dialectic and presentation of knowledge; the interrelations between written dialogues and spoken dialectic; and definition, induction and refutation from Plato to Aristotle. The book contributes to the history of philosophy and also to the contemporary debate about what philosophy is. (shrink)

In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a period of lockdown that impacted individuals’ lifestyles, in both professional and personal spheres. New problems and challenges arose, as well as opportunities. Numerous studies have examined the negative effects of lockdown measures, but few have attempted to shine light on the potential positive effects that may come out of these measures. We focused on one particular positive outcome that might have emerged from lockdown: creativity. To this end, this paper compared self-reported (...) professional creativity and everyday creativity before and during lockdown, using a questionnaire-based study conducted on a French sample. We expected participants to be more creative during than prior to lockdown, in both professional and everyday spheres. Regarding Pro-C, we did not see any significant differences between the two comparison points, before and during lockdown. Regarding everyday creativity, we observed a significant increase during lockdown. Furthermore, our results suggest that participants with a lower baseline creativity benefited more from the situation than those with a higher initial baseline creativity. Our results provide new insights on the impact of lockdown and its positive outcomes. These measures may have inarguably negative consequences on the physical and mental health of many, but their positive impact exists as well. (shrink)

What is a pirate? In this excerpt from a forthcoming book, Florent Latrive uses a series of historical examples to show that the pirate copy, as a legal and artificial construction, is a notion that varies in time and space. Who still remembers that as recently as 1976, the Hollywood majors dragged a diabolical technological invention, the tape deck, into the courts, and proved that if everyone could freely pirate the films broadcast over television, the entire film industry would (...) soon bite the dust ? (shrink)

Quoique le nom propre n’ait guère fait l’objet d’une véritable exploration de la part de Gustave Guillaume (pour qui le nom propre n’est d’ailleurs pas rigoureusement délimité), on peut distinguer deux états successifs de la théorie psychomécanique. Dans un premier temps, il est défini comme un « asémantème », un mot sans signification, qui dénote sans connoter, d’où l’annulation de la transition langue/discours dont l’article est l’outil. Mais il est plus tard conçu comme un nom dont la compréhension est maximale (...) et, partant, dont l’extension est minimale, ce qui explique différemment l’absence de détermination dont il fait l’objet. Après Guillaume, un linguiste comme Walter Hirtle replace dans le cadre de la dichotomie langue/discours la distinction opérée par d’autres entre proper noun (fait de langue) et proper name (fait de discours). (shrink)

From the observation that global education systems are failing to produce beaming adults, this article questions the meaning of the words generally used to discuss education and new teaching methods. Sidestepping the panacea of technology as the holy grail, it suggests ideas for exploring other possible educational forms, such as those guided by the renewal of humanism or neurosciences. Then, this article presents a model of understanding of man and his activities, leading to the conception of a work system that (...) makes the most of the evolution of contemporary sciences, such as transdisciplinary thinking and transpersonal psychology. It gives an example of a concrete organization in vocational training for future teachers and proposes an evaluation of five years of practices that have encouraged transformations towards individual and collective achievement. (shrink)

Michel ALHADEFF-JONES, Time and the Rhythms of Emancipatory Education : Rethinking the Temporal Complexity of Self and Society, Abingdon-on-Thames, New York, Routledge, 2016, 238 p. Le travail de Michel Alhadeff-Jones interroge la manière dont nous prenons en compte et dont nous vivons l'expérience du temps en éducation. Il vise à expliciter les différents rythmes vécus ou observés et les influences qui les relient. Il s'agit d'élucider, - Recensions.

Les théories linguistiques en général, et plus particulièrement la psychomécanique du langage, dont le modèle est essentiellement binaire, peinent à faire une place à l’absence de déterminant sémiologiquement marqué. Quoique le terme « article zéro » soit communément usité, il n’y a guère de consensus sur le sens à lui donner. Pour le français, où son emploi reste marginal, on observe une fracture entre une posture théorique consistant à l’intégrer au système de l’article et une autre revenant à en nier (...) l’existence. Pour l’anglais, où il est beaucoup plus fréquent, la théorie se heurte à une multiplicité d’emplois difficiles à rassembler sous un même phénomène. Or un examen attentif des occurrences du corpus permet de proposer, dans la continuité de la théorie psychomécanique, un modèle où coexistent d’une part l’absence de tout déterminant et, d’autre part, un article zéro dont on peut montrer qu’il recouvre une véritable opération de détermination définie comme une transition du nom de la langue au discours débouchant sur son aptitude à référer. (shrink)

The article discusses the use of algorithmic models in finance. Algo trading is widespread but also somewhat controversial in modern financial markets. It is a form of automated trading technology, which critics claim can, among other things, lead to market manipulation. Drawing on three cases, this article shows that manipulation also can happen in the reverse way, meaning that human traders attempt to make algorithms ‘make mistakes’ by ‘misleading’ them. These attempts to manipulate are very simple and immediately transparent to (...) humans. Nevertheless, financial regulators increasingly penalize such attempts to manipulate algos. The article explains this as an institutionalization of algo trading, a trading practice which is vulnerable enough to need regulatory protection. (shrink)

A new theory is taking hold in neuroscience. It is the theory that the brain is essentially a hypothesis-testing mechanism, one that attempts to minimise the error of its predictions about the sensory input it receives from the world. It is an attractive theory because powerful theoretical arguments support it, and yet it is at heart stunningly simple. Jakob Hohwy explains and explores this theory from the perspective of cognitive science and philosophy. The key argument throughout The Predictive Mind (...) is that the mechanism explains the rich, deep, and multifaceted character of our conscious perception. It also gives a unified account of how perception is sculpted by attention, and how it depends on action. The mind is revealed as having a fragile and indirect relation to the world. Though we are deeply in tune with the world we are also strangely distanced from it. (shrink)

Climate change mitigation has become a paradigm case both for externalities in general and for the game-theoretic model of the Tragedy of the Commons (ToC) in particular. This situation is worrying, as we have reasons to suspect that some models in the social sciences are apt to be performative to the extent that they can become self-fulfilling prophecies. Framing climate change mitigation as a hardly solvable coordination problem may force us into a worse situation, by changing real-world behaviour to fit (...) our model, rather than the other way around. But while this problem of the performativity of the ToC has been noted in a recent paper in this journal by Matthew Kopec, his proposed strategies for dealing with their self-fulfilling nature fall short of providing an adequate solution. Instead of relying on the idea that modelling assumptions are always strictly speaking false, this paper shows that the problem may be better framed as a problem of underdetermination between competing explanations. Our goal here is to provide a framework for choosing between this set of competing models that allows us to avoid a ‘Russian Roulette’-like situation in which we gamble with existential risk. (shrink)

A series of recent developments points towards auditing as a promising mechanism to bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. Building on ongoing discussions concerning ethics-based auditing, we offer three contributions. First, we argue that ethics-based auditing can improve the quality of decision making, increase user satisfaction, unlock growth potential, enable law-making, and relieve human suffering. Second, we highlight current best practices to support the design and implementation of ethics-based auditing: To be feasible and effective, ethics-based auditing (...) should take the form of a continuous and constructive process, approach ethical alignment from a system perspective, and be aligned with public policies and incentives for ethically desirable behaviour. Third, we identify and discuss the constraints associated with ethics-based auditing. Only by understanding and accounting for these constraints can ethics-based auditing facilitate ethical alignment of AI, while enabling society to reap the full economic and social benefits of automation. (shrink)

A series of recent developments points towards auditing as a promising mechanism to bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. Building on ongoing discussions concerning ethics-based auditing, we offer three contributions. First, we argue that ethics-based auditing can improve the quality of decision making, increase user satisfaction, unlock growth potential, enable law-making, and relieve human suffering. Second, we highlight current best practices to support the design and implementation of ethics-based auditing: To be feasible and effective, ethics-based auditing (...) should take the form of a continuous and constructive process, approach ethical alignment from a system perspective, and be aligned with public policies and incentives for ethically desirable behaviour. Third, we identify and discuss the constraints associated with ethics-based auditing. Only by understanding and accounting for these constraints can ethics-based auditing facilitate ethical alignment of AI, while enabling society to reap the full economic and social benefits of automation. (shrink)

This article examines the financial technology of derivatives. Derivatives are financial products whose values are based on possible fluctuations in the values of underlying assets. Hence derivatives markets are markets that trade in the risks of other markets. In order for derivatives markets to function, forms of prognostication that can assess the possible future fluctuations of the underlying markets are necessary. What such prognostications do, the article argues, is to create information out of future possibilities. Building upon a notion of (...) virtuality derived from Gilles Deleuze, Ulrich Beck and Niklas Luhmann, the article shows how market risks and uncertainties, by means of prognostications, cease to be mere possibilities and instead come to have virtual existence. Through the technology of derivatives, uncertainty and risk can be rendered virtual and be traded. The article suggests that this technology is an example of a new way in which capitalism is now expanding self-referentially as it creates markets out of markets; and of how it is colonizing the future by developing new technologies for ‘hyper-speculation’, that is, speculation not in the possible developments of a given asset but simply in the risk of such speculation. (shrink)

Important decisions that impact humans lives, livelihoods, and the natural environment are increasingly being automated. Delegating tasks to so-called automated decision-making systems can improve efficiency and enable new solutions. However, these benefits are coupled with ethical challenges. For example, ADMS may produce discriminatory outcomes, violate individual privacy, and undermine human self-determination. New governance mechanisms are thus needed that help organisations design and deploy ADMS in ways that are ethical, while enabling society to reap the full economic and social benefits of (...) automation. In this article, we consider the feasibility and efficacy of ethics-based auditing as a governance mechanism that allows organisations to validate claims made about their ADMS. Building on previous work, we define EBA as a structured process whereby an entity’s present or past behaviour is assessed for consistency with relevant principles or norms. We then offer three contributions to the existing literature. First, we provide a theoretical explanation of how EBA can contribute to good governance by promoting procedural regularity and transparency. Second, we propose seven criteria for how to design and implement EBA procedures successfully. Third, we identify and discuss the conceptual, technical, social, economic, organisational, and institutional constraints associated with EBA. We conclude that EBA should be considered an integral component of multifaced approaches to managing the ethical risks posed by ADMS. (shrink)

Présentation puis transcription et annotation de la correspondance inédite (1879-1890) de Paul Janet (1823-1899) avec son neveu Pierre Janet (1859-1947).

The article is an introduction to a special section in TCS on the work of Niklas Luhmann. The first part of the article provides a general introduction to Luhmann's work with an emphasis on the basic elements of Luhmann's general systems theory, in particular Luhmann's notions of autopoiesis and meaning, and the traditions on which it is based. The second part of the text is a presentation of the articles in the special section.

An exciting theory in neuroscience is that the brain is an organ for prediction error minimization. This theory is rapidly gaining influence and is set to dominate the science of mind and brain in the years to come. PEM has extreme explanatory ambition, and profound philosophical implications. Here, I assume the theory, briefly explain it, and then I argue that PEM implies that the brain is essentially self-evidencing. This means it is imperative to identify an evidentiary boundary between the brain (...) and its environment. This boundary defines the mind-world relation, opens the door to skepticism, and makes the mind transpire as more inferentially secluded and neurocentrically skull-bound than many would nowadays think. Therefore, PEM somewhat deflates contemporary hypotheses that cognition is extended, embodied and enactive; however, it can nevertheless accommodate the kinds of cases that fuel these hypotheses. (shrink)

This article argues that new sites of knowledge production, increasingly cultivated by the mass media, are threatening the role of academics and universities as traditional sources of expertise. Drawing upon the conceptual categories of Pierre Bourdieu, the article suggests an alternative way of understanding this ‚crisis of legitimacy’.

Excerpt from Wissen, Glaube und Ahndung Ich habe an; einem andern Orte, reinhold Fichte und Schelling 1, ]i den; f_unt'e1{s chied des arbeit Ma1en platonisehen'nogrnatisrnugx und deanfleiesigen; Kriticiemus 511159in hier - mu ichbemmv. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the (...) aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that there is at least a pro tanto reason to favor the control account of the right to privacy over the access account of the right to privacy. This conclusion is of interest due to its relevance for contemporary discussions related to surveillance policies. We discuss several ways in which the two accounts of the right to privacy can be improved significantly by making minor adjustments to their respective definitions. We then test the improved versions (...) of the two accounts on a test case, to see which account best explains the violation that occurs in the case. The test turns out in favor of the control account. (shrink)

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 1-2, Page 87-111, June 2022.

It is common in moral philosophy to test the validity of moral principles by proposing counter-examples in the form of cases where the application of the principle does not give the conclusion we intuitively find valid. These cases are often imaginary and sometimes rather ‘outlandish’, involving ray guns, non-existent creatures, etc. I discuss whether we can test moral principles with the help of outlandish cases, or if only realistic cases are admissible. I consider two types of argument against outlandish cases: (...) 1) Since moral principles are meant for guiding action in this world, cases drawn from other worlds are irrelevant. 2) We lack the capacity to apply our intuitive moral competence to outlandish cases. I argue that while the first approach is importantly flawed, the second approach is plausible, not because our moral competence per se is limited to cases from this world, but because we lack the capacity to imagine outlandish cases, and we cannot apply our moral competence to a case we fail to imagine properly. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Band bietet einen Durchgang durch Hölderlins dichterisches Schaffen und interpretiert zahlreiche Gedichte ausgehend von der Frage, wie sich das Verhältnis von Gott/Mensch/Sprache darin jeweils darstellt. Dieses zeigt sich als ein zunehmend gebrochen-fragiles; in dieser Schwächung kann sich jedoch eine neue Aufmerksamkeit für das Göttliche, das Menschliche und die Sprache entwickeln – in theologischer Diktion: Offenbarung Gottes nicht in einem „Mehr“, sondern in der Zurücknahme einer für den Menschen nicht fassbaren Fülle und im Abschied von fixierten Bildern.

The proposed European Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) is the first attempt to elaborate a general legal framework for AI carried out by any major global economy. As such, the AIA is likely to become a point of reference in the larger discourse on how AI systems can (and should) be regulated. In this article, we describe and discuss the two primary enforcement mechanisms proposed in the AIA: the _conformity assessments_ that providers of high-risk AI systems are expected to conduct, and (...) the _post-market monitoring plans_ that providers must establish to document the performance of high-risk AI systems throughout their lifetimes. We argue that the AIA can be interpreted as a proposal to establish a Europe-wide ecosystem for conducting AI auditing, albeit in other words. Our analysis offers two main contributions. First, by describing the enforcement mechanisms included in the AIA in terminology borrowed from existing literature on AI auditing, we help providers of AI systems understand how they can prove adherence to the requirements set out in the AIA in practice. Second, by examining the AIA from an auditing perspective, we seek to provide transferable lessons from previous research about how to refine further the regulatory approach outlined in the AIA. We conclude by highlighting seven aspects of the AIA where amendments (or simply clarifications) would be helpful. These include, above all, the need to translate vague concepts into verifiable criteria and to strengthen the institutional safeguards concerning conformity assessments based on internal checks. (shrink)