The study explored the motivations behind Australian wool producers’ intentions regarding mulesing; a surgical procedure that will be voluntarily phased out after 2010, following retailer boycotts led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Telephone interviews were conducted with 22 West Australian wool producers and consultants to elicit their behavioral, normative and control beliefs about mulesing and alternative methods of breech strike prevention. Results indicate that approximately half the interviewees intend to continue mulesing, despite attitudes toward the act of (...) mulesing being quite negative. This indicates that attitudes alone are unlikely to be good predictors of this goal directed behavior. Most respondents believed mulesing was more effective and involved less cost, time, and effort than the currently available alternatives to prevent breech strike. Further, they felt relatively little social pressure, as they believed few consumers were concerned about mulesing. However, they noted that if consumer sentiment changed they would likely change their practices. Thus, attitudes are likely to be only one of several factors influencing intentions to change farm practices to address societal concerns about animal welfare. Further, mulesing appears to be goal - directed behavior , suggesting that other factors depicted by the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB; Perugini and Bagozzi In: Br J Soc Psychol, 40: 79–98, 2001 ) may be worth exploring in this context. Finally, these results provide insight into how policy makers may influence farmers to change practices in response to societal pressure for improving farm animal welfare. (shrink)

The multi-disciplinary unit Social Responsibility in Action was developed for students with an interest in ethics who were completing undergraduate degrees in Arts, Commerce, Design or Science at an Australian research-intensive university. The academic objectives of this unit were to increase student awareness, knowledge, understanding and critical thinking skills related to various ethical issues. Lecturers from five disciplines collaborated in the design and delivery of SRA, which comprised lectures, tutorials and a research-based project. Anonymous surveys were administered at the start (...) and end of the semester to obtain feedback on student expectations and learning experience, respectively. Data across three student cohorts showed that at the start of semester, 80% of student comments indicated a desire to expand their interest of ethical matters, 59% a desire to gain understanding and knowledge and 59% to gain critical thinking or communication skills. SRA was extremely well received by students, with 98% of respondents indicating that this multi-disciplinary ethics unit had met their expectations. Students also found that the variety of teaching styles, unit content and multi-disciplinary approach stimulated learning. (shrink)

Ethical debate about the use of animals in science is argued within different ethical frameworks; mainly utilitarianism, deontology, relativism or emotional ethics, with some debaters preferring particular frameworks. Stakeholders to the debate are veterinarians, scientists using animals, animal welfare groups and the general public. To estimate the balance of ethical frameworks used, we ran a discourse analysis of written texts by each stakeholder . The discourse analysis targeted the description of animals, instances of emotional language and language associated with utilitarianism, (...) deontology and relativism. Frequencies were compared using ANOVAs and Tukey tests. All stakeholders used words associated with all frameworks but emotional language was the most used followed by utilitarian , relativist and deontological language. Emotional language was used in texts from the general public more than in texts from veterinarians and scientists and animal welfare representatives . Animals were mainly described in a utilitarian way , more frequently by scientists than the general public . All stakeholders preferentially used negative emotional language when referring to animals than positive , and all stakeholders prioritised human interests over animals . Not surprisingly, a mixture of ethical frameworks were used to assess the ethics of animal experimentation. However, the language used in texts from animal welfare groups and the general public suggest that those two groups preferentially build arguments with emotion rather than utilitarianism, a framework that is privileged by veterinarians and scientists since they primarily use animals. (shrink)

In Australia, the ethics of the use of animals for scientific purposes are assessed by Animal Ethics Committees that are comprised of the four major parties involved in the animal experimentation debate: veterinarians, scientists using animals, animal welfare representatives and members of the public. AECs are required to assess animal experiments as ethical based on a cost/benefit analysis, suggesting the use of consequentialist ethics. However, people are more likely to use a mixture of frameworks when making ethical decisions. Therefore, we (...) hypothesised that AEC members will make their decisions using argumentation relying on multiple frameworks, including ethical relativism, deontology and emotional ethics; frameworks commonly used in the public debate about animal experimentation. The language used by AEC members, examined using discourse analysis techniques, can indicate which ethical frameworks they rely upon. Using a role playing method, representatives from each of the four AEC categories discussed the ethical value of eight fictional protocols involving animal experimentation. The discussions were recorded and analysed using Nvivo for instances of emotional and ethical language. Data were analysed using ANOVAs and Tukey tests. Emotional language was more common than ethical language (p. (shrink)

The study explored the motivations behind Australian wool producers’ intentions regarding mulesing; a surgical procedure that will be voluntarily phased out after 2010, following retailer boycotts led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Telephone interviews were conducted with 22 West Australian wool producers and consultants to elicit their behavioral, normative and control beliefs about mulesing and alternative methods of breech strike prevention. Results indicate that approximately half the interviewees intend to continue mulesing, despite attitudes toward the act of (...) mulesing being quite negative. This indicates that attitudes alone are unlikely to be good predictors of this goal directed behavior. Most respondents believed mulesing was more effective and involved less cost, time, and effort than the currently available alternatives to prevent breech strike. Further, they felt relatively little social pressure, as they believed few consumers were concerned about mulesing. However, they noted that if consumer sentiment changed they would likely change their practices. Thus, attitudes are likely to be only one of several factors influencing intentions to change farm practices to address societal concerns about animal welfare. Further, mulesing appears to be goal - directed behavior , suggesting that other factors depicted by the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB; Perugini and Bagozzi In: Br J Soc Psychol, 40: 79–98, 2001 ) may be worth exploring in this context. Finally, these results provide insight into how policy makers may influence farmers to change practices in response to societal pressure for improving farm animal welfare. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se analizan desde un punto de vista metateórico los modelos animales y su uso en la investigación en el ámbito de las ciencias de la vida. A partir de la evaluación de una nutrida literatura científica que denuncia un sesgo sexual en las prácticas de investigación que utilizan dichos modelos, se buscan los supuestos teóricos implícitos que les dan fundamento y se argumenta que lejos de suponer una torpeza metodológica forman parte de una extensa tradición ubicua (...) en la historia de la biología. Por otra parte, se exponen los motivos teóricos para el reemplazo de los mencionados supuestos, a partir del análisis filosófico e histórico de la teoría estándar de la diferenciación sexual (la hipótesis activacional-organizacional). (shrink)

Le rôle majeur que jouent les sciences et les techniques dans les sociétés modernes et les mutations profondes qu’elles connaissent exigent de nouveaux moyens d’analyse. On ne peut désormais comprendre l’activité scientifique qu’en replaçant ses logiques propres dans leur contexte social. Il s’agit de saisir la pratique actuelle des sciences, en révisant les notions constitutives de leur histoire et de leur philosophie, comme l’expérimentation ou la preuve ; de penser les sciences en société, lorsqu’elles quittent le laboratoire et qu’elles interviennent (...) dans les grandes questions économiques, politiques et sociétales (OGM, nucléaire, etc.) ; de faire le point sur le statut des études récentes sur les sciences ( Science Studies ), en montrant ce qu’elles ont apporté de décisif, mais aussi ce qu’elles ignorent. Des laboratoires européens du XIXe siècle à la Silicon Valley aujourd’hui, c’est en s’appuyant sur de nombreux exemples historiques que ces études sont menées. Les savoirs scientifiques, mais aussi managériaux et économiques, participent à la mise en place de la société néolibérale, faisant surgir des questions cruciales comme celle de la possibilité d’une participation démocratique aux choix scientifiques et techniques, ou celle du sens de la notion de développement durable. C’est pourquoi la visée finale de ce livre est essentiellement politique. (shrink)

This chapter, which provides a discussion on the phenomenological foundations of predicative structure, first introduces the different steps in Edmund Husserl's argument. It is noted that not all judgements can be equated with a nexus between a conceptual function and an argument. The predicative structure shows the orientation of consciousness towards one or more objects taken as a theme of interest and utterance. The genetic phenomenological perspective posits the question of the origin of predicative judgement within a much larger context. (...) Husserl's account amounts to granting a paradigmatic character to the theory of experience of ultimate individual substrates and to the theory of perceptual judgement. Levinasian phenomenology implies a radical rethinking of the primacy of the predicative apophansis. It is noted that language can never be taken as an independent and autonomous dimension. (shrink)

The article compares the research programs of teaching symbolic language to chimpanzees, pointing on the dichotomy between artificial language vs. ASL, and the dichotomy between researchers who decided to establish emotional relationships between themselves and the apes, and those who have seen apes as instrumental devices. It is concluded that the experiments with the most interesting results have been both with artificial language and ASL, but with strong affiliation between researchers and animal involved in the experiments. The experiments on talking (...) apes are not so much experiments in psycholinguistics (how far can animal learn human language) but wonderful experiments in the communities of communication between human beings and great apes. (shrink)

L'Autre on a l'impression que l'on sait ce que c'est, mais en fait on ne le sait pas. C'est l'un des concepts les plus communément utilisés, et pourtant l'un des plus méconnus. On l'utilise de façon automatique, comme s'il était évident, comme si c'était un universel, alors que c'est une construction culturelle. Ce livre tente enfin de comprendre l'Autre.

Bien loin de ne poser que des problèmes spécifiques dont aurait à s'occuper une éthique particulière réservée à des experts, la médecine confrontée à l'appareil technoscientifique moderne nous oblige à reprendre à la base les questions les plus générales et les plus radicales concernant l'homme et sa conduite. C'est pourquoi cet ouvrage questionne la philosophie, le droit et l'éthique jusque dans leurs fondements avant d'aborder les problèmes les plus brûlants de notre actualité médicale. Dans une perspective à la fois interdisciplinaire (...) et fondamentale, nous présentons ici trois approches - philosophique, juridique et médicale qui constituent autant d'entrées possibles. Ainsi regroupées et articulées, les différences qui existent entre les rationalités, les pratiques et les discours peuvent devenir des facteurs d'enrichissement réciproque au lieu de constituer des obstacles. (shrink)

On fait des déclarations d'amour ainsi que des déclarations de guerre ; chacun est tenu de déclarer aussi ses impôts et ses marchandises à la douane. Déclarer, c'est d'abord dévoiler un fait pour qu'il fasse lien. Ce livre " déclare " la philosophie en ce qu'il tente de la monter à l'oeuvre au cœur des sciences, des techniques et des arts aussi bien que de la religion et de la politique. On a rédigé, en un moment solennel et mémorable, une (...) " Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen.. ".. Déclarer, ce peut être affirmer une volonté pour qu'elle fasse droit, au besoin en renouvelant le droit lui-même. On trouvera ainsi dans ce recueil une incitation à poser la question philosophique des règles et des normes dont les sciences sociales et humaines ont puissamment contribué à établir l'emprise sur notre monde. (shrink)

Dominique Lecourt argues that a counter-revolution in French intellectual life has seen the period of the master thinkers of the 1960s succeeded by an era of ...

This article presents the critique of cybernetics as central to the history of one of the twentieth century’s most infamous avant-garde movements: the Situationist International (SI). Bringing together and analysing a series of seemingly marginal events in the build-up to May ’68, this article shows how the SI’s portrait of cybernetics as an emerging form of social power and control foreshadows later developments in French radical thought. This little-noted trajectory in the situationist movement also highlights the ways in which aesthetics, (...) theory, and politics are inextricably tied together in the events of May ’68. (shrink)

L’époque carolingienne est qualifiée de renaissance car il y eut alors une forte volonté de retourner aux textes antiques. Dans le présent article, après avoir précisé les conditions matérielles qui ont commandé la copie des écrits patristiques puis leur circulation dans le monde carolingien, on tente de mettre en lumière la fréquentation des Pères par les différents auteurs carolingiens. Mais, et c’est là le cœur de la question, les œuvres des Pères ne sont-elles pas employées par les clercs du ix (...) e siècle comme autant d’arguments dans les différentes polémiques qui les mettent aux prises? C’est ce qui justifierait leur copie. (shrink)

L'environnementalisme n'est pas à la hauteur des véritables défis qui menacent notre société. Philosophe des techniques, Dominique Bourg nous invite à reformuler notre rapport à la nature à l'échelle de la planète. Contre les rêveries romantiques et les fantasmes futuristes, il propose une véritable politique de la biosphère en accord avec l'écologie industrielle et le développement durable. Il aborde des thèmes aussi concrets que la pollution de l'air, les plantes transgéniques ou la nécessité d'évaluer les choix technologiques. Un vrai (...) dialogue d'éducation écologique qui va à l'essentiel. (shrink)

The present paper reports a set of experimental studies concerning the comprehension of French argumentative operators and connectives.The first part is a presentation of the theoretical framework, the methodological problems and some of the most general results. Experiments were carried out in the perspective of the linguistic theory of argumentation developed by Anscombre and Ducrot. According to this theory, a number of devices in language are mainly defined by their argumentation function, i.e. by the types of discursive sequences and conclusions (...) they involve. Three categories of such devices were examined: (1) operators like “presque” (almost), “à peine” (hardly), “au moins” (at least), etc. which give an argumentative orientation to the statement; (2) co-orientation connectives, like “même” (even), which relate two statements oriented towards the same conclusion; (3) counter-orientation connectives, like the concessive ones (“mais” (but), “quand même” (even so), etc.), which relate two statements oriented towards opposite conclusions. The data shed light on issues such as: What is the nature of the relationship between the informative and argumentative functions of different operators? Is there a hierarchical relation between the argumentative processes of “co-orientation” and “counter-orientation”? What is the role of negation in the processing of argumentative sequences?The second part of the paper focuses specifically on the study of how 8 and 10 year-old children process “counter-oriented” statements. Five concessive connectives were studied: “mais”, “pourtant”, “quand même”, “même si”, “bien que”. The test was composed of two successive completion tasks: in one task the children had to choose the relevant context of complex sentences involving concessive connectives; in the other task they had to choose their relevant conclusion. Main results show a clear evolution in the performance of children between 8 and 10, suggesting that concessive strategies are not completely mastered at the age of 8. Differences among the concessive connectives studied were brought out: the item “quand même” obtained much better results than the other items with 8-year-old subjects; statements with “mais” seemed to be better processed in the conclusion task than in the context task, especially by 10-year-old subjects. These results are compared with other data obtained in some of the numerous studies on the production and comprehension of concessive connectives in various languages, and discussed from the point of view of argumentative theory. (shrink)

Larzac, Plogoff, Creys-Malville, mais aussi Faucheurs volontaires ou Notre-Dame-des-Landes... Ces noms résonnent à nos oreilles comme autant de jalons de luttes citoyennes et politiques autour des grands enjeux de l'écologie depuis plus de 40 ans en France. Les 150 affiches réunies dans cet ouvrage nous racontent à leur façon ces engagements, de façon joyeuse, agressive, ou simplement informatives. C'est en 1974, lorsque René Dumont se présente avec panache à l'élection présidentielle française, que l'écologie politique entre dans la vie quotidienne de (...) chacun. Il apparaît alors que le diagnostic écologique appelle une réforme de la société en général. Mouvements, courants de pensée, philosophie, style de vie, les enjeux qu'elle défend sont multiples et pluriels. Progrès, croissance, nucléaire, mais aussi citoyenneté, pollution... De ce foisonnement complexe émergent des luttes locales, environnementales, nationales, européennes... Près de 150 affiches et de documents accompagnent dans ce livre le propos de l'auteur. Joyeuses, agressives, ou simplement informatives, elles montrent les enjeux de ces combats, entre utopie, détermination, et nouvelles donnes. Cette promenade dans le temps, par le texte et l'image, restitue le lyrisme ou le désenchantement d'une époque qui oscille entre espérance et désillusion. Elles donnent le ton des revendications écologiques, environnementales, sur la pertinence de la partition traditionnelle droite/gauche pour les enjeux écologiques ou simplement humains qui ponctuent notre société depuis quarante ans. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage propose une approche globale des reconstructions érudites et des utilisations polémiques de la philosophie de la Renaissance dans la France du XIXe siècle en centrant l’attention sur une relecture politique de la pratique historiographique à l’époque de Victor Cousin. This book offers a comprehensive approach to scholarly reconstructions and polemical uses of Renaissance philosophy in nineteenth-century France by focusing on the political implications of historiographical practice in Victor Cousin’s time.

Demander une assistance médicale à la procréation, recourir à l'avortement pour des raisons diverses, contrôler après coup une conduite sexuelle à risque par une pilule du lendemain, et bientôt peut-être exiger d'être euthanasié : depuis que l'État s'est engagé dans un processus de dépénalisation de ces pratiques médicales, on peut aujourd'hui faire beaucoup de choses de son propre corps quand il s'agit du début ou de la fin de vie. Cette liberté s'exerce néanmoins à une condition, toujours la même : (...) se présenter devant un médecin. Et que vous demande ce médecin? Presque rien, semble-t-il. Il vous demande de vous asseoir et de parler de votre état, de votre demande. Bref, de ce qui vous amène là. C'est ce " presque rien " dont il est question dans cet ouvrage. Un " presque rien " qui révèle, en réalité, un nouveau système de surveillance dans lequel le médecin prodigue informations et conseils à un sujet jugé désormais capable de prendre seul des décisions souveraines en matière de vie et de mort. Un face-à-face où apparaît le malaise de ceux qui assument la délicate mission de recueillir l'expression du désir ou de la détresse. À partir d'une longue enquête dans le secret des cabinets médicaux, l'auteur explique comment la régulation juridique a laissé place à des formes de pouvoir beaucoup plus sophistiquées, un dispositif souple de gouvernement des conduites qui laisse toute sa place à l'autocontrôle et à l'intériorisation par les individus des normes sociales. Elle montre ainsi comment, du cabinet du praticien jusqu'au Comité consultatif national d'éthique, c'est une nouvelle administration du vivant qui se met en place. (shrink)

Histoire de ce traité, de sa diffusion et de son influence et étude littéraire et doctrinale. L'étude doctrinale de la triade " puissance, sagesse, bonté " telle qu'elle est formulée dans le traité, sa comparaison avec les " Theologiae " d'Abélard, invitent à réinterpréter le débat trinitaire au XIIe siècle, Hugues de Saint-Victor devant être tenu pour l'auteur de la triade.

did roger bacon and peter john olivi ever meet? We suggest a positive answer to this question. After he became a Franciscan in 1257, Roger Bacon spent ten years at the Franciscan Paris convent. In those years he wrote the De multiplicatione specierum —his most thought-out piece—the Opus majus, Opus minus, and Opus tertium, which he completed by early 1268. It is not clear whether Bacon returned to England after 1268, or remained in Paris until 1280.1 Peter John Olivi wrote (...) the Summa questions in several phases.2 According to Sylvain Piron's chronology, Olivi's questions on Physics should be dated before 1270, and his theory of... (shrink)

This book follows up the developments inphenomenology discussed in Phenomenology andthe “Theological Turn”: The French Debate, attempting toestablish what potentialities in the phenomenologicalmethod exist at present.

This collective volume offers the radically new thesis that, generically-considered, philosophy and science are identical and great because they are mainly psychological forms of wondering about organizational formation and operation, forms of behavioral organizational and leadership psychology.

Mammalian synthetic biology holds the promise of providing novel therapeutic strategies, and the first success stories are beginning to be reported. Here we focus on the latest generation of mammalian transgene control devices, highlight state‐of‐the‐art synthetic gene network design, and cover prototype therapeutic circuits. These will have an impact on future gene‐ and cell‐based therapies and help bring drug discovery into a new era. The inventory of biological parts that are essential for life on this planet is becoming increasingly complete. (...) The postgenomic era has provided encyclopedic information on gene‐function correlations and systems biology is now delivering comprehensive details on the dynamics of biochemical reaction networks in living organisms. The time has come to reassemble these catalogued items and design new biological devices and systems with novel and useful functionality in a rational and systematic manner. This is the premise of synthetic biology, a constructive systems biology discipline likely to become the life science revolution of the 21st century. (shrink)

The analysis of identity in cases of memory loss, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease, sheds light on relevant philosophical and practical concerns, such as decision-making processes, autonomy, and the improvement of interaction with patients. Literature on psychological continuity recognizes identity when there are no disruptions in memory, which is certainly not the case in Alzheimer´s disease. Narrative identity, particularly in its relational and non-relational versions, delivers tools which are not exempt from difficulties. Either the caregivers’ narrative or the patient’s narrative is (...) dismissed. Furthermore, if there is a contradiction of narratives in relational theories, we are advised to either find the best narrative or seek agreement. However, one option rejects one narrative, while the other is unattainable in practice for the case in question. Hence, we propose drawing from ironism (Rorty, 1989), which suggests duality of dialogues when dealing with problems. This will be used to defend that the narratives of both, a person with Alzheimer and those close to them, are valid when constituting identity of the former. In this case, we will articulate and defend relational ironism, which allows us to embrace inconsistent narratives without seeking agreements. According to this, personal identity in this case is in constant tension between the narratives of those who suffer Alzheimer’s disease and the narratives of those close to them. We close illustrating possible benefits for how best to interact with patients. (shrink)

During dialog, references are presented, accepted, and potentially reused. Two experiments were conducted to examine reuse in a naturalistic setting. In Experiment 1, where the participants interacted face to face, self-presented references and references accepted through verbatim repetition were reused more. Such biases persisted after the end of the interaction. In Experiment 2, where the participants interacted over the phone, reference reuse mainly depended on whether the participant could see the landmarks being referred to, although this bias seemed to be (...) only transient. Consistent with the memory-based approach to dialog, these results shed light on how differences in accessibility in memory affect the unfolding of the interaction. (shrink)

In an age of cloning, virtual reality and artificial intelligence what sort of future is in store for human beings? If it is a "posthuman" future as some predict, will it also be inhuman? On the Human Condition is a thought-provoking and profound reflection on where the idea of the human stands today. Dominique Janicaud argues that while we need to avoid apocalyptic talk of a posthuman condition, as embodied in technology such as cloning, we should neither fall back (...) on a conservative humanism nor become technophobic. Drawing on topical examples such as genetic engineering, the mythology around the Frankenstein myth and the ideas of Pascal and Primo Levi, Dominique Janicaud urges us to acknowledge the fragile and provisional nature of being human. Above all, he argues that even if we do live in a world that is already posthuman, it is not a predicament we can confront alone and heroically, but must share with others. (shrink)

Les femmes ont des yeux, des cheveux, une peau, des idées, des jambes, un sexe, une date de naissance, des hommes dans la tête, un problème avec Isaac Newton, de petits poudriers qu'elles sortent de leur sac, et le pouvoir d'arrêter les voitures... Il fallait sans doute le regard d'un homme pour s'en rendre compte. Dominique Quessada est philosophe et écrivain. Il regarde ce qu'il y a pour lui de plus mystérieux et de plus proche à la fois : (...) les femmes. Ce livre s'adresse à elles, mais il peut aussi servir de guide à l'usage des aveugles, sourds et malentendants : les hommes. (shrink)