Our discussion of the commentaries begins, at the evolutionary level, with issues raised by our account of the evolution of morality in terms of partner-choice mutualism. We then turn to the cognitive level and the characterization and workings of fairness. In a final section, we discuss the degree to which our fairness-based approach to morality extends to norms that are commonly considered moral even though they are distinct from fairness.

La reunión de los textos que componen esta obra les confiere un significado propio que contribuye a permitir una mejor comprensión de la globalización gracias a la realización de una serie de aproximaciones críticas que competen a formaciones disciplinarias diversas y complementarias como la historia, la filosofía y la sociología. El profesor Arnaud insite aquí en la revolución que la globalización engendra en la producción y en la implementación de la norma jurídica, siendo ésta última la razón principal por la (...) cual no puede ni debe ignorarla el jurista. (shrink)

Rendre hommage à un auteur, ce n'est pas seulement célébrer ce qu'il fut mais c'est aussi alerter sur ce que son oeuvre apporte au présent et à l'avenir de la connaissance. C'est bien le sens donné à cet hommage à André-Jean Arnaud. Repenser le droit, c'était pou r cet auteur érudit : repenser les lieux, les conditions et les façons de l'étudier en dépassant les frontières géographiques en même temps que les frontières disciplinaires. En montrant en quoi (...) class='Hi'>André-Jean Arnaud fut, hors des sentiers battus et des orthodoxies de la production et de la transmission des savoirs en la matière, un exceptionnel précurseur et l'infatigable artisan d'un nouveau régime de connaissance sur le droit, le présent ouvrage s'adresse à toutes celles et à tous ceux, enseignants, chercheurs, étudiants ou simples citoyens, pou r qui l'étude du droit permet de mieux comprendre ce que sont et ce que sont susceptibles de devenir nos sociétés. (shrink)

We applaud Boyer's attempt to ground the psychology of ownership partly in a cooperative logic. In this commentary, we propose to go further and ground the psychology of ownership solely in a cooperative logic. The predictions of bargaining theory, we argue, completely contradict the actual features of ownership intuitions. Ownership is only about the calculation of mutually beneficial, reciprocal contracts.

El contexto de este artículo es la Francia posterior a mayo del 68. Arnaud se propone explicar las motivaciones que dan lugar al nacimiento de estructuras contestatarias dentro de las profesiones jurídicas en dicho país. Es decir, el autor explica cómo surge el movimiento de la “teoría crítica del derecho”. La judicatura más crítica considera que los problemas sociales son problemas políticos, y los sectores conservadores del poder judicial acusan a los sectores críticos de estar “politizados”. El sector contestatario de (...) la Academia denuncia la ideología formalista que elude las implicaciones sociales y económicas de las normas. Finalmente, el sistema intenta integrar la contestación mediante reformas. (shrink)

1. Ou va la sociologie du droit? -- 2. Gouvernats sans frontières : entre mondialisation et post-mondialisation.

Our discussion of the commentaries begins, at the evolutionary level, with issues raised by our account of the evolution of morality in terms of partner-choice mutualism. We then turn to the cognitive level and the characterization and workings of fairness. In a final section, we discuss the degree to which our fairness-based approach to morality extends to norms that are commonly considered moral even though they are distinct from fairness.

Il apparaîtra, en des termes explicites, que nous cherchons, prioritairement, à nous distinguer de cette lecture à livre ouvert, immédiate, qui caractérise une certaine école du commentaire de l'œuvre, qui suppose que la vérité du ...

Andre Jean Festugiere (1898-1982) a ete directeur d'etudes a l'Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes de 1943 a 1968. C'est pendant cette longue periode qu'il a donne une formidable impulsion, a Paris, aux etudes consacrees a l'Antiquite tardive Naturellement c'est aussi par ses publications nombreuses que le Pere Festugiere a contribue au rayonnement international de l'histoire de la philosophie a la fin du paganisme. On peut recenser 73 livres et 277 articles de revues et comptes rendus de livres. A la (...) fin de sa vie, il a reuni les plus importants de ses articles disperses en trois volumes. En 1971, ce furent les Etudes de philosophie grecque, en 1972, les Etudes de religion grecque et hellenistique et en 1975, les Etudes d'histoire et de philologie. Voici la reimpression des Etudes de philosophie grecque, qu'il a divisees en trois parties: d'abord les problemes generaux, puis les problemes de detail, enfin les Procliana. Les problemes de detail traitent ou bien de notions (eternite, endurance, peche) ou bien de questions particulieres posees par les ecrits de Platon, d'Aristote, de Theophraste, de Galien, d'Aristide Quintilien, ou d'expressions obscures dont le sens est devoile, tandis que les problemes generaux s'attaquent au probleme du mal, a celui du plaisir, aux rapports des philosophes grecs avec les sages orientaux et l'Inde, au systeme d'Aristote et aux genres de vie active et contemplative dans le monde greco-romain. Par la lecture de ces articles, le Pere Festugiere continue et continuera longtemps encore a enseigner ses lecteurs. (shrink)

L’esprit proprement religieux que l’on accorde à Platon à l’époque de la Renaissance ne se manifeste nulle part avec plus d’évidence que dans la conception de l’amour qu’entretiennent les poètes du XVIe siècle.Certes, le Moyen Âge avait célébré un amour spirituel, mais de l’amour il avait surtout établi le code, réglé la gestuelle et fixé le langage amoureux, issu des chansons courtoises. Or de cela les poètes renaissants ont tiré une philosophie qui rapporte la source de l’amour aux reflets de (...) la Beauté éternelle.Un philosophe le leur a appris : c’est Marsile Ficin qui, comme le démontre l’étude de A.-J. Festugière, fut le vrai promoteur dans toute l’Europe de cette religion platonicienne de l’amour. (shrink)

This study uses a sample of 242 European professional purchasers to examine the six characteristics of the decision-making process developed by Jones. The illustration mobilizes six original scenarios reproducing typical purchasing situations. Two versions of each scenario were used, one representing low moral intensity and the other showing high moral intensity. Two populations were sampled: one of 120 purchasers responding to the first version of the questionnaire and a second of 122 different purchasers responding to version two. Each version contained (...) three low-moral-intensity scenarios and three high-moral-intensity scenarios. The research also investigates two concepts suggested by Hannah et al. :663–685, 2011): examining the complexity of ethical decision-making through scenarios and microsocial professional ethical contexts. The findings reveal that neither traditional individual characteristics nor standard company characteristics have a real impact on two stages of Rest’s model. They also show that internal locus of control and a high microsocial ethical environment have a positive impact on purchaser awareness and intention to act ethically for four of the six dimensions: magnitude of consequences, social consensus, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect. Moral intensity factors also have a positive impact on these four dimensions. The two other dimensions are not related to the independent variables. (shrink)

We propose an approach reconciling the ultimate-level explanations proposed by Savage et al. and Mehr et al. as to why music evolved. We also question the current adaptationist view of culture, which too often fails to disentangle distinct fitness benefits.

The aim of this study is to examine the decision-making processes at work among French buyers—whether beginners or more experienced individuals, when confronted with a dilemma involving an ethical or non-ethical choice to be made. We go on to illustrate these dilemmas through the use of five original scenarios that reproduce typical situations that arise in a purchasing context in relation to the environment, physical integrity, conflict of interest, or paternalism. Based on 172 participants, the results of our study show (...) that, ethical decision-making depends very clearly on two main factors: expertise and gender. The study also reveals that there is not always a coherent link between ethical choices made and the reasons and justifications given for those choices. Ethical options chosen are not exclusively justified on the grounds of purely ethical reasons but also on the grounds of commercial or economic reasons, or else reasons of avoidance. (shrink)

Commentators raise fundamental questions about the notion of purity (sect. R1), the architecture of moral cognition (sect. R2), the functional relationship between morality and cooperation (sect. R3), the role of folk-theories of self-control in moral judgment (sect. R4), and the cultural variation of morality (sect. R5). In our response, we address all these issues by clarifying our theory of puritanism, responding to counter-arguments, and incorporating welcome corrections and extensions.

Why do many societies moralize apparently harmless pleasures, such as lust, gluttony, alcohol, drugs, and even music and dance? Why do they erect temperance, asceticism, sobriety, modesty, and piety as cardinal moral virtues? According to existing theories, this puritanical morality cannot be reduced to concerns for harm and fairness: It must emerge from cognitive systems that did not evolve for cooperation (e.g., disgust-based “purity” concerns). Here, we argue that, despite appearances, puritanical morality is no exception to the cooperative function of (...) moral cognition. It emerges in response to a key feature of cooperation, namely that cooperation is (ultimately) a long-term strategy, requiring (proximately) the self-control of appetites for immediate gratification. Puritanical moralizations condemn behaviors which, although inherently harmless, are perceived as indirectly facilitating uncooperative behaviors, by impairing the self-control required to refrain from cheating. Drinking, drugs, immodest clothing, and unruly music and dance are condemned as stimulating short-term impulses, thus facilitating uncooperative behaviors (e.g., violence, adultery, free-riding). Overindulgence in harmless bodily pleasures (e.g., masturbation, gluttony) is perceived as making people slave to their urges, thus altering abilities to resist future antisocial temptations. Daily self-discipline, ascetic temperance, and pious ritual observance are perceived as cultivating the self-control required to honor prosocial obligations. We review psychological, historical, and ethnographic evidence supporting this account. We use this theory to explain the fall of puritanism in western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, and discuss the cultural evolution of puritanical norms. Explaining puritanical norms does not require adding mechanisms unrelated to cooperation in our models of the moral mind. (shrink)

Ce recueil rassemble les articles et conférences que Jean Wahl a consacrés à Kierkegaard. Ils s'échelonnent des années 1930 aux années 1960. Certains sont inédits : d'autres furent à la source des Etudes kierkegaardiennes, publiées par Jean Wahl en 1938 ; d'autres encore, rédigés ou publiés après la guerre, témoignent de l'attachement continu de Wahl à Kierkegaard, et de son obstination à voir en lui le père de l'existentialisme. Ainsi restitués dans leur originalité et leur intégralité, ces textes (...) proposent une lecture unitaire et multiple de Kierkegaard, où sont abordées toutes ses catégories : l'angoisse, l'instant, le choix, le paradoxe... On ne manquera pas non plus de retrouver, dans ce face-à-face exceptionnel entre deux hommes et deux pensées, le fil discret mais ferme qui les relie à Levinas ou Deleuze. Magnifique introduction à l'œuvre de Jean Wahl dont l'importance est aujourd'hui incontestée. (shrink)

We consider a situation where an individual is facing an uncertain situation, but may costly alter his knowledge of the uncertainties. We study in this context how risk aversion may modify the individual search behavior. We consider a one-armed bandit problem (where one arm is safe and the other is risky) and study how the agent risk aversion can change the sequence of arms selected. The main result is that when the utility function is more concave, the agent has more (...) chances to select the safe arm. We also discuss how search is affected by risk aversion. (shrink)

We consider a situation where an individual is facing an uncertain situation, but may costly alter his knowledge of the uncertainties. We study in this context how risk aversion may modify the individual search behavior. We consider a one-armed bandit problem (where one arm is safe and the other is risky) and study how the agent risk aversion can change the sequence of arms selected. The main result is that when the utility function is more concave, the agent has more (...) chances to select the safe arm. We also discuss how search is affected by risk aversion. (shrink)

Recent attempts to develop and apply digital ethics principles to address the challenges of the digital transformation leave organisations with an operationalisation gap. To successfully implement such guidance, they must find ways to translate high-level ethics frameworks into practical methods and tools that match their specific workflows and needs. Here, we describe the development of a standardised risk assessment tool, the Principle-at-Risk Analysis (PaRA), as a means to close this operationalisation gap for a key level of the ethics infrastructure at (...) many organisations – the work of an interdisciplinary ethics panel. The PaRA tool serves to guide and harmonise the work of the Digital Ethics Advisory Panel at the multinational science and technology company Merck KGaA in alignment with the principles outlined in the company’s Code of Digital Ethics. We examine how such a tool can be used as part of a multifaceted approach to operationalise high-level principles at an organisational level and provide general requirements for its implementation. We showcase its application in an example case dealing with the comprehensibility of consent forms in a data-sharing context at Syntropy, a collaborative technology platform for clinical research. (shrink)

Instrumentaliser les textes de la Bible pour défendre ou pourfendre des idées ou des pratiques se fait la plupart du temps au prix d'une lecture unilatérale et simpliste. Une lecture plus attentive montre que le texte recèle une finesse et une richesse de sens qui interdisent les idées simples ; elle requiert du lecteur une réflexion à la fois forte et nuancée, respectueuse du texte et de la réalité qu'il évoque. À partir d'une lecture narrative de la mort de Samson (...) , les auteurs de l'article montrent comment ce récit, loin de justifier l’attentat suicide, nourrit plutôt une réflexion en profondeur sur la violence et sur ce qu'elle met en jeu de l'homme et de Dieu. (shrink)