W artykule omówiono kontakty dwóch znaczących osobistości w Polsce przełomu XVI i XVII wieku – wojewody Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego i jezuity ks. Piotra Skargi. Pierwsze ich spotkanie nastąpiło, gdy Zebrzydowski rozpoczynał swoją publiczną działalność, a ksiądz Skarga był już doświadczonym kapłanem i jezuitą. Zebrzydowski nosił się wówczas z zamiarem fundacji kolegium jezuickiego w rodowych dobrach w pobliżu Lublina. Kolejna znacząca współpraca związana była z powołanym do istnienia w Krakowie przez ks. Skargę Bractwem Miłosierdzia. Ksiądz Skarga bardzo pozytywnie oceniał postawę i zaangażowanie (...) Zebrzydowskiego w obydwa dzieła. Sytuacja uległa dość znaczącej zmianie, gdy Zebrzydowski, obrażony na Króla Zygmunta III Wazę, przeszedł do opozycji antykrólewskiej i stanął na czele rokoszu. Ksiądz Skarga dwukrotnie udał się do wojewody, aby odwieść go od tego nielegalnego działania. Poselstwa nie przyniosły pozytywnego rezultatu. Wzajemnie relacje obu osobistości uległy oziębieniu, choć można przypuszczać, że Zebrzydowski pod ich wpływem w końcu pogodził się z królem. Pewne relacje z jezuitami dalej podtrzymywał, ale już bez poprzedniego zaangażowania. (shrink)

The book deals with post-analytical philosophy of law, which departs from the traditional view which considers philosophical cognition as a sense-making and optimizing activity. It seeks to deconstruct the analytical, both philosophical and legal, narrative to expose it as a collection of schemes which oversimplify the legal and political reality.

Teoria cywilizacji Marcuse oferuje udaną syntezę freudyzmu i marksizmu. Podejście Marcusego, które znalazło swój najdobitniejszy wyraz w Erosie i cywilizacji, miało na celu całkowite przeformułowanie nauki o popędach Freuda, uhistorycznienie jej i sprzęgnięcie z zagadnieniem strukturalnej przemocy czy zinstytucjonalizowanymi (oraz zinternalizowanymi) mechanizmami represji. Twierdzę, że wspomniane przeformułowanie stanowi kamień węgielny dla idiosynkratycznej wersji teorii krytycznej Marcusego, która w mojej interpretacji posiada wyraźne akcenty protoakceleracjonistyczne. Artykuł krótko rekapituluje "dialektykę cywilizacji" Marcusego i wskazuje na jej zaskakujące zbieżności z akceleracjonistyczną wersją post-kapitalizmu w (...) refleksji Marcusego nad polityką, technologią oraz rolą sztuki i wyobraźni estetycznej w zakwestionowaniu afirmatywnego (desublimującego) charakteru kultury. (shrink)

This paper is a systematic comparison between two well–known and theologically relevant concepts – the sublime as developed in Kant’s third Critique, and Marion’s saturated phenomenon. Although it discusses the significant and apparent similarities between them, it also criticizes Marion’s identification of the sublime as a possible example of a saturated phenomenon. This is primarily because of the different origins and philosophical presuppositions guiding the elaboration of these two ideas. Kant’s aim is to confine the reception of the phenomenon to (...) the conditions of experience, so that both in the case of judg-ments of beauty and judg-ments of the sublime, the subject achieves pleasure through self-centred appreciation of its rational capacities. Marion’s saturated phenomenon, on the other hand, aims at dispensing with the ‘metaphysical’ horizon of either the object, or the transcendental subject, in favour of passive appropriation of givenness. Although both are meant to describe what happens when the limits of understanding are breached, in the sublime this breach only serves to reinforce the capacity of the rational subject, whereas in the saturated phenomenon it points to the possibility of apprehension of the totally Other as purely given. (shrink)

Social entrepreneurship is usually understood as an economic activity which focuses at social values, goals, and investments that generates surpluses for social entrepreneurs as individuals, groups, and startups who are working for the benefit of communities, instead of strictly focusing mainly at the financial profit, economic values, and the benefit generated for shareholders or owners. Social entrepreneurship combines the production of goods, services, and knowledge in order to achieve both social and economic goals and allow for solidarity building. From a (...) broader perspective, entities that are focused on social entrepreneurship are identified as parts of the social and solidarity economy. These are, for example, social enterprises, cooperatives, mutual organizations, self-help groups, charities, unions, fair trade companies, community enterprises, and time banks. Social innovation is a key element of social entrepreneurship. Social innovation is usually understood as new strategies, concepts, products, services, and organizational forms that allow for the satisfaction of needs. Such innovations are created in particular in the contact areas of various sectors of the social system. For example, these are spaces between the public sector, the private sector, and civil society. These innovations not only allow the solving of problems but also extend possibilities for public action. (shrink)

Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie affirm that financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging on economies or the financial resilience of older people.

This is the second, out of two papers, in which we identify all logics between C1 and S5 having the same theses without iterated modalities. All these logics can be divided into certain groups. Each such group depends only on which of the following formulas are theses of all logics from this group:,,, ⌜∨☐q⌝, and for any n > 0 a formula ⌜ ∨ ⌝, where has not the atom ‘q’, and and have no common atom. We generalize Pollack’s result (...) from [1], where he proved that all modal logics between S1 and S5 have the same theses which does not involve iterated modalities. (shrink)

The aim in this paper is to define an Abductive Question-Answer System for the minimal logic of formal inconsistency \. As a proof-theoretical basis we employ the Socratic proofs method. The system produces abductive hypotheses; these are answers to abductive questions concerning derivability of formulas from sets of formulas. We integrated the generation of and the evaluation of hypotheses via constraints of consistency and significance being imposed on the system rules.

Name der Zeitschrift: Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 1 Seiten: 179-203.

Recent years have seen the appearance of many English-language hand books of logic and numerous monographs on topical discoveries in the foundations of mathematics. These publications on the foundations of mathematics as a whole are rather difficult for the beginners or refer the reader to other handbooks and various piecemeal contribu tions and also sometimes to largely conceived "mathematical fol klore" of unpublished results. As distinct from these, the present book is as easy as possible systematic exposition of the now (...) classical results in the foundations of mathematics. Hence the book may be useful especially for those readers who want to have all the proofs carried out in full and all the concepts explained in detail. In this sense the book is self-contained. The reader's ability to guess is not assumed, and the author's ambition was to reduce the use of such words as evident and obvious in proofs to a minimum. This is why the book, it is believed, may be helpful in teaching or learning the foundation of mathematics in those situations in which the student cannot refer to a parallel lecture on the subject. This is also the reason that I do not insert in the book the last results and the most modem and fashionable approaches to the subject, which does not enrich the essential knowledge in founda tions but can discourage the beginner by their abstract form. A. G. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to point out the basic areas of judgment made by employees considering the ethical or unethical behaviour of employers in the workplace. The authors analyse this subject from three perspectives: The first one is labour legislation in Poland; the second is the perspective of employers, especially codes of ethical standards created by contemporary organizations, and the third perspective is the point of view of employees. The conclusions in this area have been made on the (...) basis of research in two Polish insurance companies. The authors attempted to create a ranking of ethical elements significant for employees. Such knowledge could be very useful for creating proper personnel policy in any organisation. (shrink)

This book presents the theory of the validity of legal norms, aimed at the practice of law, in particular the jurisdiction of the constitutional courts. The postpositivist concept of the validity of statutory law, grounded on a critical analysis of the basic theories of legal validity elaborated up to now, is introduced. In the first part of the book a contemporary German nonpositivist conception of law developed by Ralf Dreier and Robert Alexy is analysed in order to answer the question (...) whether the juristic concept of legal validity should include moral standards or criteria. In the second part, a postpositivist concept of legal validity and an innovative model of validity discourse, based on the juristic presumption of the validity of legal norms, are proposed. The book is a work on analytical legal theory, written from a postpositivist, detached point of view. (shrink)

An area agency on aging (AAA) is a public or private nonprofit organization designated by the state to address the needs and concerns of all older persons at the regional and local levels in the United States (Administration for Community Living (ACL) 2019). AAAs have a successful history of developing, coordinating, and implementing comprehensive networks of services and programs that enrich communities and the lives of older adults. AAAs were established through a provision of the Older Americans Act (OAA 1965), (...) which was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Specifically, AAAs were created with the 1973 reauthorization of the OAA. AAAs create the infrastructure to execute comprehensive long-term support services that ensure the independence of older adults. (shrink)

In a recent article in this journal, Remsen attacked moral objections to killing birds for museum collections, objections that are frequently raised by the general public and scientific community alike. The only grounds for moral objections against killing birds that Remsen considers and rejects are reverence for all life or personal, that is sentimental reasons. What Remsen ignores is avian sentience and the moral imperative of respecting it.

(1996). Educational policy in Poland in the period of transition. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, pp. 674-679.

Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit is a careful description of the progressive unfolding of Spirit. Its dialectic is the education of consciousness. There are three stages of unhappy consciousness: external beyond, changing individual, and achieved reconciliation. Being aware of its own mutability, the self yearns for reconciliation, which can only come from the external beyond, from the unchanging. The quest of unhappy consciousness for reconciliation is characterized by the three stages of devotion, sacramental desire and labour, and self-mortification. The self, constituted (...) by what is other, is never able to achieve lasting satisfaction; it desires the unity of self-consciousness. Through the experience of itself, the self comes to a clearer self-awareness and transgresses its own limits. (shrink)

W artykule proponuje się aksjomatyzację fragmentu klasycznej logiki zdań, który zostaje nazwany logiką niesymplifikacyjną. Nazwa pochodzi stąd, że unika się w nim, jak przypuszcza pewna ilość badaczy – wskazanych w tekście – paradoksalnych własności klasycznej implikacji i równoważności. Twierdzenie o niewyprowadzalności tez paradoksalnych nie jest jeszcze definitywnie udowodnione. Ale cały bieg myśli wydaje się interesujący z filozoficznego punktu widzenia ze względu na możliwość odróżnienia kilku rodzajów implikacji i równoważności.