Open peer commentary on the article “Exploring the Depth of Dream Experience: The Enactive Framework and Methods for Neurophenomenological Research” by Elizaveta Solomonova & Xin Wei Sha. Upshot: Neurophenomenology requires a first-person report at the sub-personal level. Thus, the neurophenomenology of dreaming and sleep can be figuratively located in a model of perspectives and levels of analysis. Even when Solomonova and Sha do admit creativity to explain bizarreness and emphasize dreams’ enaction and, especially, dreams’ perception-dependence, an innate and developmental framework (...) of neurophenomenology becomes a requirement to understand fully its sub-personal counterpart, i.e., sleep, especially the evidence derived from innate processing observed during the sleep of neonates - even without the dreaming counterpart. Finally, precisions about the depth of dreaming in Hobson’s work are presented. (shrink)

En este artículo, el autor ofrece una interpretación de la importancia filosófica actual de la Ilustración escocesa. Después de un amplio repaso de las principales características de este movimiento y del pensamiento de figuras escocesas clave del siglo XVIII, se propone que discusiones del momento en tomo a la naturaleza y perspectivas del progreso en la historia, podrían beneficiarse de una reconsideración crítica de ciertos puntos de vista expuestos por los literati escoceses.

Aunque es erróneo creer en un desarrollo tecnológico absolutamente autónomo e independiente de constreñimientos humanos o sociales, la propia impresionante dinámica del actual avance tecnológico hace tentador creer en algún tipo de determinismo tecnológico. En el marco de la teoría de las consecuencias no intencionadas de la acción humana en la historia es posible acomodar una variante moderada, no absoluta de determinismo tecnológico. En ella hay cabida para un reconocimiento objetivo de la contingencia y finitud humanas junto a claras exigencias (...) de responsabilidad. (shrink)

The aim of this research was to explore the elements that configure the quality of care among three Mexican same-sex planned families: two female-parented families (through donor insemination) and a male-parented one (through adoption). The first family consisted of two mothers and a 3-year-old daughter; the second one had two mothers and a 1.5-year-old set of boy twins and the third family consisted of two fathers and a 2-year-old girl. It was assumed that Ainsworth’s notions of quality of care organization (...) are useful in order to understand caregiver-child attachment relationships, regardless of the parents’ sexual orientation. A collective case study was selected due to the fact that these families shared their “unconventionality” (i.e. parents were not heterosexual) and the fact that they were planned, but each one constituted a particular case with a unique configuration. Four trained independent observers used the q-sort methodology (Maternal Behavior Q-Sort and Attachment Q-Sort) to describe parents’ and children’s behavior, respectively. The findings showed that parents were highly sensitive and all children used them as a secure base. To provide an in-depth examination of which elements configure the quality of care, a semi-structured interview with each parent was carried out. Through a thematic analysis, an over-arching theme named Affections and Emotions was identified, together with six subthemes: 1) Creating an affective environment; 2) Being available; 3) Acknowledging and expressing emotions; 4) Perceiving, interpreting and responding adequately to the child’s real self; 5) Taking the child’s perspective into account; and 6) Agreeing on roles and dividing the tasks. In order to showcase the particular configuration of gay parenting, the male-headed family narrative is reported in detail, because gay parents have been perceived as violating traditional gender roles as well as the hegemonic model of masculinity. The findings were consistent with the notion of quality of care as proposed by Ainsworth and her collaborators. The implications of the methodological device and research regarding same-sex planned families are discussed so as to understand the organization of the caregiving environment. (shrink)

In recent years, Swedish women belonging to a post-migrant generation have made their voices against racism and social inequality prominent within public debate. Engaging in segregated and economically deprived suburbs, these women make use of art in order to counter stereotypical narratives of themselves and their communities. Based on interviews from two research projects, Accessing Utopia and Gendered Islamophobia in Sweden, this article aims to understand the complexities in using art to protest racist structures and stereotypes. In what ways are (...) the young women making room for their own creative expressions in Swedish society, while countering processes of othering? How does the work of representation affect them? What meaning do the women give to the platforms and networks they have been involved in? This article shows that the women’s early experiences of othering and meeting likeminded youths play a central role in order to either enter or create collective platforms where they can creatively engage in expressing their subjectivities and counter society’s controlling images. Projects and platforms such as Revolution Poetry and Swedish hijabis provided collective self-care through support and confidence building among youths from marginalized communities. These platforms can be seen as an artistic homeplace for the interlocutors. The article also shows that the work of representation is sometimes felt as limiting. The activism the women engage in is a deeply personal struggle for self-valuation and seeking ways to live a life on one’s own terms. (shrink)

A recently popular formulation of the Higgs naturalness principle prohibits delicate cancellations between running renormalized Higgs mass parameters and EFT matching corrections, by contrast with the principle’s original formulation, which prohibits delicate cancellations between the bare Higgs mass parameter and its quantum corrections. While the need for this latter cancellation is sometimes viewed as unproblematic since bare parameters are thought by some to be divergent and unphysical, renormalized parameters are finite and measurable, and the need for delicate cancellations between the (...) renormalized Higgs mass parameter and EFT matching corrections is therefore considered by some to constitute a more salient formulation of the Higgs naturalness problem. Here, we argue that to the contrary, the need for fine tuning of the renormalized Higgs mass parameter is an eliminable, unphysical artifact of renormalization scheme, and that this severely weakens the grounds for regarding it as a problematic instance of fine tuning. In doing so, we highlight what we take to be a number of important conceptual lessons about the physical interpretation of model parameters in QFT. (shrink)

In his final lectures and writings, Fichte continued to assert that his philosophy opened up a new word, one that he still associated with Kantian thought, although the horizon of his thinking had changed since 1801. The essay reveals this second horizon, on which Fichte worked until the end of his life. It asserts the reality of an absolute being and the ideality of the world representing the outer appearance or the existence of an absolute being, a world that is (...) nothing more than knowledge, seeing, an image of being and the images that form life. With this theory Fichte takes an original position in the history of Western philosophy.In seinen letzten Vorlesungen und Schriften behauptet Fichte weiterhin, dass seine Philosophie eine neue Welt eröffnet, die er immer noch mit dem kantischen Denken in Verbindung setzt, obwohl sich sein Denkhorizont seit 1801 verändert hatte. Im Aufsatz wird dieser zweite Horizont dargestellt und wie Fichte ihn bis zum Ende seines Lebens ausgearbeitete. In ihm wird die Realität eines absoluten Seins und die Idealität der Welt angenommen, die die äußere Erscheinung oder die Existenz des absoluten Seins darstellt und nichts anderes als Wissen, Sehen, Bild des Seins und bildendes Leben sei. Durch diese Lehre nimmt Fichte eine eigentümliche Stellung in der Geschichte der abendländischen Philosophie ein. (shrink)

Este artículo propone un estudio de la mujer en los textos que conforman la narrativa porteña de Salvador Reyes: El café del puerto, Piel nocturna, Mónica Sanders y Valparaíso, puerto de nostalgia. Para esto se plantea analizar la construcción del sujeto femenino a partir de la noción de “corazón y belleza” propuesta por Rimbaud, la que, contra la mirada falogocéntrica del Chile de la primera parte del siglo XX, termina generando líneas de fuga que abren posibilidades de transgresión y ruptura (...) en el orden de las familias. Asimismo, se realizan ciertas conexiones intertextuales necesarias para la comprensión del componente disruptivo de la representación de la mujer en la escritura de Reyes. The article proposes a review of the role of women in the works thatSalvador Reyes' narrative of Valparaíso:El café del puerto,Piel nocturna,Mónica Sanders andValparaíso, puerto de nostalgia. The construction of the female subjectRimbaud’s notionof “heart and beauty”. This notion counters the phallocentric bias prevalent in Chile in the early 20th centurysettingof flightopen possibilities of transgressiontheof the family. In addition,this article proposesintertextual connections necessary for understandingdisruptive component of the representation of women in Reyes’ writing. (shrink)

Au cours de cette recherche, nous réfléchissons à la question de la couverture médiatique du domaine sportif. Nous nous concentrons sur l’impact de la présence des médias sur la construction de l’information sportive elle-même. Nous discutons de la position de l’analyste du discours vis-à-vis de ce contexte de production de discours ; production fortement influencée par l’outil technologique. Par exemple, nous montrons que le placement de microphones sur les acteurs de la rencontre sportive pousse l’analyste à considérer ces participants comme (...) des objets et des producteurs de la couverture médiatique. Par l’analyse de ce type de corpus, nous proposons donc d’étudier ces questions de positionnement de l’analyste au sein de ce double contexte de production. (shrink)

La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológicofilosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era (...) tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica. (shrink)

El artículo pone en relación a Calderón con la filosofía moderna. Se compara la duda metódica de Descartes con el desengaño dramatizado de Calderón. Ambos deshacen la pretendida realidad primaria del mundo, pero Calderón llega, al igual que Kant, a la afirmación de la libertad como realidad origina..

Con motivo de la traducción de la Ética fichteana (1798) al inglés y al español (diciembre de 2005), se procede en este artículo a una presentación de esa obra y de su método filosófico, centrando después la atención en la explicación del mal moral (§ 16), como un lugar privilegiado para captar la c..

El artículo es una presentación general de la filosofía de Carnap, tanto de sus desarrollos en el campo de las ciencias formales como en el de las ciencias fácticas. En el primero, sus investigaciones están orientadas al estudio de la semiótica (construcción de lenguajes formalizados entendidos como instrumentos para el esclarecimiento de problemas filosóficos). Considera que los procedimientos teóricos de la ciencia requieren de la deducción y el cálculo para ser aplicados a las ciencias empíricas. En las ciencias fácticas, los (...) enunciados sólo expresan regularidades del mundo. Estas son: las leyes universales y las leyes estadísticas; las primeras están formuladas como proposiciones condicionales universales y las últimas se valen de la lógica de la probabilidad, que es distinta de la inducción. (shrink)

Reduction between theories in physics is often approached as an a priori relation in the sense that reduction is often taken to depend only on a comparison of the mathematical structures of two theories. I argue that such approaches fail to capture one crucial sense of “reduction,” whereby one theory encompasses the set of real behaviors that are well-modeled by the other. Reduction in this sense depends not only on the mathematical structures of the theories, but also on empirical facts (...) about where our theories succeed at describing real systems, and is therefore an a posteriori relation. (shrink)

This article introduces a critical commentary to Hannah Arendt’s interpretation of Kant in her Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. The author follows the scheme of what Arendt considers the three Kantian human perspectives: man as a rational being, man as an animal species, and man as a synthesis of the rational and the sensitive. Arendt’s research focuses on the contribution that the Kantian theory of the reflexive judgment can bring to a political theory, following the distinction between actor and spectator.

Se reflexiona aquí sobre las estrategias básicas de una investigación filosófica en base a la estructura de la subjetividad y de la comprensión: su originariedad, su finitud y la intersubjetividad. Por ello el estudioso ha departir de su propio interés, delimitar el tema según sus capacidades, pensar por sí mismo y dialogar. En esto ha de tener en cuenta la originariedad y temporalidad característica del diálogo filosófico, la tarea interpretativa de los textos, las deficiencias de todo lenguaje y la situación (...) personal. Por último se hacen algunas observaciones sobre la redacción. (shrink)

La reflexión de este artículo no se dirige a dirimir que máximas serían o no universalizables, sino a estudiar qué significa la universalidad de la ley moral. En primer lugar, expresa la exigencia racional de salir del mundo particular de cada uno y vivir en la realidad real. Quiere decir también que la autonomía del sujeto ha de determinar en ultima instancia todos sus actos. Y, finalmente, la universalidad hace relación a la intersubjetividad o reino de fines, que constituye el (...) mundo moral. De este modo, la universalidad de la ley moral se presenta como la forma básica de la relación de la libertad consigo misma, el ámbito donde ha de realizarse el acto individual libre. (shrink)

This article ana l yses the birth of some n e w female identities in Latin America, mar k e d b y strong cultural inn o v ation. The process of change has been w on b y political st r uggles that h a v e pe r mitted Latin American w omen to g ain some essential rights. More o v er the t e x t describes the compl e xity of syncretising all Lati n America, (...) but the common elements are more important than the di f ferences. H o w e v e r , accepting this d i v ersit y , the great inequality of basic essentials in the relationships be t w een w omen, is producing one v oice, one discourse and one common demand. F inal l y , it sh o ws the political contradictions in w hich contempora ry Latin America w omen l i v e, summoned to pa r ticipate, as mode r n w omen, in the institutions w hen these same institutions put them in positions of social, political and economic subordination. Despite these di f f iculties, it emphasises the political e xperiments that w omen are ca r r ying out to f ind a syncretism without eliminating cultural d i versit y. (shrink)

I show explicitly how concerns about wave function collapse and ontology can be decoupled from the bulk of technical analysis necessary to recover localized, approximately Newtonian trajectories from quantum theory. In doing so, I demonstrate that the account of classical behavior provided by decoherence theory can be straightforwardly tailored to give accounts of classical behavior on multiple interpretations of quantum theory, including the Everett, de Broglie-Bohm and GRW interpretations. I further show that this interpretation-neutral, decoherence-based account conforms to a general (...) view of inter-theoretic reduction in physics that I have elaborated elsewhere, which differs from the oversimplified and often ambiguous picture that treats reduction simply as a matter of taking limits. This interpretation-neutral account rests on a general three-pronged strategy for reduction between quantum and classical theories that combines decoherence, an appropriate form of Ehrenfest's Theorem, and a decoherence-compatible mechanism for collapse. It also incorporates a novel argument as to why branch-relative trajectories should be approximately Newtonian, which is based on a little-discussed extension of Ehrenfest's Theorem to open systems, rather than on the more commonly cited but less germane closed-systems version. In the Conclusion, I briefly suggest how the strategy for quantum-classical reduction described here might be extended to reduction between other classical and quantum theories, including classical and quantum field theory and classical and quantum gravity. (shrink)

El artículo es un esbozo general de los procedimientos decisorios parafórmulas monádicas de primer grado tratados por Juan Bautista Ferro. Seinicia con una breve semblanza de Ferro. Luego trata el problema de ladecisión, y presenta los procedimientos decisorios de Quine (QS, QL y QM),Georg H. Von Wright (VW), Bernays Schonfinkel (BS), S.C. Kleene y elprocedimiento decisorio Ferro Herbrand (FH). Cada uno de estos métodos muestra el esfuerzo por reducir la lógica cuan ti ficacional monádica de primer orden a la lógica (...) proposicional; en este sentido, el método FH opera con mayores ventajas sobre los otros métodos. (shrink)

A conventional wisdom about the progress of physics holds that successive theories wholly encompass the domains of their predecessors through a process that is often called reduction. While certain influential accounts of inter-theory reduction in physics take reduction to require a single "global" derivation of one theory's laws from those of another, I show that global reductions are not available in all cases where the conventional wisdom requires reduction to hold. However, I argue that a weaker "local" form of reduction, (...) which defines reduction between theories in terms of a more fundamental notion of reduction between models of a single fixed system, is available in such cases and moreover suffices to uphold the conventional wisdom. To illustrate the sort of fixed-system, inter-model reduction that grounds inter-theoretic reduction on this picture, I specialize to a particular class of cases in which both models are dynamical systems. I show that reduction in these cases is underwritten by a mathematical relationship that follows the broad prescriptions of Nagel/Schaffner reduction, and support this claim with several examples. Moreover, I show that this broadly Nagelian analysis of inter-model reduction encompasses several cases that are sometimes cited as instances of the "physicist's" limit-based notion of reduction. (shrink)

Este artículo estudia, desde un punto de vista analítico, la teoría de la percepción que AndrésBello presenta en su Filosofía del Entendimiento. El objetivo central consiste en elucidar cuáles sonlos elementos que componen y estructuran el proceso de la percepción. En este sentido, se procedemediante el análisis de los capítulos y los apéndices relacionados con los temas de la percepción, quecorresponden con la primera parte denominada, “Psicolojía mental”. De conformidad con lo anterior,se analizan las nociones de alma o espíritu, conciencia, (...) sensación, intuición, referencia o juicio, eimpresión. Metodológicamente, se recurre a las estrategias y recursos que para el trabajo filosóficoprovee el análisis del lenguaje. Finalmente, se concluye que la teoría de la percepción en Andrés Bello,involucra la colaboración de una serie de subprocesos como la intuición, la sensación y la referencia ojuicio, además de reclamar como indispensable la unidad e indivisibilidad del alma o el “yo”. (shrink)

Representation is a major and multifaceted concept of modern politics. Through open and regular elections, it shields the democratic character of representative governments, compelling politicians to pursue the interests of their constituencies and become responsive to their demands. But since the concept of representation is so embedded in the day-to-day workings of democratic regimes, it has largely lost significant traces of its history that shed light on its political dawn. The instrumentalization of the concept by representative governments in order to (...) assess their democratic legitimacy obfuscates its seminal ambiguities and the history of conflicts about its meaning and institutional functions. (shrink)

Supporters of the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of quantum theory argue that because the theory, like classical mechanics, concerns the motions of point particles in 3D space, it is specially suited to recover classical behavior. I offer a novel account of classicality in dBB theory, if only to show that such an account falls out almost trivially from results developed in the largely interpretation-neutral context of decoherence theory. I then argue that this undermines any special claim that dBB theory is purported (...) to have on the unification of the quantum and classical realms. (shrink)

I distinguish two types of reduction within the context of quantum-classical relations, which I designate “formal” and “empirical”. Formal reduction holds or fails to hold solely by virtue of the mathematical relationship between two theories; it is therefore a two-place, a priori relation between theories. Empirical reduction requires one theory to encompass the range of physical behaviors that are well-modeled in another theory; in a certain sense, it is a three-place, a posteriori relation connecting the theories and the domain of (...) physical reality that both serve to describe. Focusing on the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics, I argue that while certain formal results concerning singular \ limits have been taken to preclude the possibility of reduction between these theories, such results at most provide support for the claim that singular limits block reduction in the formal sense; little if any reason has been given for thinking that they block reduction in the empirical sense. I then briefly outline a strategy for empirical reduction that is suggested by work on decoherence theory, arguing that this sort of account remains a fully viable route to the empirical reduction of classical to quantum mechanics and is unaffected by such singular limits. (shrink)

This study attempts to spell out more explicitly than has been done previously the connection between two types of formal correspondence that arise in the study of quantum–classical relations: one the one hand, deformation quantization and the associated continuity between quantum and classical algebras of observables in the limit \, and, on the other, a certain generalization of Ehrenfest’s Theorem and the result that expectation values of position and momentum evolve approximately classically for narrow wave packet states. While deformation quantization (...) establishes a direct continuity between the abstract algebras of quantum and classical observables, the latter result makes in-eliminable reference to the quantum and classical state spaces on which these structures act—specifically, via restriction to narrow wave packet states. Here, we describe a certain geometrical re-formulation and extension of the result that expectation values evolve approximately classically for narrow wave packet states, which relies essentially on the postulates of deformation quantization, but describes a relationship between the actions of quantum and classical algebras and groups over their respective state spaces that is non-trivially distinct from deformation quantization. The goals of the discussion are partly pedagogical in that it aims to provide a clear, explicit synthesis of known results; however, the particular synthesis offered aspires to some novelty in its emphasis on a certain general type of mathematical and physical relationship between the state spaces of different models that represent the same physical system, and in the explicitness with which it details the above-mentioned connection between quantum and classical models. (shrink)

El presente trabajo propone un análisis sobre las políticas educativas y de inserción social destinadas a los y las jóvenes pertenecientes a una configuración neo-colonial, agraria y periférica. Para este fin se estudia el caso del distrito de Costa de Araujo, ubicado en la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina), el cual se caracteriza por ser un territorio marginal que ha sufrido las transformaciones propias de las actuales estructuras capitalistas agrarias. Para alcanzar el objetivo, se estudia el papel creciente que ha asumido (...) el sistema educativo en la implementación de políticas de formación para jóvenes rurales. En este sentido, presentamos un análisis sobre el único centro de Capacitación para el Trabajo de la zona y de su propuesta que contiene como metas institucionales: ofrecer la terminalidad educativa secundaria y capacitar la fuerza de trabajo de los y las jóvenes del lugar. De esta manera se pretende reflexionar sobre estas propuestas educativas a la luz de la realidad social y particular que asume la juventud rural en Costa de Araujo. (shrink)

I defend three general claims concerning inter-theoretic reduction in physics. First, the popular notion that a superseded theory in physics is generally a simple limit of the theory that supersedes it paints an oversimplified picture of reductive relations in physics. Second, where reduction specifically between two dynamical systems models of a single system is concerned, reduction requires the existence of a particular sort of function from the state space of the low-level model to that of the high-level model that approximately (...) commutes, in a specific sense, with the rules of dynamical evolution prescribed by the models. The third point addresses a tension between, on the one hand, the frequent need to take into account system-specific details in providing a full derivation of the high-level theory’s success in a particular context, and, on the other hand, a desire to understand the general mechanisms and results that under- write reduction between two theories across a wide and disparate range of different systems; I suggest a reconciliation based on the use of partial proofs of reduction, designed to reveal these general mechanisms of reduction at work across a range of systems, while leaving certain gaps to be filled in on the basis of system-specific details. After discussing these points of general methodology, I go on to demonstrate their application to a number of particular inter-theory reductions in physics involving quantum theory. I consider three reductions: first, connecting classical mechanics and non-relativistic quantum mechanics; second,connecting classical electrodynamics and quantum electrodynamics; and third, connecting non-relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. I approach these reductions from a realist perspective, and for this reason consider two realist interpretations of quantum theory - the Everett and Bohm theories - as potential bases for these reductions. Nevertheless, many of the technical results concerning these reductions pertain also more generally to the bare, uninterpreted formalism of quantum theory. Throughout my analysis, I make the application of the general methodological claims of the thesis explicit, so as to provide concrete illustration of their validity. (shrink)

En este artículo pretendo argumentar de qué manera el lenguaje es conformador de la experiencia estética y, en especial, cómo el argot involucrado en las vivencias estéticas es indisociable de estas, al operar como uno de sus factores constituyentes. A través del análisis de ejemplos de jerga estética popular, procedentes en su mayor parte del lenguaje juvenil, señalo algunos de los modos en que el argot conforma experiencias estéticas que no existirían sin su intervención. En este análisis recurro a algunas (...) ideas sobre la relación entre el lenguaje y la experiencia de autores como Wittgenstein, Vigotsky o Searle. (shrink)

En un análisis fenomenológico, la pose aparece como un evento que establece una relación especial entre el cuerpo y la imagen; en dicho evento la intencionalidad se dirige a la resolución del propio cuerpo como imagen. Las distinciones tradicionales entre imagen y esquema corporales, y entre apercepción y apresentación sirven a este estudio para señalar algunos aspectos característicos del acto de posar, pero es el análisis fenomenológico de la recepción y la empatía el que aporta las claves fundamentales.In a phenomenological (...) analysis, the pose appears as an event that establishes a special relationship between body and image; in that event, the intentionality is directed to the resolution of the body itself as an image. The traditional distinctions between body image and body scheme, and between apperception and presentification, serve to point out some characteristic aspects of the act of posing, but it is the phenomenological analysis of reception and empathy that provides the fundamental insights. (shrink)

RESUMEN En su primera investigación, Edith Stein se propuso definir la esencia de la Einfühlung (empatía) como experiencia de la conciencia ajena; pretendía así fundamentar que, como había indicado Husserl, ese acto abría la posibilidad de una intersubjetividad trascendental como solución al solipsismo de la conciencia. Stein halló la clave de esa esencia en la idea de originariedad, pero intentó evitar el problema de la empatía estética, sirviéndose de Los ídolos del autoconocimiento de Scheler. ABSTRACT In her first research project, (...) Edith Stein set out to define the essence of Einfühlung (empathy) as an experience of another's consciousness. Her objective was to justify the fact that such an act opened up the possibility of a transcendental subjectivity as a solution to the solipsism of consciousness, as Husserl had indicated. Stein found the key to that essence in the idea of originariety, but she tried to avoid the problem of aesthetic empathy by resorting to Scheler's Idols of Self-Knowledge. RESUMO Em sua primeira pesquisa, Edith Stein se propôs a definir a essência da Einfühlung (empatia) como experiência da consciência alheia; pretendia assim fundamentar que, como tinha indicado Husserl, esse ato abria a possibilidade de uma intersubjetividade transcendental como solução ao solipsismo da consciência. Stein encontrou a chave dessa essência na ideia de originalidade, mas tentou evitar o problema da empatia estética ao se servir de Os ídolos do autoconhecimento de Scheler. (shrink)

In Sociedades americanas en 1828, Simón Rodríguez describes and supports a republican attempt as a new way of government. Aware of the problem his project meant and warned against the accusation of being an utopian, he claims that the social republic would not be an utopia, as Tomas Moro imagined about, but the opportunity for the republics in South America to be the good place for an authentic social life. On the grounds that are described above, this paper examines analytically (...) and critically the relationships between republic and utopia in Simon Rodriguez. (shrink)