Home and Beyond traces the development of Husserl’s thought, paying special attention to Husserl’s phenomenology in his late works. Steinbock demonstrates that each stage of Husserl’s extensive life work becomes a necessary condition for Husserl’s next finding in phenomenology. The work concludes with an interpretation of Husserl’s final definition of phenomenology that demands a phenomenology beyond Husserl. Also, Steinbock provides for an interpretation of the concepts of homeworld/alienworld that most likely will capture the interest of social philosophers.

Alterity and Transcendence contains essays by Levinas that were published between 1967 and 1989. The book is divided into four parts. It first displays Levinas’s analysis of the history of Western philosophy. Then it explores intersubjectivity before discussing the issue of the rights of man. The collection concludes with interviews on the philosophy of death and on the violence of the face.

Content and Comportment discusses and challenges the epistemological claim that reality cannot be comprehended. The claim is based on the inherent limitation of the senses as mediators of knowledge of the world. The author argues that the body provides for an additional access to the world. This approach promises a more solid account of realism than the ones construed out of dominant epistemological theories.

This book contains the translation of a collection of Emmanuel Levinas’s essays on Husserl. The essays reflect Levinas’s reading of Husserl from 1929 until 1977. The book is divided into three parts reflecting on Levinas’s changing interpretation of Husserl during this time period. Part 1 is called “Husserl’s Phenomenology” and contains essays written from 1929 to 1940. Part 2, “Levinas’s Husserl,” spans the period of 1959–65. Part 3, “Beyond Husserl,” only holds two essays. One is dated 1974, the other 1977. (...) They display Levinas’s own phenomenology. (shrink)

Idealism and Corporeity is James Dodd’s doctoral thesis. The book deals with the most developed form of Husserl’s phenomenology of the body. Dodd remarks that Husserl’s published work barely touches on the analysis of the body, though Husserl’s Nachlass demonstrates his preoccupation with it. This is because the analysis of the body is subsumed under the “basic problems of phenomenology”. Dodd’s treatise is divided into four chapters.

Patocka’s Heretical Essays were first published in Czechoslovakia in 1975. The essays display a unique phenomenological interpretation of Western history. In the first essay, Patocka explains his project as being based on a phenomenology of “work, production, action, and creation”. Following Heidegger’s phenomenology, Patocka accepts concealment of being and the distinction of ontic and ontological phenomena. However, Patocka departs from Heidegger by emphasizing the historical dependencies of being. Initially, people were natural. They worked to survive without using their ability to (...) problematize. The transition to historical being is marked by the conception of divine life. This life is not marred by work, pain, birth, and death. Human life is distinct from divine life though there is resemblance through the eternal character of the human community by means of generative continuity. This idea presupposes a questioning that puts humankind on the journey of history. (shrink)

Logic and Time deals with Husserl’s response to “psychologism” in chapter 1. Chapter 2 explores the difference between Husserl’s and Descartes’s understanding of meaning. Chapter 3 discusses Husserl’s categorization of time and its importance for consciousness. Throughout the book Michalski describes Husserl’s philosophical development with regard to the discussed themes. Logic and Time concludes with a short Postscript stating the inclusion of historicity by the late Husserl.

The book explores Hegel’s epistemology and philosophy of mind, primarily using Hegel’s Encyclopedia and his Logics.

Entre Nous is the English translation of a collection of essays by Levinas that were first published in 1991. The twenty essays themselves were written in the time period of 1951 to 1988. The common theme throughout the book is Levinas’s application of his ethics of otherness where responsibility in the face of the other precedes ontology.

Structure and Diversity deals with Scheler’s writings highlighting his arguments against relativism, his ethics, his philosophy of religion, the late Scheler’s adoption of Buddhism, and his social-political philosophy. Kelly argues that Scheler is influenced by Husserl in his conviction of the realm of essences that is revealed through “phenomenologically reduced cognitive acts”. Both philosophers apply the “natural standpoint.” However, Scheler argues to go beyond Husserl’s phenomenology of objects by means of his account of “structural and material essences that condition human (...) consciousness”. Consciousness is necessarily individual and situated within a “milieu.” Phenomenology can use perceptions to elucidate “meaning-elements” that form a unified realm of essence. (shrink)

Truth and Singularity discusses works of poststructuralism and phenomenology in order to establish a middle ground for relativism and universalism. The book consists of an introduction, three sections, each containing 4 chapters, and a conclusion. The first section is entitled “Truth and Finitude.” In chapter 1 Heidegger’s Being and Time establishes the inescapable embeddedness of authentic Dasein in the “they.” Authenticity is characterized by aletheia. In chapter 2 Visker compares Foucault with Heidegger. He claims that Heidegger is distinguished from Foucault (...) by the ethos accompanying aletheia. Heidegger’s aletheia uncovers a Dasein that is situated in the mystery of being. The ethos of aletheia refers to a willingness to confront this mystery. Chapter 3 assesses Habermas’s criticism of Foucault and Heidegger. Accordingly, Habermas’s pragmatism considers Foucault and Heidegger as framework relativists because both philosophers do not base validity on knowing. Visker contends that Habermas insists on a universal validity within horizons of meaning. This is contrasted with Foucault’s and Heidegger’s attempt to accept a finite truth due to being’s finitude necessitating circumspective concern for Dasein. Visker criticizes Habermas to neglect the need for an ethics regulating discourse and to neglect the subject in favor of intersubjectivity. In chapter 4 Visker argues that Merleau-Ponty’s “raw being” stands for a singularity that cannot be separated from its world. This acknowledgment of mineness calls for ethical considerations. (shrink)

The Body contains excerpts of mainly Continental philosophers contemplating the body. The texts are characterized by envisioning the body to be more than a Cartesian thing that can be measured in terms of space and time. The book is divided into three parts. Each part displays the texts from important and often historical scholars as well as contemporary analyses of these writings. Part 1, entitled “Phenomenological Formulations,” contains texts from Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Mer-leau-Ponty. Part 2, entitled “Psycho- (...) and Sociotropic Genealogical Analyses,” contains texts from Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault. Part 3, entitled “Towards a Semiotics of the Gendered Body,” contains texts by Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray. (shrink)

The book explores Sartre’s concept of consciousness. Chapter 1 compares Sartre’s with Descartes’s, Locke’s, and Kant’s definitions of consciousness. Wider then provides for a detailed account of Sartre’s concept in chapter 2. Consequently, this account is exposed to an internal critique in chapter 3 and an external critique in chapter 4. Chapter 5 displays a variety of theories dealing with bodily intentionality. Chapter 6 exploits Sartre’s assertion that the body is the subject of consciousness to overcome shortcomings in his concept (...) of consciousness. (shrink)

Stewart in this book uses essays from well-known Hegel scholars such as Shlomo Avineri, Emil Fackenheim, T. M. Knox, and Henning Ottmann to identify and to correct Hegel myths. Five myths are discussed thoroughly. Part 1 deals with the myth of Hegel justifying the status quo derived from the dictum "was vernünftig ist, das ist wirklich; und was wirklich ist, das ist vernünftig" in the preface of the Philosophy of Right. This allegation does not consider that "according to his [Hegel's] (...) dialectic of culture and spirit, philosophical knowledge must emerge from within the development of actual knowledge and cultural forms, and not as an artificial imposition upon them". (shrink)

Birnbaum explores alterity in Husserl’s phenomenology by analyzing Husserl’s thoughts about the other and about temporality. The study is directed toward explicating Husserl’s phenomenology of the “I” which reveals that the “I’s” structure contains intersubjective influences and a relation to itself as another.

The Language of Hermeneutics is an insightful exercise in hermeneutics. Coltman discusses the seemingly irreconcilable positions of Heidegger and Gadamer. The Language of Hermeneutics ventures into both philosophers’ interpretations of Aristotle and Plato in part 1. Part 2 explores the rationale behind the late Heidegger’s fascination with the work of Friedrich Hölderlin. Coltman compares this rationale with Gadamer’s use of the Hegelian dialectic. In the course of his interpretations, Coltman reveals a surprising closeness of Heidegger’s and Gadamer’s philosophical points of (...) view. (shrink)

This book contains a collection of essays written by Castaeda. With the exception of the previously unpublished chapter 7, the essays were originally published in German, Austrian, and American journals and books in the time period from 1966 to 1990. They explore, with often very detailed arguments, the nature of the I and the structure of consciousness.

Willing and Nothingness contains eight essays by eight scholars explaining and comparing aspects of Nietzsche’s and Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The themes are summarized in Janaway’s introduction. Appended are a translation of Nietzsche’s notes called “On Schopenhauer” from 1868 as well as a list of Nietzsche references to Schopenhauer in Nietzsche’s works. The first essay, written by Janaway, provides for an account of the evaluation of Schopenhauer’s philosophy in Nietzsche’s works. The other essays deal with both philosophers’ views on truth, on art, (...) moral philosophy, the will, optimism and pessimism, the self and materialism. (shrink)

In general, there is only one fuzzy logic in which the standard interpretation of the strong conjunction is a strict triangular norm, namely, the product logic. We study several equations which are satisfied by some strict t-norms and their dual t-conorms. Adding an involutive negation, these equations allow us to generate countably many logics based on strict t-norms which are different from the product logic.

In many-valued logics with the unit interval as the set of truth values, from the standard negation and the product (or, more generally, from any strict Frank t-norm) all measurable logical functions can be derived, provided that also operations with countable arity are allowed. The question remained open whether there are other t-norms with this property or whether all strict t-norms possess this property. We give a full solution to this problem (in the case of strict t-norms), together with convenient (...) sufficient conditions. We list several families of strict t-norms having this property and provide also counterexamples (the Hamacher product is one of them). Finally, we discuss the consequences of these results for the characterization of tribes based on strict t-norms. (shrink)

In recent philosophy of mathematics avariety of writers have presented ``structuralist''views and arguments. There are, however, a number ofsubstantive differences in what their proponents take``structuralism'' to be. In this paper we make explicitthese differences, as well as some underlyingsimilarities and common roots. We thus identifysystematically and in detail, several main variants ofstructuralism, including some not often recognized assuch. As a result the relations between thesevariants, and between the respective problems theyface, become manifest. Throughout our focus is onsemantic and metaphysical issues, (...) including what is orcould be meant by ``structure'' in this connection. (shrink)

We provide a retrospective of 25 years of the International Conference on AI and Law, which was first held in 1987. Fifty papers have been selected from the thirteen conferences and each of them is described in a short subsection individually written by one of the 24 authors. These subsections attempt to place the paper discussed in the context of the development of AI and Law, while often offering some personal reactions and reflections. As a whole, the subsections build into (...) a history of the last quarter century of the field, and provide some insights into where it has come from, where it is now, and where it might go. (shrink)

In their correspondence in 1902 and 1903, after discussing the Russell paradox, Russell and Frege discussed the paradox of propositions considered informally in Appendix B of Russell’s Principles of Mathematics. It seems that the proposition, p, stating the logical product of the class w, namely, the class of all propositions stating the logical product of a class they are not in, is in w if and only if it is not. Frege believed that this paradox was avoided within his philosophy (...) due to his distinction between sense (Sinn) and reference (Bedeutung). However, I show that while the paradox as Russell formulates it is ill-formed with Frege’s extant logical system, if Frege’s system is expanded to contain the commitments of his philosophy of language, an analogue of this paradox is formulable. This and other concerns in Fregean intensional logic are discussed, and it is discovered that Frege’s logical system, even without its naive class theory embodied in its infamous Basic Law V, leads to inconsistencies when the theory of sense and reference is axiomatized therein. (shrink)

Erratum to: Synthese DOI 10.1007/s11229-014-0408-3Appendix 1: NotationLet \(X\) represent a sequence of data, and let \(X_B^t\) represent an i.i.d. subsequence of length \(t\) of data generated from distribution \(B\).We conjecture that the i.i.d. assumption could be eliminated by defining probability distributions over sequences of arbitrary length, though this complication would not add conceptual clarity. Let \(\mathbf{F}\) be a framework (in this case, a set of probability distributions or densities).Let any \(P(\,)\) functions be either a probability distribution function or probability density (...) function, as appropriate. Let \(M_\mathbf{F}\) be a method that takes a data sequence \(X\) as input and outputs a distribution. (shrink)

In the tradition of Stalnaker there is a number of well-known problems that need to be addressed, because revision of iterated belief modalities is required in this case. These problems have already been investigated in detail in recent works on DDL Leitgeb/Segerberg 2007)and DEL see e.g. Ditmarsch et. Another strategy would be to maintain and revise assumptions independently of the beliefs of an agent.I will briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of these views. In both views, assumptions constitute (...) the subjective context in which an agent interprets an utterance and encounters the world. The result of an interpretation is in turn checked against the agent’s original beliefs, and if the checking operation succeeds the agent revises his beliefs by the result in the normal way described by the AGM paradigm. The second of the above questions needs to be addressed on the basis of concrete examples. Considering utterance like David is ready’ or ‘John is tall’that from a contextualist viewpoint express semantically incomplete content in the sense of Bach is needed in order to obtain a useful model of the checking step, since fortunately not everybody believes everything that other people say. These requirements put the theory of interpretation based on assumptions in the frontline of ongoing research on the implementation of belief revision and update in dynamic logics. Such a theory might also be useful for contextualist accounts of strong knowledge, as it can be argued convincingly that when a knowledge ascription appears to be context-sensitive, this is so because the embedded proposition is context-sensitive and not because knowledge itself is context-sensitive. Hence,the context-sensitivity of embedded propositions in knowledge claims and how different agents in the same situation arrive at different assessments about them may be explained by an inferential theory of interpretation similar to the one outlined here but with another underlying concept of assumptions. Literature Alchourrón, C. E. ; Gärdenfors, P. & Makinson, D., 'On the logic of theory change: partial meet contraction and revision functions', Journal of Symbolic Logic, 510-530. Bach, K., 'Minimalism for Dummies: Reply to Cappelen and Lepore', Technical report, University of San Fransisco, Department of Philosophy. Bach, K., Context ex Machina, in án Gendler Szabó, ed.,'Semantics versus Pragmatics', Oxford UP, Oxford, pp. 16-44. Ditmarsch, H. v. ; Hoek, W. v. d. & Kooi, B., Dynamic Epistemic Logic, Kluwer. Gärdenfors, P., Knowledge in Flux, MIT Press. Leitgeb, H. & Segerberg, K., 'Dynamic doxastic logic: why, how, and where to? ', Synthese155, 167-190. Stalnaker, R., Assertion, in. Cole, ed.,'Pragmatics', Academic Press, New York, pp. 315-332. Stalnaker, R., 'Common Ground', Linguistics and Philosophy25, 701- -721. (shrink)

Schmidt, G. Sokrates, Kriton, die Gesetze und die praktische Vernunft.--Heintel, E. Zum grundsätzlich "naturrechtlichen" Ansatz des Ordo-Gedankens.--Höffe, O. Grundzüge einer Theorie politischer Gerechtigkeit.--Baumanns, P. Hobbes und die praktische Philosphie der Neuzeit.--Ritzel, W. Der "Unterschied vom Jure und von Ethik".--Kaulbach, F. Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie in Kants Rechtsmetaphysik.--Pöggeler, O. Machiavelli und Hegel.--Schild, W. Die Aktualität des Hegelschen Strafbegriffes.--Heintel, P. Weltgeist und Völkerrecht.--Hartmann, K. Der Marxsche Kritikbegriff und seine Auswirkungen.--Schmied-Kowarzik, W. Von der Kritik der Rechtsphilosophie zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie.--Rhemann, J. Zur Theorie (...) der Demokratie.--Zdarzil, H. Geschichte und Bildung. (shrink)

Burckhardt und Nietzsche.--Nietzsche und Goethe.--Rilke und Nietzsche.--Bibliographische Notiz (p.[126]).