This landmark work provides a systematic introduction to systems of modal logic and stands as the first presentation of what have become central ideas in philosophy of language and metaphysics, from the "new theory of reference" and non-linguistic necessity and essentialism to "Kripke semantics.".

Intriguing, and occasionally unsettling, In Defense of Sin is a refreshingly frank exploration of some real facts of life. Portmann gathers an on-target collection of great writers on transgressions large and small. Read about defenses for promiscuity, greed, deceit, gossip, lust, breaking the golden rule, and more--and use this unusual guide to decide for yourself if sin has a place in our contemporary, and virtually unshockable, society. Provocative and illuminating, this book may change how you think about sin, morality, (...) and what's right. Contributors include Aaron Ben-Ze'ev, Anthony Ellis, Jane English, Ludwig Feuerbach, Sigmund Freud, Bernard Mandeville, Jerome Neu, Friedrich Nietzsche, David Novitz, Joyce Carol Oates, David A.J. Richards, Seneca, Jonathan Swift, Richard Wasserstrom, and Oscar Wilde. (shrink)

T. L. Zutlevics has written a thoughtful response to my piece on the anxiety borne of cutting bodies. I am grateful for this opportunity to turn back to the pressing problem of organ shortages.

Today's Zeitgeist dictates that physicians not only care for their patients, but also care deeply about them. According to a recent article in a prominent journal, It may well be that the Zeitgeist says more about how we feel as potential patients than what we actually expect of physicians. Nonetheless, this Zeitgeist poses an important problem for the physician who cares for a sentimental patient. here describes a contrived exaggeration of the emotional availability of physicians. Despite the impossibility of articulating (...) precisely how much emotional engagement clinical encounters demand, sentimental patients expect too much of their caregivers. (shrink)

Kant postulates in TheMetaphysicsofMorals that we share a moral duty to sympathize actively in the suffering of another and to cultivate the virtue of compassion. More recently, Howard Brody has claimed that a good physician must maintain in her imagination What does it mean to take suffering seriously in the context of abortion? It means that a physician must listen to three rival versions of suffering: that of a woman who has inquired about an abortion, that of her fetus, and (...) that of the community in which the woman lives. The professional duty that Brody ascribes specifically to physicians compounds the moral duty we all share to lessen suffering. Physicians differ importantly from nonphysicians, for suffering is their business. (shrink)

Reverence for the autonomy of patients dominates healthcare ethics in the United States. Such reverence emblematizes personal freedom, a cherished American ideal.

Physicians and philosophers have contributed to the field of medical ethics several different paradigms for the physician-patient relationship. Here I suggest another: marriage. Patients usually enter into relationships as we enter marriage: we allow our high hopes to obscure the possibility of deep disappointment. The argument of the essay encourages renewed focus on the contractual element of physician-patient relationships.

Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

With precision and profundity born of 30 years of devoted study, John Boyle offers an essential introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas on Scripture, shedding helpful light on the goals, methods, and commitments that animate the Angelic Doctor's engagement with the sacred page. Because the genius of St. Thomas's approach to the Bible lies not so much in its novelty but rather in the fidelity and clarity with which he recapitulates the riches of the preceding interpretive Tradition, this initiation into St. (...) Thomas's vision of Scripture is itself an orientation to the Church's vision of Scripture, from the Fathers through and beyond the Middle Ages. St. Thomas's embeddedness within the Church's Tradition and his own historical context is integral to his approach to Scripture, yet it sets him at some distance from modern readers, for whom his interpretive vision may seem perplexing or even impenetrable. In this Primer, Boyle first provides an acclimation to this medieval context through a survey and explanation of pertinent technical terminology used by St. Thomas and characteristic of the scholastic theology of the time. With an eye to the medieval practice of considering Scripture according to the fourfold division of causes, Boyle builds on this initial foundation by exploring in turn St. Thomas's accounts of the end or use of Scripture (final cause), its divine and human authorship (efficient cause), its order and division (material cause), and its literary styles or genres (formal cause). Drawing on writings from across St. Thomas's corpus, but especially his work On the Commendation and Division of Sacred Scripture and the prologues to his biblical commentaries, Boyle masterfully elucidates both the hermeneutical principles and deep wisdom of the Angelic Doctor's approach to Scripture, imparting invaluable guidance not only for reading and understanding St. Thomas and other great masters of the Tradition, but also-and ultimately-for understanding Scripture in light of this Tradition and reading it with greater benefit and joy. (shrink)

John Bell showed that a big class of local hidden-variable models stands in conflict with quantum mechanics and experiment. Recently, there were suggestions that empirically adequate hidden-variable models might exist which presuppose a weaker notion of local causality. We will show that a Bell-type inequality can be derived also from these weaker assumptions.

Although many of us deny it, it is not uncommon to feel pleasure over the suffering of others, particularly when we feel that suffering has been deserved. The German word for this concept-_Schadenfreude_-has become universal in its expression of this feeling. Drawing on the teachings of history's most prominent philosophers, John Portmann explores the concept of _Schadenfreude_ in this rigorous, comprehensive, and absorbing study.

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Exact Sciences Sidlerstrasse 5, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern Switzerland portmann{at}itp.unibe.ch' + u + '@' + d + ''//--> awuethr{at}itp.unibe.ch' + u + '@' + d + ''//--> John Bell showed that a big class of local hidden-variable models stands in conflict with quantum mechanics and experiment. Recently, there were suggestions that empirically adequate hidden-variable models might exist which presuppose a weaker notion of local causality. We will show that a Bell-type inequality can be derived (...) also from these weaker assumptions. Introduction The EPR-Bohm experiment Local causality Bell's inequality from separate common causes 4.1 A weak screening-off principle 4.2 Perfect correlation and ‘determinism’ 4.3 A minimal theory for spins 4.4 No conspiracy Discussion. (shrink)

The significance of the behavior of biological entities cannot be fully explained in terms of the physical and chemical processes upon which contemporary biological and medical research depends. The characteristic proper of biological entities is that they are systems marked by ‘inwardness’, that is, a capacity to interpret meanings in order to reach goals. The significance of this characteristic is given in examples from the author's morphological research. Keywords: biological research, inwardness, organism CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this?

John Portmann has written a thoughtful and moving meditation on contemporary sexual ethics, particularly respecting the sex of older people. While billed as a book about sex and Alzheimer's, it is far more than that; it is a far-ranging plea to consider the virtue of generosity in all of our sexual dealings and in our attitudes toward those of others.-Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, Indiana University.

This paper tries to trace the different evolutional stages the egg of primitive chordates had to pass through to reach the complex state of the bird egg . It tries to ascribe to the evolutional stages the successive appearance of transitional particularities which characterise the egg and the ontogeny of birds.The different forms of individual development in birds are classified in 7 groups, proceeding from primitive to more advanced types. The type of Galliformes, especially of the Megapodidae, is shown to (...) be very probably the most primitive one, while the Passeriformes show the highest degree of advanced specialisation.Proceeding from the primitive stages of chordates to the more advanced stages of brids a steadily growing participation of the maternal organism in the development of the young animal is stated . Corresponding to this participation we find the young in a more and more intimate dependance of the mother — a dependance that unites the young and his parents in a “system” just as complicated as that built up by the young mammal and its mother. The comparative study allows us to trace the progressive evolution of such a system in avian phylogeny.Ce travail essaie d'établir les stades de l'évolution par lesquels l'oeuf des cordés primitifs a dû successivement passer pour atteindre l'état complexe réalisé dans l'oeuf des oiseaux . Nous essayons ici d'attribuer aux stades évolutifs l'apparition successive de particularités transitoires qui, dans leur totalité, caractérisent l'oeuf et l'ontogénèse des oiseaux.Les différentes formes de l'ontogénèse des oiseaux sont groupées en 7 catégories, allant d'un mode reconnu primitif à un autre mode évolué. Les Gallinacés, en particulier les Mégapodides, nous paraissent se rapprocher le plus du stade primitif; les Passereaux semblent représenter le stade le plus avancé.En passant des stades primitifs des cordés aux stades plus évolués des oiseaux, on constate une participation progressive de la mère à l'ontogénèse de l'espèce . De cette participation résulte une dépendance de plus en plus étroite du jeune animal — dépendance qui unit les parents et leur progéniture en un „système” supérieur dépassant l'individu seul et qui n'est pas moins complexe que celui formé par la mère et l'enfant des mammifères. L'étude comparative permet actuellement de suivre l'évolution progressive d'un tel système dans la phylogénèse des oiseaux. (shrink)

This article analyzes a type of anxiety called Torschlusspanik and argues for the usefulness of the German term to philosophers of emotion working in the English language. I propose a new use of the term, a use tied to the fear of aging generally and of aging out of a profession specifically.

ERNST BENZ DIE SCHÖPFERISCHE BEDEUTUNG DES WORTES BEI JACOB BOEHME I Wenn der diesjährige Eranos sich als Thema : „Mensch und Wort" gestellt hat, ...

L’originaria visione del mondo attribuiva la correlazione tra le varie forme di vita (piante, animali ed esseri umani) a un atto di creazione operato da ignote potenze superiori. In Occidente tale concezione ha trovato la sua massima espressione nella fede in un’unica potenza creatrice, che si riteneva fosse obbligata a realizzare tutto ciò che era virtualmente possibile: la «catena dell’essere» andava dalla materia inanimata del regno minerale alle piante e agli animali, su su fino agli esseri umani, alle creature sovrumane (...) e agli angeli prossimi al Creatore. Ogni riflessione sulla varietà delle forme prendeva le mosse da analogie percepibili attraverso i sensi. Il problema della Causa trovava risposta nella fede in una potenza creatrice. La rivoluzione copernicana mise lentamente capo a un nuovo concetto di creazione, e il Creatore divenne Primo Motore: distante dalla propria opera, fu rimpiazzato da una «Natura» creatrice cui furono ricondotte le relazioni tra le varie forme – relazioni che venivano spiegate sulla scorta di fattori spirituali, non tramite un legame di discendenza materiale. Si delineò quindi una morfologia idealistica che implicò, da Goethe in avanti, l’esistenza di un principio di affinità interna (omologia) più importante di qualsivoglia somiglianza funzionale (analogia). Il «sistema naturale» fu l’esito di tale morfologia. È in questo contesto che si inserisce anche la prima teoria evoluzionistica elaborata da Lamarck, che ebbe però scarsa risonanza in quanto in essa i fattori creativi immateriali giocavano ancora un ruolo fondamentale. Darwin unificò le nuove idee relative all’evoluzione materiale dall’organismo più semplice a quello più complesso in una teoria che ben rispondeva alle esigenze spirituali dell’epoca: perse sempre più importanza la questione delle cause ultime, che vennero concepite come inerenti alla materia (in quanto fonti di variazione) e sottoposte all’influsso di fattori esterni (come quello della selezione naturale). Adottando metodologie sperimentali, la moderna biologia ricerca le cause della discendenza nella vita embrionale e – più recentemente – in quella cellulare, analizzando per esempio i fattori genetici ereditari, la struttura macromolecolare dei cromosomi nei nuclei cellulari e la sostanza ereditaria nel citoplasma. Finora i tentativi di dimostrare che la connessione formale che percepiamo nel mondo visibile (mesocosmo) si estenda anche al mondo microcosmico delle predisposizioni ereditarie non hanno avuto successo. A tutt’oggi, questo tipo di ricerche ha certificato solo una netta separazione tra la morfologia classica delle forme viventi e i processi che hanno luogo a livello macromolecolare, contribuendo comunque ad ampliare la nozione originaria di «omologia». Anche nel quadro della teoria dell’evoluzione e del concetto su cui essa si basa – quello di discendenza –, il problema centrale della morfologia resta senza risposte. (shrink)

Das Problem des Lebendigen.--Die Gestalt, das Geheimnis des Lebendigen.--Anthropologische Deutung der menschlichen Entwicklungsperiode.--Um eine basale Anthropologie.--Der Mensch im Bereich der Planung.--Sinnvolle Lebensführung.--Die Sprache im Schaffen des Naturforschers.--Biologisches zur ästhetischen Erziehung.--Goethes Morphologie in unserer Zeit.

Kommunikation ist ohne Kontextualisierung nicht realisierbar, Texte sind ohne Kontexte nicht denkbar. Die moderne kognitive Textlinguistik und die linguistische Diskursanalyse setzen diese Erkenntnis häufig in ihren Arbeiten voraus. Dabei bleibt aber der Kontextbegriff theoretisch fast stets marginal, und das, was er bezeichnet, vage und/oder arbiträr. Dies hat sicherlich damit zu tun, dass Kontext keine unabhängig spezifizierbaren Sachverhalte oder Klassen von Sachverhalten bezeichnet. Der Begriff benennt vielmehr ein Verhältnis: Fast beliebige Sachverhalte können zu Kontexten dadurch werden, dass sie mit einem im (...) Fokus stehenden kommunikativen Ereignis in Verbindung stehen oder gesetzt werden, und erst diese Verbindung ermöglicht es, das fokussierte Element zu verstehen. Der vorliegende Sammelband versucht, diesen Mangel an begrifflicher Fundierung anzusprechen und ihm in Form theoretischer und text-analytischer Beiträge z.B. zu literalen Praktiken in verschiedenen sozio-kulturellen, medialen und literarischen Kontexten entgegenzutreten. Dabei soll die Macht der Kontexte, wie sie sich in den Texten manifestiert sowie - in umgekehrter Perspektive - die Kontextualisierungspotenz und -notwendigkeit von Texten und damit ihre Macht über die Kontexte herausgestellt werden. (shrink)

"The chief business of twentieth-century philosophy” is “to reckon with twentieth-century history," claimed R. G. Collingwood. In this remarkable collection of essays, Frank Ankersmit demonstrates the prescience of that remark and goes a long way toward meeting its challenge. Responding to the work of Hayden White, Arthur Danto, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, he examines such issues as the difference between historical representation and artistic expression, the status of metaphor in historical description, and the relation of postmodernism to historicism. Ankersmit's fluent grasp (...) of European thought and his ability to incorporate concepts from literary theory, art history, the philosophy of science, and political thought into his analyses assure that this collection will interest readers throughout the humanities. (shrink)

I present a possible worlds semantics for a hyperintensional belief revision operator, which reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents affecting similar operators in doxastic and epistemic logics, as well as in standard AGM belief revision theory. (Revised) belief states are not closed under classical logical consequence; revising by inconsistent information does not perforce lead to trivialization; and revision can be subject to ‘framing effects’: logically or necessarily equivalent contents can lead to different revisions. Such results are obtained without resorting (...) to non-classical logics, or to non-normal or impossible worlds semantics. The framework combines, instead, a standard semantics for propositional S5 with a simple mereology of contents. (shrink)

Huck Finn’s emotional responses constitute perfectly good moral reasons not to betray his friend, even though Huck is unable to recognise them as such.