Doebler's small oil portrait of Kant from the year 1791 ist the most important contemporary image that we have of him. The original was preserved by the Order of the Skull and Phoenix in Köngsberg. Various copies of it hung in the Kant-Museum and were held privately in Köngisberg: Stobbe , Petzenburg or Pützenburger and Jacobson , as well as two live-size copies, one that has been called “contemporary” and one from an unknown painter commissioned by the Immanuel Order , (...) although the latter two may stem from the same artist. The Kant-Museum also exhibited a Kant portrait by Heydeck based on Doebler's original, on loan from the art collection of Königsberger Castle. All of these works were destroyed in World War II or have gone missing since 1945. This essay discusses the two Kant portraits sold in auction in 1963 and 2000 and held by the Museum of the City of Königsberg in Duisburg, neither of which copies had been made. The author argues that the former painting is not so much a second work made by Doebler around 1791 as it is a contemporary copy made of it by another artist for the Kant pupil Kiesewetter in Berlin. The second is shown to be an original by Heydeck in 1872, made by observation of Doebler's work. Additionally, the author provides further details of the biographies of Doebler and Heydeck. (shrink)

Lange vergriffen ' jetzt als Neuausgabe:Heinrich Barths Philosophie der Praktischen VernunftHeinrich Barths Philosophie der Praktischen Vernunft ist zugleich eine gründliche Analyse von Immanuel Kants Kritik der praktischen Vernunft und die Grundlegung einer eigenständigen Philosophie der existentiell begründeten Vernunft. Ausgehend von den Marburger Philosophen Hermann Cohen und Paul Natorp, vertieft Barth deren transzendentalen Systemgedanken zu einem radikalen Prinzip, das die Wirklichkeitsfrage neu aufwirft. Letztere wird zwar auch in Kants zweiter Kritik gestellt, doch nicht im Sinne einer Handlungstheorie, sondern mit (...) der Absicht aufzuweisen, dass es so etwas wie praktische Vernunft überhaupt «gibt». Genau darin aber erkennt Barth den Kern der Philosophie der Existenz, wodurch sich seine Philosophie der Praktischen Vernunft ' wie Sein und Zeit 1927 erschienen ' in einer noch zu erhellenden Verwandtschaft zu Martin Heidegger befindet. Dennoch könnte die Ausgangslage beider Philosophen verschiedener nicht sein. Weder Sein noch Tod geben die Leitlinien von Barths Interpretation vor, vielmehr die transzendental verstandene Vernunft und der Mensch, der wesensmässig vom Anspruch praktischer Verwirklichung herausgefordert ist. Grundsätzlicher als ethische Normen und Regeln werden hier die Grundlagen der praktischen Vernunft erachtet, die im Horizont von Platons «Idee des Guten» und Kants Begriff der «Pflicht» eine eigenständige Wirklichkeit beansprucht. Dass der Philosoph Barth auch offen ist für die Dimension der Glaubenswahrheiten zeigte sich schon bei seiner Mitarbeit an der «Dialektischen Theologie» in den frühen Zwanzigerjahren des 20. Jahrhunderts. (shrink)

A dynamic description model of the flight path a dragonfly takes is required in order to derive the encounter frequency of the dragonfly males visiting a pond. It is considered as the first part of a realistic description of the regulation of dragonfly density at the pond by behavioural interaction. Since the dragonfly males fly strictly along the shoreline of the pond, their displacement may be perceived as a quasi linear movement. The flight paths of dragonflies were recorded in field (...) by registering at regular time intervals the number of the shoreline section. in which the dragonfly was staying at that moment. The recorded flight paths show a wide variety from circling around the pond or flying widely to and fro to remaining in a narrow sector of the shoreline . The records were classified into 9 flight style groups. The flight style is temperature dependent, but there are also individual differences between the dragonflies. The strategy adopted for model building is to start with the most simple assumptions and parameters. The dynamic performance of each model is assessed by simulations. The model has to be extended until the simulated flight path patterns resemble the observed patterns. In a model with one parameter the displacement for every time interval is given by a stochastic decision using the probabilities evaluated from the observed frequencies of step length . This model was run with different sets of data. The simulated patterns using the data from all records together slightly resemble some observed patterns. They represent, however, only a small range of the variability observed. With data from the different style groups or the single records the simulated patterns are much more variable, but they are too irregular and contain too many turns . Therefore the description model was extended by a second parameter determining the direction of each step. The probability of turning is dependent on the number of steps already taken in the same direction . The probabilities are evaluated from the observed frequencies of step series. With the data from all records together, this model yields patterns more similar to the observed flight paths but they still represent only a restricted range of the observed variability. The patterns obtained using the data from the different style groups or from the single records cover the full range of the observed variability and they resemble closely the observed patterns even in minute details . Thus this description model together with the data from the flight style groups is accepted as fully sufficient for the present purpose. The simulations allow the assessment of the range of chance variability . The assumptions implied in the description model were corroborated by statistical tests. The approach developed here for the quantification of the behaviour of dragonflies is generally applicable to stochastic behaviour. Um die Häufigkeit der Kämpfe zwischen Libellenmannchen am Gewässer vom Verhalten der einzelnen Individuen ableiten zu können, wurde ein dynamisches Modell des Flugverhaltens einzelner Libellen aus Freilandbeobachtungen abgeleitet. Das Modell soll ein erster Schritt zu einer realistischen Beschreibung sein, wie bei Libellen die Individuendichte durch Verhaltensinteraktionen geregelt wird. Da die Libellenmannchen streng an der Uferlinie entlang fliegen, kann ihre Flugbahn als quasi eindimensionale Bewegung aufgefaßt werden. Die Flugbahnen einzelner Männchen registrierte ich, indem ich in regelmäßigen Zeitintervallen die Nummer des'Uferabschnitts , in dem sich die Libelle gerade aufhielt, auf Tonband sprach. Die registierten Flugbahnen sind sehr verschiedenartig. Zwischen Bahnen, bei denen die Libellen immer in einer Richtung um das Gewässer kreisten, bis zu solchen, bei denen sie in einem engen Uferbereich hin and her flogen, gibt es alle Übergänge . Die Flugbahnen warden in 9 Gruppen verschiedener Flugstile eingeteilt. Der Flugstil ist temperaturabhängig and individuell verschieden. Die Strategie der Modellentwicklung war, mit einem Modell mit möglichst einfachen Voraussetzungen and Parametern zu beginnen, seine dynamische Leistung mit Simulationen zu prüfen, und die Modellbeschreibung so lange zu erweitern, bis die simulierten Flugbahnmuster den tatsächlich beobachteten Mustern gleichen. Im ersten Modell wurde die Ortsveränderung in jedem Zeitintervall mit einer stochastischen Entscheidung bestimmt, bei der Wahrscheinlichkeiten verwendet warden, die sich aus den beobachteten Haufigkeiten der Schrittweiten ergaben . Simulationen dieses Modells mit den aus allen Flugbahnregistrierungen gemeinsam ausgewerteten Daten ergaben Flugbahnmuster, die zwar manchen beobachteten ähnelten, aber nur einen kleinen Bereich der beobachteten Vielfalt darstellten. Mit den Daten aus den einzelnen Flugstilgruppen ergab sich insgesamt eine grofie Variabilitat, die simulierten Flugbahnen waren aber zu unregelmäßig and enthielten zu viele Richtungswechsel . Deshalb wurde das Modell durch einen Parameter erweitert, der für jedes Zeitintervall die Flugrichtung bestimmt. Die Wahrscheinfchkeit umzukehren hängt davon ab, wieviele Zeitintervalle bereits die gleiche Richtung beibehalten wurde . Die Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte dafür warden aus den beobachteten Haufigkeiten der Schrittserien in eine Richtung bestimmt. Dieses Modell ergibt in Simulationen mit den aus allen Registrierungen gemeinsam ausgewerteten Daten Flugbahnen, die den Originalen ähnlich sind, aber nur einen beschränkten Bereich der vielfalt darstellen. Simulationen mit den Daten aus den einzelnen Flugstilgruppen dagegen ergeben die vollebeobachtete Variabilitat and die erhaltenen Flugbahnmuster gleichen den beobachteten Originalen auch in kleinen Einzelheiten . Dieses Modell kann deshalb zusammen mit den Daten der einzelnen Flugstilgruppen als befriedigende Beschreibung des Flugverhaltens angesehen werden. Die Simulationen erlauben, den Bereich der zufälligen Variabilitat abzuschätzen . Die im Modell gemachten Annahmen warden durch statistische Tests bestätigt. Der hier zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Libellen entwickelte Ansatz ist allgemein anwendbar auf stochastisches Verhalten. (shrink)

Die vor allem unter der Bezeichnung Gestalt-Psychologie bekanntgewordeneGestalttheorie der Berliner Schule war lange Zeit vielen zu Unrecht nur für ihreBeiträge zur Wahrnehmungspsychologie ein Begriff. In letzter Zeit werden jedochdiesseits und jenseits des Atlantiks zunehmend die frühen gestalttheoretischenAnsätze für eine psychotherapierelevante Lehre des gesunden und gestörtenmenschlichen Erlebens und Verhaltens wiederentdeckt und neu aufgegriffen. Dervorliegende Sammelband stellt drei exemplarische frühe Beiträge zurPsychopathologie vor, die noch vom Begründer der Gestalttheorie MaxWertheimer geprägt wurden. Anhand der Analyse der paranoischenEigenbeziehung und Wahnbildung, der Manie und (...) der schizophrenen Denkstörungdemonstrieren sie eindrucksvoll die spezifische Herangehensweise undFruchtbarkeit des ganzheitlichen systemtheoretischen Ansatzes der Gestalttheorieauf dem Gebiet psychischer Störungen. Im Anschluß diskutierenPsychotherapeuten und Psychiater aus Deutschland, Österreich und den USA dieAktualität und Relevanz dieser Ansätze für die psychotherapeutischeKrankheitslehre und Praxis. (shrink)

A German writer's aphoristic, poetic, and difficult reflections on Heidegger's Being and Time. There is a beyond of reason and unreason. It is the human psyche. —Positive Nihilism Like many German intellectuals, Hartmut Lange has long grappled with Heidegger. Positive Nihilism is the result of a lifetime of reading Being and Time and offers a series of reflections that are aphoristic, poetic, and (appropriately, considering his object of study) difficult. Lange begins with an abyss (“There is an abyss (...) of the finite. It is temporality”) and proceeds almost immediately to extremity: “The twentieth century was governed by psychopaths. They collapsed the boundaries of moral reason and refuted Kant's analysis of consciousness.” He reflects further: “But who shall punish whom? One man's virtue is another man's crime. Thus Hitler could feel unwaveringly, as he wiped out entire populations, the starry sky above him and the moral law within him, as stipulated by Kant.” He considers the concept of civilization (“misleading”; “how should one oppose the remedies of civilization to the egomania, the murderous appetites of such outright psychopaths as Stalin or Pol Pot?”), the act of thinking (a fata morgana), the psyche, and Heidegger's Dasein. Positive Nihilism can be considered a pocket companion to Being and Time. “Heidegger's understanding of Being is nihilistic,” Lange writes, and then explains his assertion. He draws on Kant, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Shakespeare's Othello for supporting arguments and illustrations. “Everyone is possessed of the courage to have angst about death. The question is whether this courage necessarily secures those vital advantages Heidegger alleges”–that “self-understanding [is] the mental anticipation of death.” Lange wrestles with Heidegger's position, calling on Tolstoy, Georg Trakl, Herman Bang, and Heinrich von Kleist to argue against it. (shrink)

Even after the demise of the influential Uno School in the 1980s, Japanese economists have been continuously engaged in the categorial reconstruction of Marx’s Critique of Political Economy, especially the theory of value and money. Writing in the 1980s–2000s, authors of the ‘post-Uno School’, such as Ebitsuka Akira, Mukai Kimitoshi, Kataoka Kōji etc., broadened the value-theoretical views of Uno School orthodoxy to include, among others, the Neue Marx-Lektüre (predominantly H.-G. Backhaus and M. Heinrich) and the French economists C. Benetti (...) and J. Cartelier. This paper will confront the ‘post-Uno School’s’ reading of Marx’s theory of value, which poses the theories of value and money as unreconcilable, leading them to discard the theory of value in favour of a ‘monetary approach’. We show that the dismissal of value theory leads to an introduction of Baileyan and neoclassical elements into Marx’s theory, which we believe to be both theoretically and practically precarious. (shrink)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social/communicative difficulties and perseverative behaviours. While research on autism has flourished recently, few studies have been conducted on the disorder in non‐Western contexts. In low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), biomedical research on autism is required to better understand the needs of the population and to develop contextually appropriate interventions. However, autistic individuals are a vulnerable study population and LMICs present with various considerations. While the presentation of autism is heterogeneous, stigma (...) is a common social consequence affecting research. Drawing specifically on the South African context, the ethical intersections of these issues are discussed, along with the limitations of the current informed consent process. Community engagement is recommended as an adjunct to informed consent to ensure that biomedical research is conducted in a more inclusive way. Practical pointers are provided for implementing systematic support for conducting community engagement alongside biomedical research. (shrink)

The aim of the present paper is to analyse compactness properties of nonmonotonic inference operations within the framework of model theory. For this purpose the concepts of a deductive frame and its semantical counterpart, a semantical frame are introduced. Compactness properties play a fundamental in the study of non-monotonic inference, and in the paper several new versions of compactness are studied.

Sir Ernst Gombrich and the Barber from Tuscany In the spirit of Sir Ernst Gombrich, this essay uses an anecdote—a chat between Gombrich and a barber from Tuscany—to illustrate a deeper point, namely, how cultural memory, tradition, and a canon give rise to an implied language of culture and cultural value. Gombrich staunchly defended tradition against relativism. By relativism, he meant something like "radical subjectivism." To his mind, subjectivism (in the cultural and social sense of the term) is not only (...) impossible, since meaning is conferred through culture and society, but it is also dangerous (in the cultural and ethical sense of the term), since it denies the existence of shared values. Against consensus on the one hand and radical subjectivism on the other, Gombrich advocated a middle way: criticism and self-criticism to ensure latitude; the search for "truth" to ensure a limited plurality of interpretations. (shrink)

Examines the diverse cultural influences which have shaped the basic philosophical traditions of India "Indian philosophy was at the heart of Zimmer's interest..

Ethical approval must be obtained before medical research can start. We describe the differences in EA for an pseudonymous, non-interventional, observational European study. Sixteen European national coordinators of the international study on very old intensive care patients answered an online questionnaire concerning their experience getting EA. N = 8/16 of the NCs could apply at one single national ethical committee, while the others had to apply to various regional ECs and/or individual hospital institutional research boards. The time between applying for (...) EA and the first decision varied between 7 days and 300 days. In 9/16 informed consent from the patient was not deemed necessary; in 7/16 informed consent was required from the patient or relatives. The upload of coded data to a central database required additional information in 14/16. In 4/16 the NCs had to ask separate approval to keep a subject identification code list to de-pseudonymize the patients if questions would occur. Only 2/16 of the NCs agreed that informed consent was necessary for this observational study. Overall, 6/16 of the NCs were satisfied with the entire process and 8/16 were unsatisfied. 11/16 would welcome a European central EC that would judge observational studies for all European countries. Variations in the process and prolonged time needed to get EA for observational studies hampers inclusion of patients in some European countries. This might have a negative influence on the external validity. Further harmonization of ethical approval process across Europe is welcomed for low-risk observational studies. Getting ethical approval for low-risk, non-interventional, observational studies varies enormously across European countries. (shrink)

Ce texte a déjà paru dans la Revue germanique internationale, n° 14, 2011. Nous remercions Clémence Couturier-Heinrich de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire ici. Résumé : Gottfried Hermann (1772-1848) a fait ses études, puis sa carrière d'enseignant et de chercheur à Leipzig. Parmi les philologues classiques allemands de la première moitié du XIXesiècle, il se singularise par l'influence que la philosophie de Kant a exercé sur ses conceptions théoriques dans plusieurs domaines, notamment la métrique. (...) - Études germaniques (...) – Nouvel article. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose the concept of controversing as an approach for engaging citizens in debates around the datafied city and in shaping responsible smart cities that incorporate diverse public values. Controversing addresses the engagement of citizens in discussions about the datafication of urban life by productively deploying controversies around data. Attempts to engage citizens in the smart city frequently involve ‘neutral’ data visualisations aimed at making abstract sociotechnical issues more tangible. In addition, citizens are meant to gather around (...) issues already defined externally by others. Instead, we focus on how people might become engaged and develop the capacity to shape alternative urban futures. We suggest that making controversial apparently less contentious issues in the smart city allows people to identify their own issues, come together temporarily as a public, imagine alternative possibilities and thus develop capacities for action. In this context, controversies can act as agents of change and open up new spaces for participation and action. We develop the notion of controversing as a deliberate strategy of making datafication controversial, and operationalise the term along the dimensions of recontextualisation, meaning-making and agency. We then look at two cases from the mid-sized city of Amersfoort in the Netherlands, first to test the conceptual potential of controversing to expose how frictions shape citizen engagement, and second to analyse how controversing may frame design-oriented methods aimed at involving diverse participants in discussing datafication and defining public values in the datafied smart city. (shrink)

Zudem kommen neben Uninteressierten (Descartes, Kant) auch Kritiker der Tradition (Nietzsche, Heidegger) zu Wort. Die Rolle der Wahrheit in Politik, Recht und Theologie wird im Blick gehalten.