Teniendo presente la enseñanza de la teología y cierta renuencia observable en los medios teológicos al trato con la filosofía, el estudio expone en primer lugar la relación ineludible entre filosofía y teología por razón de las coinci-dencias dadas entre ellas a pesar de la diferencia formal de ambas. A continuación, se describe el régimen general de relación entre los dos saberes, relación de tensa complementariedad que se sustan-cia en un circuito dialógico, para abordar después la importancia para el pensamiento (...) teológico de la relación con dos grandes ámbi-tos de la filosofía: el pensamiento metafísico y la antropología. El estudio termina con algunas con-clusiones prácticas referidas a la labor docente sobre la justificación. (shrink)

Comentario del Proemio de la reciente constitu-ción apostólica Veritatis Gaudiumdel Papa Francisco que ordena los estudios eclesiásticos. Dicho texto introductorio de la Constitución ofrece elementos característicos del ideario del actual Pontífice desde los que plantea con novedad y decisión propuestas importantes de renovación del sistema de los estudios eclesiásticos que merecen ser consideradas con algún detall.

La revisión de las humanidades a partir de la cultura material parte de la consideración de que la conciencia y la agencia humanas no pueden disociarse de su nicho tecnológico. El presente artículo trata de indagar cómo la experiencia subjetiva de la ciudad se ha visto modificada por la universalización del smartphone como herramienta de orientación a través de los sistemas de navegación gps. Con este fin, y a través del marco teórico formulado por Henri Lefebvre, el artículo realiza un (...) análisis exploratorio acerca de la producción del espacio urbano contemporáneo. Recurriendo a la revisión crítica de la teoría cartográfica, interroga si la universalización de los mapas digitales supone una recuperación de la experiencia subjetiva o una extensión del espacio abstracto propio del capitalismo de la experiencia. (shrink)

Los estados normativos solo pueden ser percibidos a partir de su frustración. Partiendo de esta premisa, el presente artículo propone una definición filosófica de la inseguridad social, basada en la reciente revisión de la función práctica y cognitiva de dos emociones tradicionalmente entendidas como negativas: el resentimiento y la ansiedad. Se analizará el resentimiento como un potencial generador de vínculos políticos en la memoria de un pasado de protección arrebatada, y la ansiedad como un indicador epistémico en condiciones de incertidumbre (...) objetiva. Se colige una definición de la inseguridad acotada entre la retención resentida del pasado y la proyección preventiva del futuro. Normative states can only be experienced from their frustration. Based on this premise, this article proposes a philosophical definition of social insecurity, based on the recent review of the practical and cognitive function of two emotions traditionally understood as negative: resentment and anxiety. Resentment will be analyzed as a potential generator of political links in the memory of a past of rapt protection, whereas anxiety wil be understood as an epistemic indicator in conditions of objective uncertainty. A definition insecurity will be set between the resentful retention of the past and the preventive projection of the future. (shrink)

The debate over the determination of death has been raging for more than fifty years. Since then, objections against the diagnosis of brain death from family members of those diagnosed as dead-have been increasing and are causing some countries to take novel steps to accommodate people’s beliefs and preferences in the determination of death. This, coupled with criticism by some academics of the brain death criterion, raises some questions about the issues surrounding the determination of death. In this paper, we (...) discuss some of the main approaches to death determination that have been theoretically proposed or currently put into practice and propose a new approach to death determination called "weak pluralism" as a reasonable ethical and political alternative to respect diversity in death determination. (shrink)

Background: This research explores how public awareness and attitudes toward donation and transplantation policies may contribute to Spain's success in cadaveric organ donation. Materials and Methods: A representative sample of 813 people residing in Andalusia (Southern Spain) were surveyed by telephone or via Internet between October and December 2018. Results: Most participants trust Spain's donation and transplantation system (93%) and wish to donate their organs after death (76%). Among donors, a majority have expressed their consent (59%), and few nondonors have (...) expressed their refusal (14%). Only a minority are aware of the presumed consent system in force (28%) and feel sufficiently informed regarding the requirements needed to be an organ donor (16%). Participants mainly consider that relatives should represent the deceased's preferences and be consulted when the deceased's wishes are unknown, as is the case in Spain. Conclusion: Public trust in the transplant system may contribute to Spain's high performance in organ donation. High levels of societal support toward organ donation and transplantation do not correspond with similar levels of public awareness of donation and transplantation policies in Spain. (shrink)

El presente trabajo propone determinadas aproximaciones iusfilosóficas al discurso jurídico, a partir de los estudios realizados por Walter Benjamin sobre Franz Kafka. La investigación se realiza con las herramientas metodológicas que aportan las “teorías críticas del derecho” y los marcos teóricos que indagan la relación “derecho-literatura”. Los textos, discusiones y apuntes realizados por el pensador alemán permiten movilizar un análisis de determinados tópicos y categorías pertenecientes al espacio jurídico. Las investigaciones que realiza en torno a la figura de Kafka ofrecen (...) insumos para indagar la formación, despliegue y conservación del derecho. Desde la obra kafkiana, Benjamin visibiliza y desarticula los conceptos nodales de justicia, ley, poder y violencia, lo que permite dar cuenta de los mecanismos y dispositivos que hacen posible el sustento mitológico del derecho. (shrink)

Despite continuing controversies regarding the vital status of both brain-dead donors and individuals who undergo donation after circulatory death (DCD), respecting the dead donor rule (DDR) remains the standard moral framework for organ procurement. The DDR increases organ supply without jeopardizing trust in transplantation systems, reassuring society that donors will not experience harm during organ procurement. While the assumption that individuals cannot be harmed once they are dead is reasonable in the case of brain-dead protocols, we argue that the DDR (...) is not an acceptable strategy to protect donors from harm in DCD protocols. We propose a threefold alternative to justify organ procurement practices: (1) ensuring that donors are sufficiently protected from harm; (2) ensuring that they are respected through informed consent; and (3) ensuring that society is fully informed of the inherently debatable nature of any criterion to declare death. (shrink)

A key issue in the business ethics field is the design of effective measures for assessing the ethical culture of organizations. The Corporate Ethical Virtues Model (CEV), developed by Kaptein in 2008, is an instrument for measuring ethical culture, and has been applied, adapted and validated in different contexts. In 2013, DeBode, Armenakis, Field and Walker developed the CEV–S, a shortened version of the original scale. Both the CEV and CEV–S assess eight dimensions based on corporate ethical virtues: clarity, congruency (...) of supervisors, congruency of senior management, feasibility, supportability, transparency, discussability and sanctionability. The objective of this study is to present a Spanish version of the CEV–S and its validation process. The scale was applied to two samples of 114 and 193 Colombian employees from two companies operating in the services sector. The confirmatory factor analyses revealed a good fit for the eight-factor structure of the Spanish CEV–S and the statistical tests applied showed good levels of reliability and validity for this scale. The adequate psychometric properties shown by the Spanish CEV–S may support its use in future research to measure organizational ethical culture in Spanish-speaking settings. (shrink)

Wind turbines have been used by many groups of humans for many centuries. Wind turbines have allowed groups of humans to perform many different tasks in the past. However, only a century and a half ago, they began to be used to convert the energy captured from wind into electric energy. Moreover, only approximately twenty-five years ago, we started to introduce on a massive scale the energy generated from wind turbines into the electric networks of most developed countries in the (...) world for regular consumption. According to 2017 statistics, approximately 12 percent of the electric energy consumed in the EU is produced by wind turbines. Despite the fact that wind turbines generally appear quite similar externally—i.e., a three-blade structure, a nacelle, a tower, etc.—if we carefully examine the electric technology used within them, we find quite a wide range of technologies for energy conversion, which is a key issue in wind turbine technology. Hence, this paper adopts a dialectic perspective towards analyzing and understanding why several electric technologies coexist in wind turbine technology. We explain the specific factors that have influenced different wind turbine manufacturers to adopt different electric technologies across the last twenty-five years. We show how their actions and the technological directions that have followed have been mutually codetermined, resulting in a technological evolution that has produced today’s wind turbine variety. (shrink)

Los tópicos sobre salud oral en los programas académicos de las carreras de ciencias de la salud son insuficientes. El propósito de este trabajo fue Identificar los tópicos sobre salud oral en los programas académicos de las carreras de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad del Alba. Se realizó un estudio transversal-observacional de los programas académicos de las carreras de ciencias de salud que imparte la Universidad del Alba. Los tópicos sobre salud oral en los programas académicos de las (...) carreras de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud basados en competencia son escasos. (shrink)

El objetivo de nuestro artículo es ofrecer una interpretación del capítulo sobre “El esquematismo de los conceptos puros del entendimiento” de la Crítica de la razón pura de Immanuel Kant. Nuestra hipótesis es que en la doctrina del esquematismo se decide la posibilidad de la constitución ontológica del objeto como objeto. Consiguientemente, mostraremos que únicamente con los esquemas trascendentales nos encontramos con los predicados ontológicos fundamentales de la objetividad. Esto se demuestra estableciendo que solo gracias a la doctrina del esquematismo (...) se pone de manifiesto el dinamismo interno de la cooperación entre la sensibilidad y el entendimiento que da lugar al conocimiento objetivo. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es examinar una dualidad en la concepción objetiva de la substancia de la Crítica de la razón pura de Kant. Con este fin se analiza el esquema trascendental de la categoría de substancia y accidente. Nuestra hipótesis es que en el texto kantiano pueden distinguirse dos diferentes concepciones de la substancia. Por un lado, las substancias1 son los objetos relativamente permanentes de nuestra experiencia cotidiana. Por otro lado, la substancia2 es la materia absolutamente permanente de (...) la que están compuestas las substancias1. Dado que las substancias1 son accidentes o modos de existir de la substancia2, ambas concepciones son parte de una teoría coherente. (shrink)

Se examina el problema de la circularidad argumental en la fundamentación del conocimiento desde la teoría de la argumentación. Los argumentos dirigidos a probar que sabemos son sospechosos de dos falacias: petición de principio y apelación a la ignorancia. Se examinan las definiciones clásicas de ambas falacias y se dictamina que bajo tales definiciones los argumentos fundamentadores serían falaces. A continuación se proporcionan nuevas definiciones de ambas falacias, más acordes con el trabajo reciente en teoría de la argumentación y se (...) sostiene que, bajo estas definiciones, no todos los argumentos fundamentadores son falaces. In this paper I examine the problem of circularity in the justification of knowledge from the point of view of argumentation theory. I introduce the expression founding argument for the arguments we use to try to prove that we know, and explain the classical account of the two fallacies that may be committed: ad ignorantiam and petitio principii. A new definition of both fallacies, based on recent work in the theory of argumentation, is used to show that not every founding argument is fallacious. (shrink)

This text has already been published in Time & Society, 2016, Vol. 25, pp. 613-633. We thank Gonzalo Iparraguirre for the permission to republish it here.: This article presents the introduction and the update of an ethnographic research on temporality among indigenous groups, published in 2011 in its full version as a book in Spanish. It seeks to prove the usefulness of the conceptual distinction between time, defined as the phenomenon of becoming in itself, and - Anthropologie – Nouvel (...) article. (shrink)

Since the 1960s, organ procurement policies have relied on the boundary of death—advertised as though it were a factual, value‐free, and unobjectionable event—to foster organ donation while minimizing controversy. Death determination, however, involves both discoveries of facts and events and decisions about their meaning (whether the facts and events are relevant to establish a vital status), the latter being subjected to legitimate disagreements requiring deliberation. By revisiting the historical origin of the dead donor rule, including some events that took place (...) in France prior to the report by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death, I want to recall that those who first promoted the DDR did not take into account any scientific rationale to support the new proposed criteria to determine death. Rather, through a process of factual re‐semantization, they authorized themselves to decide about the meaning of death in order to implicitly prioritize the interests of organ recipients over those of dying people. (shrink)

The ever‐increasing demand for organs led Spain, France, and other European countries to promote uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death (uDCDD). For the same reason, New York City has recently developed its own uDCDD protocol, which differs from European programs in some key ways. The New York protocol incorporates a series of technical and management improvements that address some practical problems identified in response to European uDCDD protocols. However, the more fundamental issue of whether uDCDD donors are dead when (...) organs are procured remains problematic for the New York City protocol and, indeed, for all uDCDD protocols. In the United States, two amendments to the legal criteria of death have been suggested to avoid a formal violation of the dead donor rule in DCDD protocols: first, replacing the requirement “irreversible” with the weaker term “permanent,” and second, using the term “circulatory” instead of “cardiac” to identify the key function that must be lost to declare death. While intended to facilitate controlled DCDD, these modifications create a problem for uDCDD protocols: if extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is introduced to preserve the organs, then circulation is restored after death is declared. In this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Kevin Munjal and colleagues call for a new ethical construct and policy so that uncontrolled and controlled DCDD can coexist. (shrink)

In this study, we propose considering membership in the Ethics Officer Association (EOA) as a proxy for the firm's commitment to ethical decision making, and we analyze the influence of firm- and CEO-specific characteristics on this commitment. While we observe a positive relationship between membership and firm size, we also document a negative relationship between EOA membership and the executive's time in position and, to a more modest extent, accounting returns. Pursuing this further, we present evidence that firms with past (...) legal issues may seek EOA membership as a signal of their intention to be compliant in the future. (shrink)

In this study, we propose considering membership in the Ethics Officer Association (EOA) as a proxy for the firm's commitment to ethical decision making, and we analyze the influence of firm- and CEO-specific characteristics on this commitment. While we observe a positive relationship between membership and firm size, we also document a negative relationship between EOA membership and the executive's time in position and, to a more modest extent, accounting returns. Pursuing this further, we present evidence that firms with past (...) legal issues may seek EOA membership as a signal of their intention to be compliant in the future. (shrink)

En la literatura sobre las emociones una de las teorías con mayor fuerza es la llamada “teoría James-Lange”. En esta obra se intenta hacer una crítica a dicha teoría a partir de algunas observaciones de Wittgenstein sobre el uso de conceptos psicológicos, sacando a la luz dos confusiones gramaticales que surgen en ella. Para ello, se construye primero la categoría de “programa de naturalización de las emociones” que recoge las teorías del Descartes, James y Prinz, siguiendo la metodología de Lakatos. (...) Luego, se identifica como problema central el de la naturalización de la intencionalidad. Para luego exponer algunas herramientas de Wittgenstein para estudiar la gramática de la pregunta por el objeto y la intencionalidad las emociones, mostrando que las respuestas del programa de naturalización no son satisfactorias y no respetan las reglas de ciertos usos del lenguaje. (shrink)

Descartes maintained substance dualism, the thesis that no substance has both mental and material properties. His main argument for this thesis, the so-called separability argument from the Sixth Meditation (AT VII: 78) has long puzzled readers. In this paper I argue that Descartes' independence conception of substance (which Descartes presents in article 51 of the Principles) is crucial for the success of the separability argument and that Descartes used this conception of substance to defend his argument for substance dualism from (...) an important objection. (shrink)