Phagocytosis is an uptake of large particles governed by the actin-based cytoskeleton. Binding of particles to specific cell surface receptors is the first step of phagocytosis. In higher Eucaryota, the receptors able to mediate phagocytosis are expressed almost exclusively in macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes, conferring immunodefence properties to these cells. Receptor clustering is thought to occur upon particle binding, that in turn generates a phagocytic signal. Several pathways of phagocytic signal transduction have been identified, including the activation of tyrosine kinases (...) and (or) serine/threonine kinase C in pivotal roles. Kinase activation leads to phosphorylation of the receptors and other proteins, recruited at the sites of phagocytosis. Monomeric GTPases of the Rho and ARF families are likely to be engaged downstream of activated receptors. The GTPases, in cooperation with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase lipid modifying enzymes, can modulate locally the assembly of the submembranous actin filament system leading to particle internalization. BioEssays 21:422–431, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis which has infected one third of the mankind and causes 2–3 million deaths worldwide each year. The persistence of the infection ensues from the ability of M. tuberculosis to subvert host immune responses in favor of survival and growth of mycobacteria in macrophages. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis manipulates the host immune system have only recently come to light. These activities are attributed to lipoarabinomannans (LAM) and their precursors lipomannans (LM), (...) two predominant glycolipids of M. tuberculosis cell wall. LM are able to skew anti‐mycobacterial immune responses into un‐protective ones, while LAM evoke immunosupression upon binding to macrophage and dendritic cell receptors specialized in binding to “self” host components. A newly emerging idea implicates plasma membrane rafts in LM and LAM signaling. Depending on acylation patterns, the glycolipids may either directly incorporate into the raft membrane via mannosylphosphatidylinositol anchors or interact with raft‐associated proteins to affect the assembly of receptor signaling complexes. BioEssays 30:943–954, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

En esta ponencia se pretende mirar de manera crítica las soluciones materialistas al problema mente cuerpo. En mi opinión esas soluciones son un obstáculo en desarrollo de una investigación trans-inter y multidisciplinaria en este campo de saber.

There are many religions in the human world, and people manifest their religiousness in many different ways. The main problem this paper addresses concerns the possibility of sorting out this complex world of human religiousness by showing that it can be phenomenologically reduced to a few very basic existential attitudes. These attitudes express the main types of ways in which a human being relates to his or herself and the world, independently of the worldview or religion professed by the individual. (...) I use Kierkegaard’s theories of the stages of existence and subjective truth as a model. The theory of the stages of existence provides five basic existential attitudes on the basis of which religious attitudes can develop: spiritlessness, the aesthetic, the ethical, religiousness A, and religiousness B. The theory of subjective truth shows how the concept of truth functions in an ethical and existential sense as the personal truth of an individual engaged in building their religious identity. In turn, I discuss the problem of the relation of Kierkegaard’s philosophy to phenomenology, briefly introduce his concept of subjective truth and the stages of existence, and show how existential attitudes can be transformed into religious ones. I also consider the problem of the demonic as the inverted order of this anthropological and existential model. Finally, I argue that the model developed herein may be useful for further research into the phenomenology of religious attitudes. (shrink)

I shall outline the topic from a historical perspective, placing the main emphasis on the hundred years’ period spanning 1870–1970.

Provability, Computability and Reflection.

A. Klimczuk, Outplacement w podlaskich firmach w świetle badań własnych, [in:] M. Skarzyński, ESP, czyli Jak wyjść z zakrȩtu w rozwoju firmy, Narodowe Forum Doradztwa Kariery, Białystok 2015, pp. 55-87.

A. Klimczuk, Adaptacja szkół zawodowych do trendów społeczno-gospodarczych, [in:] M. Juchnicka, Doradcze i edukacyjne aspekty reorientacji zawodowej i wsparcia zatrudnienia zwalnianych pracowników oświaty, Izba Rzemieślnicza i Przedsiȩbiorczości, Białystok 2015, pp. 37-68.

A. Klimczuk, Szkolnictwo zawodowe w Polsce - nauczanie i wyzwania, [in:] M. Juchnicka, Formalnoprawne aspekty modernizacji szkolnictwa zawodowego, Izba Rzemieślnicza i Przedsiȩbiorczości, Białystok 2014, pp. 11-19.

The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, led to unprecedented events. All regions of the world participated in implementing preventive health measures such as physical distancing, travel restrictions, self-isolation, quarantines, and facility closures. The pandemic started global disruption of socio-economic systems, covering the postponement or cancellation of public events, supply shortages, schools and universities’ closure, evacuation of foreign citizens, a rise in unemployment and inflation, misinformation, the anti-vaccine movement, and incidents of discrimination (...) toward people affected by or suspected of having coronavirus disease. Attempts have been made to protect the oldest age group at risk, but in many cases, this has led to over-restriction and age discrimination. The rationale for working on the Research Topic "Socio-economic systems in the post-pandemic world: Design thinking, strategic planning, management, and public policy" was the need to start reflecting on resilience and lessons learned from this public health event that revealed the global unpreparedness in critical areas. Also, the pandemic triggered both top-down and bottom-up responses that needed more in-depth analyzes. This Research Topic covers interdisciplinary contributions addressing new thinking, challenges, and transformations required for post-pandemic global, national, regional, and local realities. The presented Research Topic combines studies focused on recognizing the actions and interventions leading to the recovery of socio-economic systems during the tail end and after the pandemic. The studies delivered recommendations regarding, among others, the care of vulnerable, planning socio-economic restart, and imagining the "new normal.". (shrink)

The aim of the article is to systematize the de re/de dicto distinctions that are most frequently used in philosophy. The paper highlights the main contexts in which these distinctions may be found and their syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic definitions. The article consists of four points, which are discussed in turn: 1) the principal moments in the early history of the distinction between de re and de dicto; 2) the main theoretical contexts of this distinction; 3) contemporary attempts to systematize (...) the various versions of this distinction, derived from Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson; and 4) a similar attempt, conducted by the author, to make McKay and Nelson’s systematization more precise. (shrink)

The term collaborative economy itself is relatively new, and according to the European Commission, the term is used interchangeably with the term sharing economy. The term SE was frequently used when early models, such as Airbnb or ZipCar, appeared and gained popularity, especially in the United States, but it was afterwards substituted with the term CE in the European contexts. The country reports in this collection often use the two terms interchangeably, further illustrating the fact that a generally agreed definition (...) is still missing. However, the ambition driving the term CE is to create specific European economic models with greater emphasis on the community’s involvement. In Europe, it is still the case that the definition of the CE and SE remains fuzzy, including both non-profit and for-profit models, supported by both monetary and non-monetary exchanges among participants. The phenomenon is complex, covering various fields of activity, as well as operating at various levels, ranging from the international to the national, regional, and local. Some definitions focus mostly on sustainability, while others highlight technological and financial aspects and business models specific to the phenomenon. This chapter is organized as follows. First, a short overview of the basic theoretical approaches to CE is presented. Further, the structure of the book is discussed in detail, and the text closes with a summary. M4 - Citavi. (shrink)

A. Klimczuk, Author’s Comments: Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II, “Newsletter of the Research Network Ageing in Europe”, Winter 2019, Issue 24, pp. 3-4.

This chapter presents and discusses the possibilities of obtaining various benefits from the increasing integration between the analyzed economic systems.

A. Klimczuk, Creativity, an Essential Condition for the Development of Smart and Age-friendly Cities and Communities, “Journal of Brief Ideas”, 04.02.2019,.

This chapter focuses on introducing ideas of the creative ageing policy in the context of international and national strategies. It also overviews the best practices at regional and local levels. The chapter suggests that the roots of the creative ageing policy are derived mainly from the countries characterized by Anglo-Saxon capitalism and the liberal model of the welfare state. The chapter also shows that some important ideas, principles, and observations in this paradigm come from the countries of the European Union (...) as well as the states of the Asia-Pacific region. (shrink)