Los escasos trabajos dedicados a la memoria en Nietzsche se han detenido especialmente en la relación existente con el resentimiento, partiendo de GM I. El objetivo de este artículo es doble: demostrar la relación anterior, entre la mala conciencia y la memoria, que aparece de modo implícito en GM II. Para ello se seguirá el hilo conductor del desarrollo de la mala conciencia en la religión.

Religioso incluso en su ateísmo, Nietzsche no solamente da que pensar en materia de religión, sino que constituye un momento crítico en la tradición filosófica que se apodera de la cuestión. Las contribuciones a este monográfico pretenden dar una aproximación perspectivista, si no exhaustiva, de lo que la filosofía de Nietzsche debe a la religión como tal, del lugar que ocupa en su pensamiento, así como de la actualidad de estas reflexiones para el lector contemporáneo que, más que nunca, vive (...) a la sombra de Dios. (shrink)

Franz Overbeck associates the eternal return with Nietzsche's passion for the ideal of the extreme (Ideals des ‘Extremen’), a drive for the ultimate that is related to the notion of the Nietzschean overhuman. The aim of this paper is to bring to light and analyze the Nietzschean understanding of the ultimate, starting from Overbeck and bringing to light the conception of Christian eschatology presupposed in Nietzsche’s analysis of ressentiment and the ascetic ideal. Explaining the eschatology from which Nietzsche starts will (...) help to have a better understanding of the doctrine of the eternal return, exploring how the Christian heritage from which Nietzsche drank weighs on it. (shrink)

Los escasos trabajos que abordan la fuerza plástica (plastische Kraft) en Nietzsche se centran especialmente en la definición de la Segunda Consideración Intempestiva (1874). El objetivo de este artículo es doble: demostrar A) que, más allá de la Segunda Consideración Intempestiva, este concepto tiene un largo recorrido en el pensamiento de Nietzsche que todavía no ha sido descubierto y que, como reflejo de este último, B) el concepto de la fuerza plástica sufre una evolución, por la que pasa de ser (...) la apropiación de un concepto estético de los siglos XVIII y XIX, a ser una característica propia del espíritu libre y, por tanto, del superhombre. (shrink)

El capitalismo histórico ha experimentado, en la escala mundial que hoy le corresponde, profundos cambios que han modificado sustancialmente su componente de acumulación, pero también, de forma significativa, el de regulación, perturbando críticamente su forma de gestionar las inequidades, desigualdades y doxas que él mismo produce. Actualmente, la expansión de un capitalismo autoritario premunido del paradigma mercantil, promueve una cultura individual que ha calado duramente en los sujetos ..

¿Cómo es y en qué se ha transformado actualmente la ciudad? ¿Es sólo un espacio de flujos y de inacabables mutaciones que complican la existencia humana? ¿O es la musa deseada por los innumerables pretendientes en sus posibilidades políticas y mercantiles?Por esencia, la ciudad es central y capital, “lugar del capital”, instrumento de regulación y eje del sistema de soberanía que asegure y regule el orden general. Pero la complejidad que hoy día presenta convoca a los expertos que, preocupado..

Durante la primera década del siglo XX el 90% de los migrantes provenía de Europa y se dirigía a cinco países: EEUU, Argentina, Canadá, Brasil y Australia. Hoy esa misma proporción de migrantes proviene de tres continentes: Asia, África y Latinoamérica y se dirige a cuatro grandes regiones: Europa, Norteamérica, Asia Pacífico y El Golfo Pérsico. Las migraciones se han mundializado no tanto por la magnitud de los flujos, que sigue estando por debajo del 5% de la población mundial, sino (...) por el .. (shrink)

Las universidades se enfrentan a múltiples retos que tienen ver con la misión que llevan a cabo en la sociedad en que se encuentran. La Compañía de Jesús en las últimas décadas ha renovado y reformulado de manera actualizada su misión. Es titular de casi doscientas instituciones de educación superior. Ha renovado también el entronque de dichas instituciones en la misión de la misma Compañía. El concepto de liderazgo ignaciano surge estos años como eje de renovación de personas e instituciones. (...) Puede ser también, para las universidades jesuitas, ocasión de profundización en su identidad y de mejora en su servicio apostólico. (shrink)

Rationale, aims and objectives Given the increasing prevalence of cataract and demand for cataract extraction surgery, patients must often wait to undergo this procedure. We validated a previously developed priority scoring system in terms of clinical variables, pre-intervention health status, appropriateness of surgery and gain in visual acuity (VA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods Explicit prioritization criteria for cataract extraction created by a variation of the Research and Development (RAND) and University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology were retrospectively (...) applied to a prospective cohort of 5257 patients on waiting lists to undergo cataract by phacoemulsification at 17 hospitals in Spain. Demographic data, clinical data and data related to surgical technique were collected by trained ophthalmologists. Patients were evaluated by their ophthalmologist before the intervention and 6 weeks afterward. They also completed, by mail, the Visual Function Index (VF-14) before the intervention and 3 months afterward.Results High-priority patients experienced greater improvement in VA and HRQoL than those classified as intermediate or low-priority (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting by VA and the VF-14 score at baseline. The time to intervention was the same for high-priority patients as it was for intermediate and low-priority patients.Conclusions The priority score we developed identified patients most likely to experience the greatest improvements from cataract extraction. Use of this tool could provide a fairer and more rational way to prioritize patients for cataract extraction. (shrink)

Esta obra, coordinada por María Ángeles Murga Menoyo y promovida desde la Cátedra UNESCO de Educación Ambiental de la UNED, presenta los resultados de la colaboración de once distintos autores comprometidos todos ellos con la dimensión aplicada del paradigma de la sostenibilidad. El libro está estructurado en tres partes. En la primera de ellas, titulada «Sobre el desarrollo local», se ofrece una panorámica de la problemática de este ámbito del desarrollo desde la persepctiva de la sostenibil..

Frente a la evidente crisis, cuyas manifestaciones apreciamos con mayor nitidez cada día que pasa, este nuevo libro de María Novo nos provee a la vez de mayores antecedentes para ahondar en la comprensión de los fenómenos que vivimos como asimismo para profundizar la preocupación por la magnitud y profundidad de ellos. Pero a diferencia de muchos otros escritos que producen angustia y paralogización, este libro nos impulsa a actuar, ya que nos proporciona una esperanzadora mirada sobre nuestr..

Este artigo visa investigar, através do modelo entropológico de inspiração lévi-straussiana elaborado pelo filósofo Marco Antonio Valentim na obra Extramundanidade e Sobrenatureza (filosofia quente-sociedade fria e filosofia fria-sociedade quente), os desafios lançados ao pensamento pela mitologia lovecraftiana. Interpretaremos para isso a obra H.P. Lovecraft: a disjunção no Ser, do filósofo argentino Fabián Ludueña Romandini, buscando posicionar a temporalidade no centro da análise entropológica. Contrastando a mitologia lovecraftiana com o pensamento das sociedades quentes, somos levados a sobrevoar as regiões da loucura, (...) do sonho e do trabalho, para finalmente alcançar um dos nódulos temporais da modernidade, expresso na imagem do tempo como intuição interna do sujeito transcendental da filosofia kantiana. Depois de uma breve comparação entre a filosofia lovecraftiana e a filosofia kantiana, seguimos em direção à filosofia aceleracionista de Nick Land, contrapondo o cosmos lovecraftiano ao cosmos tecnocrático do expoente contemporâneo das sociedades quentes e suas tendências entrópicas. Finalmente, retomamos a interpretação entropológica da mitologia lovecraftiana analisando as preocupações referentes ao horror vacui destacadas por Valentim na sua obra, apoiando-nos para isso no lugar outorgado às escolas filosóficas pelo filósofo argentino na sua obra sobre Lovecraft. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

L’abbaye du Mont-César a célébré lors de diverses manifestations religieuses et culturelles le premier centenaire de sa fondation. C’est le 13 avril 1899 que des moines, venus de l’abbaye de Maredsous, prenaient possession de la première aile d’un nouveau monastère bénédictin, édifié sur une butte historique, au nord de la ville de Louvain. Autrefois s’y était dressé, face à la ville, un château des ducs de Brabant. Nul doute que la proximité de l’université de Louvain avec ses multiples facultés n’ait (...) largement contribué à cette fondation bénédictine. (shrink)

Dibujar el pensamiento de Seneca es dibujar su figura viva, trazar el esquema de su persona. Seneca es un mediador que para alzarse sobre nosotros necesita de nuestra necesidad, pues solo apoyado en nuestra indigencia tiene sentido. Maria Zambrano lleva a cabo un lucido estudio de la figura y significacion del pensador cordobes y presenta una seleccion de sus escritos.

Spectroscopy is a scientific topic at the interface between Chemistry and Physics, which is taught at high school level in relation with its fundamental applications in Analytical Chemistry. In the first part of the paper, the topic of spectroscopy is analyzed having in mind the well-known Johnstone’s triangle of chemistry education, putting in evidence the way spectroscopy is usually taught at the three levels of chemical knowledge: macroscopic/phenomenological, sub-microscopic/molecular and symbolic ones. Among these three levels, following Johnstone’s recommendations the macroscopic (...) one is the most useful for high school students who learn spectroscopy for the first time. Starting from these premises, in the second part of the paper, we propose a didactic sequence which is inspired by the historical evolution of spectroscopic instruments from the first spectroscopes invented by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen in 1860 to the UV–vis spectrophotometers which became common since the 1960s. The idea behind our research is to analyze the conceptual advancements through the history of spectroscopy and to identify the key episodes/experiments and spectroscopic instruments. For each of them, a didactic activity, typically an experiment, is then proposed underlining the relevant aspects from the chemistry education point of view. The present paper is the occasion to reflect on the potentialities of an historical approach combined with a laboratorial one, and to discuss the role of historical instruments and related technological improvements to teach spectroscopy. (shrink)

Although issues of morals and ethics remain largely a national matter, the European Community (EC) and the Council of Europe have taken an increasing interest in identifying and harmonizing the often conflicting policies of the European countries on bioethical matters. This article examines the role these organizations are playing and identifies some of the initiatives that have been taken in specific areas.

Hilary Putnam is one of the world’s leading philosophers. His highly original and often provocative ideas have set the agenda for a variety of debates in philosophy of science, philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. His now famous philosophical thought experiments, such as the ‘Twin earth’ and ‘the brains in the vat’ have become part of the established canon in philosophy and cognitive science. _Reading Putnam_ is an outstanding overview and assessment of Hilary Putnam’s work by a team of (...) international contributors, and includes replies by Putnam himself. Divided into clear sections, it contains chapters on key aspects of Putnam’s large body of writing, including: Scientific realism and the changes that Putnam’s thought has undergone on this topic analyticity and ontology, including the important interconnections between the views of Putnam and Quine Putnam’s arguments concerning externalist views of meaning and reference, questions of conceptual relativity, and his preoccupation with ethics through a denial of the fact–value dichotomy Putnam’s developing views on perception. Offering an excellent survey of Putnam’s work, _Reading Putnam_ is essential for those studying philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science, as well as for anyone interested in contemporary philosophy. (shrink)

In the literature, the pragmatic dimension of metaphors has been clearly acknowledged. Metaphors are regarded as having different possible uses, especially pursuing persuasion. However, an analysis of the specific conversational purposes that they can be aimed at achieving in a dialogue and their adequacy thereto is still missing. In this chapter, we will address this issue focusing on the classical distinction between the explanatory and persuasive uses of metaphors, which is, however, complex to draw at an analytical level and often (...) blurred and controversial also from a theoretical point of view. Building on the analysis of explanation in different theories and fields of study, we show how it can be conceived as characterized by a cognitive and a pragmatic dimension, where the transference of understanding is used pragmatically for different dialogical goals - such as informing, making a joint decision, and most importantly persuading. In this sense, the cognitive effects of understanding are not incompatible with a persuasive dialogical purpose. This theoretical proposal will be applied to examples drawn from the medical context, to show how a pragmatic approach to explanation can account for the complexity of the cases that can be found in actual dialogical contexts. (shrink)

La vida es más que solo la actividad biológica, por lo tanto la eutanasia no debe tomarse solo en función de los elementos biológicos del hombre ni solo en su funcionalidad y eficiencia como una parte de la sociedad. La formación del médico debe orientarse a los cuidados paliativos como materia fundamental de los programas académicos.

The European Parliament rejected in 1995 the European Commission proposal to harmonize legal protection of biotechnological inventions. Although it did not seem initially the most contentious of the many issues involved in the current legal and ethical debate around biomedicine and genetics, patenting is now focusing bioethics in Europe.

For the economist Bernard Guibert it is necessary to find the justification for basic social income- one that he places at the centre of an ecological social policy - in a rehabilitation of the relationship of unearned income. Not a parasitic income but one based on its own social and productive qualities, on its own body. The regulation of this income, like that of durable development is an act of a political nature.

Existe un creciente consenso en el mundo académico respecto a que el paradigma que ha inspirado el surgimiento del mundo moderno enfrenta una profunda crisis. Muestra de ello son la imposibilidad hasta ahora de dar cuenta de problemas endémicos de la humanidad que la modernidad ofreció resolver: guerra y violencia (fraternidad); pobreza e inequidad social (igualdad); y opresión (libertad). Más aún, los progresivos estragos sociales y ambientales de la sociedad mercado-céntrica señalan la nece..

Señoras y señores, amigas y amigos:Para mí constituye una ocasión de gran alegría y honda satisfacción realizar, a nombre de la Universidad Bolivariana, esta presentación de homenaje a nuestro amigo y maestro Franz Josef Hinkelammert. Querría presentar sucintamente una semblanza de su personalidad intelectual y de su vasta obra investigativa. Nació en Alemania en 1931. Doctor en Economía por la Universidad Libre de Berlín, realizó su formación de postgrado en el Instituto de Europa Oriental..

Como fue señalado en la convocatoria para el presente número de Polis, éste fue convocado con el propósito de abrir un espacio para reflexionar sobre un privilegiado de las ciencias sociales: el sujeto y la subjetividad. Polis lo retoma en una indagatoria desde la crisis ambiental y en la perspectiva de la construcción de la sustentabilidad, donde el sujeto ecológico y los actores del ambientalismo adquieren nuevas dimensiones. Esta reflexión sobre el sujeto no sólo descubre nuevas posiciones..

Probability as understood today, namely as a quantitative notion expressible by means of a function ranging in the interval between 0–1, took shape in the mid-17th century, and presents both a mathematical and a philosophical aspect. Of these two sides, the second is by far the most controversial, and fuels a heated debate, still ongoing. After a short historical sketch of the birth and developments of probability, its major interpretations are outlined, by referring to the work of their most prominent (...) representatives. The final section addresses the question of whether any of such interpretations can presently be considered predominant, which is answered in the negative. (shrink)

By modifying the Education Code and the definition of «handicap», the French law passed in February 2005 in favour of disabled people has doubled the number of students classified as disabled in mainstream secondary schools. Nine years after the enactment of this act, the field practice continues to be an ordeal that teachers can relate to in terms of experience. How does this law impact on the teaching practices of mainstream secondary school teachers? Using an interactionist approach, this paper explains (...) how the 2005 law calls into question the «mandate» and the «license» (Hughes, 1996) of the teaching profession. It also shows to what extent implementing inclusion encourages mainstream teachers to develop new professional skills and knowledge. (shrink)

The book is a collection of lectures given during the spring colloquia between 2011 and 2019 at the Sorbonne. During these colloquia, a total of ten questions, such as ‘Should Logic be Mathematical...

La présente contribution montre l’importance nouvelle de la prise en compte des risques, en particulier en Europe. Si le principe de précaution est indispensable, son utilisation à tort et à travers dans le débat public pose questions. La crise sanitaire met ainsi la lumière sur la nécessité de mieux organiser la gouvernance de ce principe, y compris en associant davantage les citoyens.

My aim in this paper is to investigate what epistemic role, if any, do appeals to representations play in cognitive neuroscience. I suggest that while at present they seem to play something in between a minimal and a substantive explanatory role, there is reason to believe that representations have a substantial contribution to the construction of neuroscientic explanations of cognitive phenomena.

: The coloniality of power is understood by Anibal Quijano as at the constituting crux of the global capitalist system of power. What is characteristic of global, Eurocentered, capitalist power is that it is organized around two axes that Quijano terms "the coloniality of power" and "modernity." The coloniality of power introduces the basic and universal social classification of the population of the planet in terms of the idea of race, a replacing of relations of superiority and inferiority established through (...) domination with naturalized understandings of inferiority and superiority. In this essay, Lugones introduces a systemic understanding of gender constituted by colonial/modernity in terms of multiple relations of power. This gender system has a light and a dark side that depict relations, and beings in relation as deeply different and thus as calling for very different patterns of violent abuse. Lugones argues that gender itself is a colonial introduction, a violent introduction consistently and contemporarily used to destroy peoples, cosmologies, and communities as the building ground of the "civilized" West. (shrink)

Dal "disegno su sabbia" delle donne australiane alle terrecotte delle donne del Camerun, dai retablos peruviani agli altari vodou degli immigrati haitiani a New York, dalla "Casa del popolo" del regno di Bandjoun alle "vetrinette" italiane degli anni Sessanta, dai malanggan e dai manufatti annodati dell'Oceania alla topologia dei nodi, dai bologan del Mali alla "Potlatch Collection" rimpatriata nei nuovi musei indigeni del Canada, dalle maschere gelede degli Yoruba alla figura ubiqua e mediatica di Mami Wata, i saggi di questo (...) volume evidenziano le valenze operative dell'arte: sia nell'arena sociale e politica contemporanea, cui appartengono anche le "tradizioni", sia nel campo cognitivo e religioso. A lungo confinata ai soli territori esotici delle culture "primitive" e limitata da un'eccessiva dipendenza dalle categorie interpretative occidentali, la riflessione antropologica sull'arte e sull'estetica trova oggi un nuovo respiro teorico, e un nuovo fascino. (shrink)

In this Chapter, Maria Kronfeldner discusses whether psychological essentialism is a necessary part of dehumanization. This involves different elements of essentialism, and a narrow and a broad way of conceptualizing psychological essentialism, the first akin to natural kind thinking, the second based on entitativity. She first presents authors that have connected essentialism with dehumanization. She then introduces the error theory of psychological essentialism regarding the category of the human, and distinguishes different elements of psychological essentialism. On that basis, Kronfeldner connects (...) historical, socio-psychological, and philosophical insights in order to show that although essentialism can act as a catalyst for dehumanization, it is not necessary for it. Examples relate to dehumanization in the context of colonialism and evolutionary thinking, to the history of dehumanizing women from Aristotle to 19th-century craniology, and to contemporary self-dehumanization and ‘lesser mind’ attribution. (shrink)

The coloniality of power is understood by Anibal Quijano as at the constituting crux of the global capitalist system of power. What is characteristic of global, Eurocentered, capitalist power is that it is organized around two axes that Quijano terms “the coloniality of power” and “modernity.” The coloniality of power introduces the basic and universal social classification of the population of the planet in terms of the idea of race, a replacing of relations of superiority and inferiority established through domination (...) with naturalized understandings of inferiority and superiority. In this essay, Lugones introduces a systemic understanding of gender constituted by colonial/modernity in terms of multiple relations of power. This gender system has a light and a dark side that depict relations, and beings in relation as deeply different and thus as calling for very different patterns of violent abuse. Lugones argues that gender itself is a colonial introduction, a violent introduction consistently and contemporarily used to destroy peoples, cosmologies, and communities as the building ground of the “civilized” West. (shrink)