I learned very early, perhaps even before 1933 and certainly after Hitler’s huge success at the time of his election to the Reichstag, of Heidegger’s sympathy toward National Socialism. It was the late Alexandre Koyré who mentioned it to me for the first time on his return from a trip to Germany. I could not doubt the news, but took it with stupor and disappointment, and also with the faint hope that it expressed only the temporary lapse of a great (...) speculative mind into practical banality. It cast a shadow over my firm confidence that an unbridgeable distance forever separated the delirious and criminal hatred voiced by Evil on the pages of Mein Kampf from the intellectual vigor and extreme analytical virtuosity displayed in Sein und Zeit, which had opened the field to a new type of philosophical inquiry.Could one question the incomparable impression produced by this book, in which it immediately became apparent that Heidegger was the interlocutor and equal of the greatest—those very few—founders of European philosophy? that here was someone, this seemed obvious, all modern thought would soon have to answer? Emmanuel Levinas has been professor of philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure Israélite de Paris and at the University of Paris I . Among his books that have been translated into English are Totality and Infinity, Ethics and Infinity, and Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence. Paula Wissing, a free-lance translator and editor, has recently translated Paul Veyne’s Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? (shrink)

Gricean pragmatics has often been criticised for being implausible from a psychological point of view. This line of criticism is never backed up by empirical evidence, but more importantly, it ignores the fact that Grice never meant to advance a processing theory, in the first place. Taking our lead from Marr, we distinguish between two levels of explanation: at the W-level, we are concerned with what agents do and why; at the H-level, we ask how agents do whatever it is (...) they do. Whereas pragmatics is pitched at the W-level, processing theories are at the H-level. This is not to say that pragmatics has no implications for psychology at all, but it is to say that its implications are less direct than is often supposed. (shrink)

In the last 30 years, the key issue in developmental Theory of Mind has been if and when children are capable of representing false beliefs. Moving away from this research question, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of attentional processes in false-belief tasks. We focused on the design of the test phase and investigated two factors that may be critical for 3-year-old children’s success: the form of the wh-question and the salience of the target object. The (...) results of two experiments confirmed that 3-year olds are able to explicitly choose the correct answer in a false-belief task provided that they are allowed to focus on the protagonist throughout the task. The salience of the target object, however, was a critical factor in the design of the test phase, as increasing it had a negative effect on children’s performance. These results suggest that the experimental record of the last 30 years may be skewed since standard false-belief tasks do not control for the relative salience of the wrong response, potentially hindering the performance of children under 4. We conclude that a careful investigation of performance factors in false-belief tasks has the potential to reveal deep insights into the development of Theory of Mind skills, even if not directly focused on children’s representation of beliefs. (shrink)

Esse ensaio tem por finalidade discutir a abertura instaurada no debate educacional a partir da introdução do conceito de Duração produzido por Bergson, aproximando-o aos estudos deleuzianos sobre pensamento e aprendizagem. Partindo destes conceitos, procuro captar outros modos de atualização de processos educativos engendrados nos cotidianos escolares. Assim, tomando a prática docente como trabalho com matéria em movimento e não mais como ensino-transmissão de conhecimento, busco, de modo provisório, analisar as práticas de aprendizagem inventivas (Kastrup, 1999/2009) instauradas em meio aos (...) encontros educativos considerando a dimensão intempestiva do conceito de tempo. Argumento que a introdução do tempo duração modificou radicalmente as concepções de desenvolvimento que norteiam as políticas cognitivas vinculadas à recognição, instaurando o tempo intempestivo. Assim, o campo problemático desse ensaio se desenvolve a partir da seguinte questão: Quais as implicações da introdução do conceito de duração no atravessamento do conceito de pensamento proposto por Deleuze para as investigações sobre as práticas educativas, no campo da Educação? Considero que, ao deslizarmos sobre a superfície de aderência nos movimentos introduzidos nos cotidianos escolares no encontro entre os corpos desejantes, é possível captar múltiplas experiências perturbadoras, as quais desestabilizam o modelo de escolarização dominante - momentos fugazes onde os fluxos intensivos criam canais de passagem para as intensidades vitais que emanam nos encontros entre os corpos, produzindo outros modos de aprender. (shrink)

This article develops a conceptual framework of the dynamics of trust between parents and professionals in early childhood education and care. In contemporary Western society, the heightened risk awareness with respect to early childhood has led to an increased focus on the collaboration between home and daycare. Mutual trust is a core aspect of this collaboration, resulting in a trust imperative. Drawing on Knud Eilar Løgstrup, Noomi Matthiesen, Paula Cavada-Hrepich, and Lene Tanggaard argue here that trust is a spontaneous, (...) relational phenomenon rooted in practice and emerging in a normatively structured order. They develop a conceptual framework of trust that has two dimensions: a basic dimension and a competence dimension. The basic dimension is connected to the willingness of the other to do what is good and right according to the normative order, while the competence dimension has to do with the ability to do so. The authors contend that, while trust is a spontaneous and sovereign phenomenon outside of individuals' control, parents and professionals in daycare perform in ways that are recognized as more or less trust-worthy. They also perform in ways that signal they are trust-ful. However, these conscious performances can paradoxically reduce the possibility of spontaneous trust. (shrink)

Um encontro com Ferreira Gullar compartilha com os leitores as muitas formas em que uma coisa está em outra. O momento transformador desse encontro marcado entre entrevistador e entrevistado se manifesta aqui em forma de reflexão, diálogo, relato, memória, ensaio fotográfico e, também, poesia.

This paper discusses the role of self-determined commitment in the methodological dynamics of the Environmental Integration Tool Producer and its potential impact on the adoption of pro-environmental behaviors by local economy actors in the Global South. This tool is part of the EIT Approach developed by Louvain Coopération, the NGO associated with Université Catholique de Louvain, which aims to support social actors in productivity and consumption activities in Africa, Andean America, and Asia. The aim is to highlight the conceptual and (...) methodological elements of the OIE Producer, in order to understand the role of self-determined commitment in the expected ends and in the impact of the tool. The integration between economic development and the environment is a central issue in the challenges of contemporary global society. This article intends to contribute with answers to such challenges, especially with regard to the development of methodologies that are effective in governmental and non-governmental cooperation programs engaged for sustainable development. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo essencial contribuir para o esclarecimento teórico-filosófico do uso de conceitos como ética, moral, axiologia e valores, habitualmente empregues para nos referirmos a uma mesma realidade. Para tal, começaremos por analisar as respetivas etimologias que os caracterizam, examinaremos os diversos matizes dos seus sentidos diferenciados, bem como a sua relação de complementaridade, e terminaremos referindo o que entendemos por valores e qual a sua natureza e importância, principais características, bem como o universo a que se reportam. (...) Ao longo do texto, aduziremos e concluiremos pelo uso preferencial do conceito de "ética" a "moral", para o qual estão reservados os termos "normas" e "regras", e o de "valor" a "norma", a par de uma perspetiva crítica daquela. This article essentially aims to contribute to the philosophical-theoretical clarification of the use of concepts such as ethics, morals, axiology and values, usually used to refer to the same reality. To this end, we will begin by analyzing the respective etymologies that feature them, we will examine the various nuances of their senses, as well as their relationship of complementarity, and we will finish by referring to what we mean by values and what is their nature and importance, key features, as well as the universe to which they relate. Throughout the text, we will conclude by the preferential use of the concept from "ethics" to "morals", for which the terms "standards" and "rules" are reserved, and that from "value" to "standard", together with a critical perspective. (shrink)

This research aims at a dialogue between Theology and Psychology in order to understand the Catholic faith and their possible mobilization within the psychic processo of assimilation and elaboration of mourning, using the clinical history of two Catholic bereaved patients followed up in psychoterapy in their first years of bereavement as a concrete object of analysis in a longitudinal study. The Project is part of a historical and philosophical literature on death and then supplies from the contribuitions of Jurgen Moltmann (...) in the Theology of Hope, the psychoanalyst John Bowlby’s productions and his sucessor, the psychiatrist Colin Parkes on data about the mourning and recovery. Conclusively, from the analysis of the theological content found, it was established that the fight arouses intense and profound theological transformation process that reached three categories: faith, God and the Communion of Saints,causing changes that potentially infer the recovery conditions of the bereaved, as well as their way of being and living after the loss, pointing to the need for a differentiated listening to the data found on faith, against human care in bereavement. (shrink)

Auto-operação manifesta uma co-presença de feminismos, a partir do eixo de pensamento que contrapõe a noção de sexo como biológico a ideia de gênero como construção sociocultural. Os trabalhos apresentados refletem tanto um tempo existencial, subjetivado, íntimo e interiorizado, quanto o âmbito comunicacional, maquínico e exteriorizado da produção sensível.

Ao analisar uma obra literária, Lukács a localiza em seu contexto histórico-social. Em seus estudos sobre Tolstói, por exemplo, ele busca demonstrar como a obra desse escritor supera certas dificuldades impostas em sua época para o “grande realismo”. Para tanto, foram essenciais as reverberações da revolução camponesa russa. Ela permitiu, de acordo com o filósofo, que Tolstói rompesse, até certo ponto, com as limitações de sua própria visão de mundo reacionária e atingisse uma figuração precisa, realista da realidade russa. Isso (...) é o que Lukács chama de “triunfo do realismo”. Ele remonta à compreensão de Engels sobre a relação entre literatura e o posicionamento ideológico do autor, explicando como é possível – sob determinadas circunstâncias – que a visão de mundo reacionária de um autor não só não deforme a figuração da realidade, mas também contribua – positivamente – para sua realização literária. Com essa apreciação, Lukács se distancia de alguns críticos da II. Internacional, em cuja avaliação Tolstoi não passava de um conde reacionário – o que ele era –, aproximando-se e desenvolvendo as análises de Lênin sobre o escritor russo. Para Lênin, Tolstói era o espelho literário da revolução russa de 1905. Lukács busca então desvelar como esse acontecimento histórico se imprime na composição de Tolstói. Por si só, tal reconstrução hermenêutica tem seu interesse; ela sugere, para além, o complexo de questões em torno da decadência ideológica, tão caro à fortuna crítica sobre Lukács. Pois, em paralelo a sua análise sobre Tolstói, Lukács menciona o destino de autores ocidentais como Flaubert, para quem, a despeito de sua honestidade inquestionável, tal caminho já não era mais acessível e sua obra permaneceu inferior às narrativas do grande realismo. em uma tensão constante. Esse e o outro lado da moeda, repleto de elementos que subjazem à compreensão de Lukács sobre a literatura moderna. Nosso artigo visa assim discutir essa tese, perguntando-se quais são as circunstâncias que tornam possível um tour de force realista. Também nos interessa avaliar o contexto em que Lukács desenvolve essa tese, considerando suas polêmicas contra o sociologismo vulgar, bem como seu engajamento na frente popular nos anos 1930. (shrink)

Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XIX el liberalismo económico ha ido progresivamente perdiendo consenso en las sociedades europeas lo que desemboco en un conjunto de reformas sociales a favor de los sectores trabadores, de ello no solo fue testigo participe la sociedad en su conjunto, sino también la disciplina económica. Sin embargo, desde allí en adelante se han generado intentos de retornos al liberalismo económico puro cuyo ascenso al poder se cristalizaron en la puesta en la marcha y sostenimiento (...) del modelo económico, político y social neoliberal en las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Su expansión alcanzó tanto a la sociedad política como a la sociedad civil, es decir alcanzo los espacios de poder estatal y se expandió en las creencias y formas de comprender lo social que permitieron sustentar y mantener las reformas aplicadas por el primero. En este contexto, este trabajo pretende rescatar el herramental analítico que el estudio de los intelectuales de Antonio Gramsci propicia para analizar de qué forma la disciplina económica ha contribuido a la construcción de esta nueva hegemonía, de este nuevo consenso, intentando analizar el modo en que ella ha conquistado un espacio disciplinar. (shrink)

La memoria, la identidad, el reconocimiento, son construcciones que permiten sujetar al individuo a su pasado. Toda vez que éste es despojado de su identidad más primaria la búsqueda del ser queda reducida a la recolección de huellas para crear con ellas un relato que permita fijar al individuo en las palabras, las suyas y las del otro. Este es el objetivo del artículo, explorar estas construcciones a través de la novela Austerlitz del escritor alemán W. G Sebald, con la (...) ayuda de las propuestas hermenéuticas ricoerianas. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e investigar a crítica nietzschiana a Teoria do Conhecimento e em que consiste o conhecimento para o filósofo. Com isso, evidenciamos que o método genealógico desenvolvido por Nietzsche viabiliza não somente solapar as posturas dogmáticas em relação ao conhecimento, mas também lançar bases para uma outra concepção de conhecimento onde o caráter perspectivístico da efetividade seja posto em destaque, possibilitando um permanente trabalho de investigação das condições de possibilidade de constituição das instâncias avaliativas (...) através das quais o ser humano se orienta. (shrink)

La poesía es un espacio en el que la palabra se materializa en instante. En ella se encuentran mundos inesperados, olvidadosque se vuelven a hacer presentes para recordar así que en la palabra de un poeta están contenidos todos los hombres, todoslos sueños, todos los tiempos. La palabra es proyección de la existencia, es una necesidad de no caer en el olvido, por lomenos en uno que no sea profundo, inolvidable, irrecuperable.

From a doctoral research based on the theoretical and methodological construction of the Feminist Sociology of Religion, the referent text presents a discussion about power and domination of gender in the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. The study adopts the religion as a sociological problem in order to raise some discussion points from the construction process and articulation of the relationship between power and gender resistance in religion. The doctoral thesis researched three major Pentecostal churches and found that (...) in all of them the official discourse reproduces the view that the physical skills of becoming pregnant makes women physically unable to take positions and power activities in the church than men. This judgment strengthens the association between male domination and religious power because it reinforces the community's own complicity and thus continue tolerating that men benefit from this argument to legitimize their positions of power in the church. From the notion of "innate fragility of women" the church keeps women on the margins of competition for religious status. The founding elements of the "feminine nature ideology" show that men do not want to lose the attention and personal services that are still accustomed to receive from their mothers, wives or sisters. So, weaken this ideology would open the possibility of losing this style of women, because this empowerment process would allow women conquer spaces and rights usually enjoyed only by men. Therefore, this text aims to present some daily practices of resistance and insubordination to social relationships that insist on keeping the Pentecostal women to domestic and family sphere, in other words, distant from the pulpit and church spheres of power. (shrink)

Este ensayo se pregunta por qué el concepto de institución —omnipresente, fundamental, la marca que distingue a la sociedad humana de agrupaciones animales no humanas: jaurías, matanzas, rebaños, colmenas, exaltaciones— es tan difícil de definir; introduce el concepto de instituciones defectivas; ofrece definiciones de institución, defecto y republicanismo en registros filológicos, filosóficos, económicos y sociológicos; y enfatiza el problema estructural de ofrecer definiciones de estos términos desde dentro de instituciones que requieren tales definiciones, pero que también sirven como condición de (...) su inteligibilidad. Partiendo de la tradición anarcofilosófica, se ofrece una alternativa, que es también una alternativa a las figuras de gobierno asociadas a la concepción liberal del Estado: un republicanismo aberrante compuesto por instituciones defectivas, atravesado por la necesidad de su abolición. (shrink)

Se buscó identificar las habilidades que debe tener un buen docente desde la percepción de futuros profesores. Se analizaron 1047 respuestas de estudiantes de pedagogía al ingresar a la universidad los años 2021 y 2022. Los resultados arrojan que los futuros profesores consideran el desarrollo de la ética y responsabilidad, la empatía y el manejo del comportamiento de los estudiantes en la sala de clases como las habilidades más importantes a desarrollar en la universidad. Se concluye que tener habilidades para (...) interactuar es más importante que el dominio conceptual para ser buen profesor según este grupo de futuros docentes. (shrink)

In this article I examine the legal framework for addressing violence against women in post war Guatemala. Since the signing of the Peace Accords in 1996, judicial reform in Guatemala has included the passing of laws in the area of women‘s human rights, aimed at eliminating discrimination and violence against women. These laws constitute a response to and have occurred concurrently to an increase in violent crime against women, particularly in the form of mass rapes and murders. Drawing on fieldwork (...) conducted in Guatemala‘s Metropolitan Area, this paper juxtaposes the laws for addressing violence against women to Guatemalan women‘s complex, multilayered and multi-dimensional life experiences. The latter expose the limitations of strictly legal understandings of the phenomenon of gender-based violence, and highlight the need for broad social justice approaches that take into account the different structures of violence, inequality, and injustice present in women‘s lives. (shrink)

Wilkins & Wakefield suggest that changes in the hominid brain made it uniquely “preadaptive” for language, yet no precursor functions served as adaptive substrates to the emergence of language. We present contrary evidence that the ability to discriminate and process rapid and complex auditory information is a cross-species function subserving communication processes including, but not limited to, human speech perception. We suggest that auditory temporal processing served as an evolutionary precursor to speech processing and consequent language development in humans.

The idea that teachers love children is often taken for granted in education. Rarely is the idea of love itself examined. Bringing together the work of educators, curriculum theorists and clinical psychoanalysts, and drawing upon autobiographical and narrative case studies, this groundbreaking collection examines the collision of love and learning, including the ways in which such intersections are provoked, repressed and denied. Contributors turn to psychoanalysis to explore questions of love in all of its varying permutations - ambivalence, sexuality, hatred, (...) desire, projection, and loss - in order to demonstrate how the social ramifications of such work is critical to the ways teachers are currently being prepared for life in the classroom. (shrink)

Review of the book "Platão", que é uma tradução feita a partir do original: “A Companion do Plato”, publicado pela Blackwell e organizado Hugh H. Benson.

The aim of this paper is to make a brief discussion about three aspects that characterize the Socrates's Dream in the Theaetetus . First, I comment the function of the Dream in the context of the third definition of knowledge. Them I move on the text and examine some questions concerning the notion of logos in 201 d -202 c . In the last section I discuss the problem of perception of the stoicheia . At this point I refuse the (...) thesis, defended by some interpreters, that Plato puts the stoicheia in the same perceptual condition of the sensibles as they are described in the Theaetetus 184-6.  . (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se analizará la representación del tiempo que bosqueja Hobbes en el Leviatán (1651) cuando se refiere al estado de naturaleza y al estado civil, teniendo en cuenta la relación entre el modo en que se dan las interacciones, las representaciones y el horizonte temporal de los individuos en cada caso. Asimismo, consideraremos ambas temporalidades en términos de rítmicas y las articularemos con la noción de desarrollo. La aproximación será filosófica pero incorporaremos en nuestro marco teórico herramientas (...) de la sociología y la antropología del tiempo, como las nociones de temporalidad, desarrollo y rítmica de Iparraguirre (2011, 2017) y la noción de horizonte temporal (Noyes, Boniecki), como aporte a los estudios hobbesianos. (shrink)

O horizonte da pergunta pela vida, em Heidegger, se dá no limite da compreensão da existência humana. Vida, para o filósofo, não é sinônimo de existência. Nosso artigo busca apresentar uma interpretação positiva possível desde essa caracterização negativa. Nesse intuito, evidenciamos, num primeiro momento, como a compreensão de si como ser-no-mundo, norteia e delimita a compreensão que o ser-aí tem dos animais e da vida (por extensão). Desde o conceito de mundo, apresentamos de modo resumido, num segundo momento, alguns pontos (...) da interpretação heideggeriana das investigações biológicas sobre a vida, em Os conceitos fundamentais da metafísica. Em um terceiro momento destacamos o modo como, para Heidegger, a originariedade da questão da vida provém do seu manter se no horizonte de compreensão da nossa própria existência como questão, em oposição à uma interpretação da vida como algo simplesmente dado. Por fim, concluímos que a vida não se encerra, não tem fim, nos limites apresentados, mas que justamente se abre, é abertura; e como questão está sempre aberta e exige sempre, a cada vez, novas respostas. Palavras-chave: Heidegger, vida, existência, mundo, questão. (shrink)

While Aristotle's account of the happy life continues to receive attention, many of his claims about virtue of character seem so puzzling that modern philosophers have often discarded them, or have reworked them to fit more familiar theories that do not make virtue of character central. In this book, Paula Gottlieb takes a fresh look at Aristotle's claims, particularly the much-maligned doctrine of the mean. She shows how they form a thought-provoking ethic of virtue, one that deserves to be (...) developed and refined. The first part of the book addresses the nature of virtue and the virtues, illuminated by the doctrine of the mean. Building on the conclusions of this analysis, the second part explains the mentality of the good person and the type of society that will allow such a person to flourish. (shrink)

Can sentence comprehension impairments in aphasia be explained by difficulties arising from dependency completion processes in parsing? Two distinct models of dependency completion difficulty are investigated, the Lewis and Vasishth (2005) activation‐based model and the direct‐access model (DA; McElree, 2000). These models' predictive performance is compared using data from individuals with aphasia (IWAs) and control participants. The data are from a self‐paced listening task involving subject and object relative clauses. The relative predictive performance of the models is evaluated using k‐fold (...) cross‐validation. For both IWAs and controls, the activation‐based model furnishes a somewhat better quantitative fit to the data than the DA. Model comparisons using Bayes factors show that, assuming an activation‐based model, intermittent deficiencies may be the best explanation for the cause of impairments in IWAs, although slowed syntax and lexical delayed access may also play a role. This is the first computational evaluation of different models of dependency completion using data from impaired and unimpaired individuals. This evaluation develops a systematic approach that can be used to quantitatively compare the predictions of competing models of language processing. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to investigate among a group of non-profit organizations: a) the effect of ethical leadership on volunteers’ satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay in the same organization; b) the role played by job satisfaction as a mediator in the relationship between ethical leadership and volunteers’ intentions to stay in the same organization, as well as between ethical leadership and affective commitment. An anonymous questionnaire was individually administered to 198 Italian volunteers of different non-profit (...) organizations. The questionnaire contained the Ethical Leadership Scale, the Volunteers Satisfaction Index, the Affective organization Scale, as well as questions regarding the participants’ age, sex, type of work, level of education, length of their volunteer works, intention to volunteer in the following months in the same organization. The construct as well the effects of EL on volunteers is approached in light of the Social Exchange Theory and the Social Learning Theory. Structural equation models were used to test hypothesized relationships. The results confirm the role of mediation of volunteer satisfaction in the relationships between the variables studied. In particular, ethical leadership was found to be positively associated both with volunteers’ intention of staying and with their affective commitment. In the first case this relationship is fully explained by the mediation of the volunteers’ satisfaction, while the latter is explained by both direct and indirect factors. To the authors’ knowledge, this the first attempt to understand the role played by ethical leadership on volunteers’ behavior and, more in general, in the management of non-profit organizations. Findings are relevant both for practitioners and managers of non-profit organization, since they suggest the relevance of the perception of ethical leadership by volunteers, as well as for scholars, since they further deepen the knowledge on EL and its effects on the followers. Limits of the study: the questionnaire was administered only among a group of non-statistical sample of volunteers. Furthermore, the study reached only volunteers from Italian non-profit organization. (shrink)

While Aristotle's account of the happy life continues to receive attention, many of his claims about virtue of character seem so puzzling that modern philosophers have often discarded them, or have reworked them to fit more familiar theories that do not make virtue of character central. In this book, Paula Gottlieb takes a fresh look at Aristotle's claims, particularly the much-maligned doctrine of the mean. She shows how they form a thought-provoking ethic of virtue, one that deserves to be (...) developed and refined. The first part of the book addresses the nature of virtue and the virtues, illuminated by the doctrine of the mean. Building on the conclusions of this analysis, the second part explains the mentality of the good person and the type of society that will allow such a person to flourish. (shrink)

This paper provides a description of the role of the clinical ethicist as it is generally experienced in Canada. It examines the activities of Canadian ethicists working in healthcare institutions and the way in which their work incorporates more than ethics case consultation. The Canadian Bioethics Society established a Taskforce on Working Conditions for Bioethics (hereafter referred to as the Taskforce), to make recommendations on a number of issues affecting ethicists and to develop a model role description. This essay carefully (...) assesses this model role description. (shrink)