Este artigo ocupa-se dos aspectos essenciais do processão plotiniana, com base nas Enéadas e em intérpretes de projeção mundial, como Giovanni Reale e Werner Beierwaltes. A processão de Plotino trata da origem das coisas, a partir do Uno, o qual se identifica com Super-Ser, divino, eterno, perfeito e imutável, não podendo ser entendido como conceito abstrato universalíssimo. O trabalho pretende mostrar que Plotino não é emanatista, nem panteísta, mas panenteista. Há mesmo quem o considere criacionista. É abordada, especialmente, a paisagem (...) metafisica de Plotino, com as três hipóstases do mundo inteligível e, dependendo deste, a origem do mundo sensível - a matéria - tida pelo filósofo como princípio do mal, porém não em sentido gnóstico-maniqueísta. Por fim, o artigo conclui que a processão implica, necessariamente, o retorno da alma humana ao Uno. O objetivo da filosofia plotiniana era levar os seus seguidores à união mais intima possível com o Uno. (shrink)

Em sua obra, Plotino recorre constantemente aos antigos, porquanto crê neles encontrar- se a verdade. Também não desconhece os mitos que lera nas obras de Platão. Interpreta-os metafísica e eticamente. Neste pequeno artigo, entende-se por mito 'algo que alude a', 'algo que indica", "algo que metaforiza". Três tipos de mitos são aqui apresentados brevemente: mitos da mitologia olímpica, mitos da escatologia órfica e mitos filosóficos. Em todos eles, percebe-se o esforço de Plotino por mostrar que o mito tenta exprimir o (...) que a palavra não logra explicar, atingindo as fronteiras do silêncio e do inefável. O artigo conclui com o mito do silêncio, na união com o Uno, sem palavras. (shrink)

Neste artigo, o autor aborda o retornoda alma ao Uno, de acordo com a doutrina plotiniana.Para tanto, é mister a dialética, entendidacomo abstração das coisas materiais edas paixões. A inteligência, a vontade e as virtudesdevem colaborar, para alcançar o objetivo últimoda vida: a união mística com o Uno. O artigoalude, também, à metempsicose defendida porPlotino. No fim, são recordados alguns aspectosda influência exercida por Plotino sobre a IdadeMédia e o pensamento filosófico posterior.

T. 1. Wortschatz -- T. 2. Überlieferung, Textkritik, Grammatik.

Edna Ullmann-Margalit provides an original account of the emergence of norms. Her main thesis is that certain types of norms are possible solutions to problems posed by certain types of social interaction situations. She presents illuminating discussions of Prisoners' Dilemma, co-ordination, and inequality situations.

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the question of whether an individual has a moral obligation to sign a protest petition which has been initiated on moral grounds. It is argued that there is such an obligation when the petition represents a viewpoint with which one broadly agrees. This is a general dury which may lapse with changed circumstances or which may be redeemed by some alternative action. It is argued that the duty to initiate a protest petition is, on (...) the other hand, supererogatory as far as an individual is concerned, but may be a duty for a community or group. Finally it is argued that protest petitions are essentially protests, not against evil deeds as such, but against evil deeds done in one's own name, and are therefore a vital aspect of democracy. (shrink)

Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration gathers tributes, reflections, and commentaries on the great thinker and his philosophy, politics, and life-including contributions from Michael Ignatieff, Leon Wieseltier, Ronald Dworkin, Stephen Spender, and many others. "Some [essays], like Joseph Brodsky's tribute, are touchingly personal. Others, like G. A. Cohen's 'Isaiah's Marx, and Mine,' mingle personal reminiscences with a more theoretical look at Berlin's ideas. . . . The volume is a fitting tribute to a thinker famed for his erudition, eclecticism, and clarity of (...) style."--Merle Rubin, The Christian Science Monitor "One of the many merits of this rich and rewarding collection is the sense-very imperfectly conveyed here-it transmits of the tone of Berlin's writings and conversation, of the multiplicity of his interests and the variety of his achievements. . . . The essays testify to the character of Berlin's mind as a luminous prism, in which the cultural traditions of Russia, England and Judaism are marvelously refracted."--John Gray, Times Literary Supplement "[T]he collection testifies to the learning and profundity of Berlin's thought and, by way both of reminiscence and influence, to the charm and gaity of its expression."--Anthony Quinton, The Times of London. (shrink)

I want to focus on some of the limits of decision theory that are of interest to the philosophical concern with practical reasoning and rational choice. These limits should also be of interest to the social-scientists’ concern with Rational Choice.

In this paper we explore quarantining as a more ethical method for delimiting the spread of Hate Speech via online social media platforms. Currently, companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google generally respondreactivelyto such material: offensive messages that have already been posted are reviewed by human moderators if complaints from users are received. The offensive posts are onlysubsequentlyremoved if the complaints are upheld; therefore, they still cause the recipients psychological harm. In addition, this approach has frequently been criticised for delimiting freedom (...) of expression, since it requires the service providers to elaborate and implement censorship regimes. In the last few years, an emerging generation of automatic Hate Speech detection systems has started to offer new strategies for dealing with this particular kind of offensive online material. Anticipating the future efficacy of such systems, the present article advocates an approach to online Hate Speech detection that is analogous to the quarantining of malicious computer software. If a given post is automatically classified as being harmful in a reliable manner, then it can be temporarily quarantined, and the direct recipients can receive an alert, which protects them from the harmful content in the first instance. The quarantining framework is an example of more ethical online safety technology that can be extended to the handling of Hate Speech. Crucially, it provides flexible options for obtaining a more justifiable balance between freedom of expression and appropriate censorship. (shrink)

What makes a choice difficult, beyond being complex or difficult to calculate? Characterizing difficult choices as posing a special challenge to the agent, and as typically involving consequences of significant moment as well as clashes of values, the article proceeds to compare the way difficult choices are handled by rational choice theory and by the theory that preceded it, Kurt Lewin's "conflict theory." The argument is put forward that within rational choice theory no choice is in principle difficult: if the (...) object is to maximize some value, the difficulty can be at most computational. Several prototypes of choices that challenge this argument are surveyed and discussed ; special attention is given to difficult choices faced by doctors and layers. The last section discusses a number of devices people employ in their attempt to cope with difficult choices: escape, "reduction" to non-difficult choices, and second-order strategies. (shrink)

Given a descriptive word, what is the nature of the relation between it and the features of the object to which it is supposed to apply? What is it that entitles one to assert ‘this is a horse’?A traditional answer has been in terms of ‘Merkmal’: a collection of features, or properties, severally necessary and Jointly sufficient for the application of the word in question. This relation - call it the Merkmal relation - between word and features is common to (...) a variety of theories of meaning that may otherwise be in disagreement about the status of the features themselves in their relation to the object: whether they be actual or believed, perceptual or ‘essential,’ phenomenal or ‘real,’ etc. (shrink)

Looking at the Essene connection, the archaeology of Qumran, and the sectarian nature of the scrolls community, this work explores the different arenas, and ways, in which contesting theories of the scrolls do battle. In this context, it finds examples that exercise philosophers of science as well as the general public.

Reasoning Practically deals with a classical philosophical topic, the link between thought and action--how we think about what we do or ought to do, and how we move from thinking to doing. The essays by such renowned contributors as Donald Davidson, Barry Stroud, Cass R. Sunstein, Seyla Benhabib, and Gerald Dworkin, cover a range of issues raised when we link reason and practice. This collection connects state-of-the-art philosophical work with concrete issues in social life and political practice, making it of (...) interest not only to philosophers, but to political theorists, legal scholars, and any researcher interested in the practical application of reason. (shrink)

Die griechische Medizin und Naturwissenschaften der Antike haben einen starken und nachhaltigen Einfluss auf die mittelalterlichen arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften ausgeübt. Der vorliegende Band vereint eine Auswahl von Aufsätzen, die Manfred Ullmann, ein herausragender Kenner dieser großen interkulturellen Bewegung, neben seinen zahlreichen Monographien zu diesem Thema publiziert hat. Die Beiträge beleuchten unter anderem die arabische Rezeption wichtiger medizinischer Schriften von Hippokrates, Rufus von Ephesos oder Galen, arbeiten die griechische Tradition in genuin arabischen Schriften über Diätetika, Antidota oder Pharmazeutika heraus, erforschen den (...) literarischen Hintergrund der sogenannten Steinbücher des Xenokrates von Ephesos und des Pseudo-Aristoteles, und erschließen die medizinische, alchemistische und magische Fachterminologie der Araber. Ullmanns Untersuchungen gelten aufgrund ihrer Gründlichkeit und Klarheit als unverzichtbare Referenzpunkte für die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte; sie werden hier erstmals in zusammenhängender Form vorgelegt und sind durch ausführliche Indizes erschlossen. (shrink)

In this paper I take up the notion of family fairness and contrast it with justice. In particular I take issue with Susan Okin's notion of the just family and develop, instead, the notion of the not-unjust fair family. Driving a wedge between justice and fairness, I propose that family fairness is partial and sympathetic rather than impartial and empathic, and that it is particular and internal rather than universalizable. Furthermore, I claim that family fairness is based on ongoing comparisons (...) of preferences among family members. I finally characterize the good family as a not-unjust family that is considerate and fair. (shrink)