The tendency is strong to take the notion of “conflict of interests” for granted as if it had an invariant meaning and an ethical content independent of the historical context. It is doubtful however, from an historical and sociological point of view, that many of the cases now considered as instances of “conflicts of interests” would also have been conceived and perceived as such in, say, the 1930s. The idea of a “conflict of interests” presupposes that there are indeed interests (...) in conflict. Conversely, as long as there is a consensus among the different groups involved, they will not conceive and even less denounce a given practice as being an instance of a “conflict of interests”. In this article we will show that the content of the discussions over conflicts of interests has changed over time in close relation with the transformations of the research system. In other words: there are social conditions for the emergence of “conflicts of interests”. The changing meaning of the notion is assessed by analyzing the presence of the expression “conflicts of interests” in the magazine Science over the past century. Three different meanings emerge and their content has evolved in close link with the changing structure of the relations between the scientific community first with the State and then with industry. It moved from a situation external to the scientific community to a debate going on inside the scientific community generated by the growing relations between university and industries. (shrink)

The theory of the square of opposition has been studied for over 2,000 years and has seen a resurgence in new theories and research since the second half of the twentieth century. This volume collects papers presented at the Sixth World Congress on the Square of Opposition, held in Crete in 2018, developing an interdisciplinary exploration of the theory. Chapter authors explore subjects such as Aristotle’s ontological square, logical oppositions in Avicenna’s hypothetical logic, and the power of the square of (...) opposition to solve theological problems regarding predestination and theodicy. Other topics covered include: Hegel’s opposition to diagrams De Morgan’s unpublished octagon of opposition turnstile figures of opposition institutional model-theoretic treatment of oppositions Lacan’s four formulas of sexuation the theory of oppositional poly-simplexes The Exoteric Square of Opposition will appeal to pure logicians, historians of logic, semioticians, philosophers, theologians, mathematicians, and psychoanalysts. (shrink)

This special issue of Logica Universalis (Springer) deals with the relations between logic and religion, broadly conceived. It contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

In this article, Jean-Yves Lacoste lays out the central moments of Heidegger’s complicated relationship to Christian thinking, from his earliest studies under Carl Braig up to his death in 1976. With careful attention to personal letters, scholarly reviews, conferences, as well as major texts, Lacoste shows that this influence was mostly in one direction: despite the eagerness of theology to engage with Heidegger, Heidegger continually demonstrated reticence to approach theology except strictly on his own terms. The article closes (...) with a retrospective evaluation of the central themes of the original Heidegger et la Question de Dieu volume, which took up this investigation in France in 1979. Despite the fact that its publication predated many of Heidegger’s essential texts on this theme, these essays, in Lacoste’s estimation, remain a “perfectly timeless” resource for those seeking to understand the place of God within phenomenology. (shrink)

"Christian philosophy" is commonly regarded as an oxymoron, philosophy being thought incompatible with the assumptions and conclusions required by religious faith. According to this way of thinking, philosophy and theology must forever remain distinct. In From Theology to Theological Thinking, Jean-Yves Lacoste takes a different approach. Stepping back from contemporary philosophical concerns, Lacoste--a leading figure in the philosophy of religion--looks at the relationship between philosophy and theology from the standpoint of the history of ideas. He notes in particular (...) that theology and philosophy were not considered separate realms until the high Middle Ages, this distinction being a hallmark of the modern era that is coming to an end. Lacoste argues that the intellectual task before us now is to work in the frontier region between or beyond these domains, work he identifies as "the task of thinking." With this argument, Lacoste resets our understanding of Western Christian thought, contending that a new way of thinking that is at once philosophical and theological will be the lasting discourse of Christianity. (shrink)

Fortis, the leading Benelux financial group, had been a success story of successive mergers of bank and insurance companies, with leadership in corporate social responsibility (CSR). One year after the acquisition of the major Dutch financial conglomerate ABN AMRO, the global financial crisis caused the collapse of the Fortis group. The purpose of this article is to use the case study of Fortis’s recent fall as a basis for reflective considerations on the financial crisis, from stakeholder and ethical perspectives. A (...) selected number of key events of the history of the dramatic crisis at Fortis will be analysed from different ethical frameworks. Special consideration will be given to fairness of communication, shareholder activism and conflicts of interests of CEO’s mergers opportunities. A confrontation between the CSR policy and the reality raises the fundamental questions why the powerful CSR guidelines and ethical principles did not help in the assessment of the risks. (shrink)

It is tempting to consider Girard Desagues’ mathematical work, more precisely his Brouillon project on conics, as a work of mathematics applied to perspective. We would like to show in this text that it is probably more pertinent to consider that Desargues does mathematics as a practitionner of the art of perspective. We shall analyse a few extracts of Desargues’ work with this point of view in mind so as to shed light on his innovative ideas that could be hard (...) to understand in his sometimes obscure style. We shall show how this way of doing geometry can be also be found in the works Philippe de la Hire and Jacques-Francois le Poîvre, leading them to consider a transformation of the plane into itself as an explicited mathematical object. (shrink)

In the middle part of his Brouillon Project on conics, Girard Desargues develops the theory of the traversale, a notion that generalizes the Apollonian diameter and allows to give a unified treatment of the three kinds of conics. We showed elsewhere that it leads Desargues to a complete theory of projective polarity for conics. The present article, which shall close our study of the Brouillon Project, is devoted to the last part of the text, in which Desargues puts his theory (...) of the traversal into practice by giving a very elegant tratment of the classical theory of parameters and foci. This will lead us to show that Desargues’ proofs can only be understood if one accepts that he reasons in a resolutely projective framework, completely assimilating elements at infinity to those at finite distance in his proofs. (shrink)

These lectures on logic, more specifically proof theory, are basically intended for postgraduate students and researchers in logic. The question at stake is the nature of mathematical knowledge and the difference between a question and an answer, i.e., the implicit and the explicit. The problem is delicate mathematically and philosophically as well: the relation between a question and its answer is a sort of equality where one side is ``more equal than the other'': one thus discovers essentialist blind spots. Starting (...) with Godel's paradox --so to speak, the incompleteness of answers with respect to questions--the book proceeds with paradigms inherited from Gentzen's cut-elimination. Various settings are studied: sequent calculus, natural deduction, lambda calculi, category-theoretic composition, up to geometry of interaction, all devoted to explicitation, which eventually amounts to inverting an operator in a von Neumann algebra. Mathematical language is usually described as referring to a preexisting reality. Logical operations can be given an alternative procedural meaning: typically, the operators involved in GoI are invertible, not because they are constructed according to the book, but because logical rules are those ensuring invertibility. Similarly, the durability of truth should not be taken for granted: one should distinguish between imperfect and perfect modes. The procedural explanation of the infinite thus identifies it with the unfinished, i.e., the perennial. But is perenniality perennial? This questioning yields a possible logical explanation for algorithmic complexity. This highly original course on logic by one of the world's leading proof theorists challenges mathematicians, computer scientists, physicists, and philosophers to rethink their views and concepts on the nature of mathematical knowledge in an exceptionally profound way. (shrink)

Im Folgenden stellen wir drei aktuelle Forschungsbereiche zur formalen Logik bei Kant allgemeinverständlich dar und greifen dabei auf die trans zendentale Logik nur dann zurück, wenn sie ein besseres Verständnis der formalen Logik ermöglicht: Zunächst wird Kants Beitrag zur Rezeption und Weiterentwicklung von Euler-artigen Diagrammen dargestellt. Diese Diagramme wurden in den 1990er Jahren wiederentdeckt, als formales System interpretiert und werden heute insbes. in der Didaktik, in den Kognitionswissenschaften, in der Linguistik, in KI-Bereichen wie der (Logik-basierten) Wissensrepräsentation eingesetzt, und auch in (...) der Philosophie verwendet (Kapitel 2). Mehrere Studien haben in den letzten Jahren gezeigt, dass Kant in weiten Teilen seines Systems Oppositionsverhältnisse verwendet, die der Struktur des logischen Quadrats entsprechen. Das logische Quadrat ist heute Gegenstand intensiver Forschung, da es neben der klassischen, auch die paravollständige und parakonsistente Negation abbildet (Kap. 3). Jüngst wurde zudem die Implementierbarkeit der kantischen Logik in ein formalisiertes deduktives System bewiesen. Die Bedeutung dieses Ergebnisses wird insbesondere im Hinblick auf die formalisierte Umsetzung der Sätze vom Widerspruch, vom zureichenden Grund und der Ausschließung des Mittleren erläutert (Kap. 4). Abschließend möchten wir ein paar Perspektiven für die Forschung zur formalen Logik bei Kant nennen (Kap. 5). -- -/- Note: No financial support acknowledged by the second autor (S. Kovač). (shrink)

I discuss various aspects of the Lvov-Warsaw School: its past, present and future; its location, evolution, mathematics; the variety of its members. I develop this analysis on the basis of my 25-year experience with Poland.

Go back to An-fang, the Peace Square at An-Fang, the Beginning Place at An-Fang, where all things start (… ) An-Fang was near a city, the only living city with a pre-atomic name (… ) The headquarters of the People Programmer was at An-Fang, and there the mistake happened: A ruby trembled. Two tourmaline nets failed to rectify the laser beam. A diamond noted the error. Both the error and the correction went into the general computer. Cordwainer SmithThe Dead Lady (...) of Clown Town, 1964. (shrink)

Despite its wealth and economic performances, Western Europe is anxious about its future and unable to solve its main problem: unemployment. Its great project is the building or Europe. But many questions have no real answers: how can we avoid social fractures? is globalisation and internationalisation a risk or chance? how should we fight corruption? Europe should be the best answer to those questions. But it depends on the answers to new questions: what are the social values on which we (...) want to build the European society of the next century. Eastern Europe is still poor. But the questions are the same and people are confronted with the same problems. Our common challenge is to build a society for the future. And for the first time of our long history, we have no model. We have to invent it. Firms and managers from Hungary and Eastern Europe have to bring their contribution and promote values and virtues as a major factor of the building of our common Europe. (shrink)

Jean-Yves Leloup nous propose ici deux lectures magistrales de deux géants de la culture occidentale : Nietzsche, l'athée et Maître Eckhart, le théologien-mystique. Il tente de remettre "à l'endroit" un texte de Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, souvent cité pour justifier tous les athéismes. Leloup montre que le Dieu en lequel Nietzsche voyait une "antithèse de la vie" n'a rien à voir avec le Dieu des Evangiles qui est au contraire une puissance de vie et de libération, une claire lumière (...) par laquelle le monde est vu. L'auteur, avec Maître Eckhart, nous entraîne ensuite au-delà des contraires, au-delà même de Dieu et de tous les Absolus que nous imaginons, vers notre essentielle et silencieuse liberté... Ce livre délicieux et audacieux nous montre, comme le disait Pascal, que "l'athéisme est une marque de force d'esprit, mais jusqu'à un certain degré seulement". (shrink)

This paper aims to shed new light on Hegel’s rather problematic statements about Asian thinking and Chinese philosophy by disclosing the Orientalist antecedents found in Kant’s anthropological works. First, the notion of Orientalism will be defined with reference to Orientalism and “Orientalism Reconsidered” by Edward Said. Second, an exploration of Kant’s anthropological research will show that this constituted the turning point in the Western Orientalist perception of China which had a strong influence on Hegel Finally, it will be claimed that (...) Hegel’s Orientalist perception of China rests on a definition of culture as the expression of the “spirit of a people” that has recently been revised by contemporary post-colonial anthropologists. (shrink)

New commentary on Hadrian’s second letter to Dionysiac artists. A thorough study of the text structure and vocabulary reveals that the emperor has not always altered the schedule of Greek games. His main concern is to insert the competitions he himself has created and to avoid conflicts between the cities. He certainly didn’t offend the susceptibilities of the Greeks, but he probably also resisted numerous requests. He has favoured considerably Athens. The understanding of the end of the text can be (...) improved. The dates provided by Hadrian in the solar Julian calendar must be reinterpreted in light of a lunar calendar. (shrink)

L’élargissement de l’Union à l’Ukraine se pose en des termes particuliers. Il est devenu le fondement politique d’une solidarité européenne et d’un soutien inconditionnel face à l’agression de Poutine. Bien que le pays se conforme à « l’acquis communautaire » en termes d’État de droit, le principe de l’élargissement se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés et oppositions des États membres : faible soutien militaire et insuffisance des industries de défense, concurrence des produits agricoles ukrainiens en cas d’intégration dans un grand (...) marché libre exempté de droits de douane. On est face à un paradoxe qu’il faudra dépasser. L’élargissement est à la fois indispensable, inévitable pour la sécurité de tout le continent, et complexe du point de vue économique. (shrink)

Certains contre-révolutionnaires ont combattu la laïcité comme une contre-religion à laquelle il fallait opposer une théologie politique de l’autorité. Cette position impossible signale une tension réelle : dès la « religion laïque » de Renouvier et Buisson, la laïcité a été exposée à la tentation de sa propre sacralisation. Une réflexion théologico-politique pourrait servir ici à appuyer l’effort laïque pour échapper à toute « religion civile ».

This text is an outgrowth of notes prepared by J. Y. Girard for a course at the University of Paris VII. It deals with the mathematical background of the application to computer science of aspects of logic (namely the correspondence between proposition & types). Combined with the conceptual perspectives of Girard's ideas, this sheds light on both the traditional logic material & its prospective applications to computer science. The book covers a very active & exciting research area, & it will (...) be essential reading for all those working in logic & computer science. (shrink)

Si la doctrine arithmologique des nombres « parfaits », « abondants » et « déficients » est bien connue et souvent exposée depuis Nicomaque de Gérasa (iie siècle apr. J.-C.), elle reçoit une illustration nouvelle, dans laquelle la mythologie cède le pas à l’éthique et à la théologie, dans une glose médiévale du texte de Martianus Capella (livre VII des Noces de Philologie et de Mercure), où le nombre parfait est mis en correspondance avec la justice éternelle.

The nine essays in The Appearing of God are situated on the fluid border of philosophy and theology, and follow a path leading from classic modern philosophical discussions of experience to some leading themes in contemporary phenomenology. After an introductory exploration of Kierkegaard's classic text that straddles the border between philosophy and theology, the reader is introduced to Husserl's account of perception, with its demonstration that the field of phenomena is wider than that of perceptible entities, allowing phenomena that give (...) themselves primarily to feeling. Husserl's theory of reduction is then subjected to a critique, which identifies phenomena wholly resistant to reduction. John Paul II's encyclical on Faith and Reason elicits a critical rejection of its attempt to reify the boundary between natural and supernatural, the author asserting in its place that love is the distinguishing mark of the knowledge of God. This theme is continued in a discussion of Heidegger's Being and Time, where a passing reference to Pascal invites interrogation of the work's 'methodological atheism', which is found to leave more room than appears for love of the divine. The next three chapters deal with the themes of Anticipation, Gift and Self-Identity, all exploring aspects of a single theme, the relation of present experience to the passage of time, and especially to the future. The final chapter puts that theme, together with the theme of love and knowledge, to the service of an enquiry into how theology as an intellectual enterprise relates to the practice of worship. (shrink)

Nous ne pouvons nous dispenser d'un concept linguistique du vrai. Nous ne pouvons pas davantage nous dispenser d'un concept phénoménologique du vrai. Et nous ne pouvons enfin nous dispenser de recourir à l'un et à l'autre, car le vrai se dit et le vrai se donne à l'intuition. Ces affirmations sont élémentaires. Mais les prendre au sérieux, c'est-à-dire considérer l'expérience entière de la vérité, requiert d'élargir le concept de vérité, de telle manière que : le vrai ne soit pas seulement (...) affaire de savoir mais, plus largement, affaire de connaissance ; le vrai puisse être dit dans une multiplicité de langages (philosophique, poétique, scientifique(; le vrai soit indissociable de la question de l'être-dans-le-monde ; le vrai soit à la mesure du logos, dont on montre qu'il excède la ratio sous ses formes modernes. Le vrai doit à nouveau être pensé. La pensée n'est rien de neuf. Mais son intervention dans les débats sur le vrai, au temps du nihilisme, est plus urgente que jamais. (shrink)

In this paper we discuss the recent developments of logic and explain what can be done to promote a bright future for logic. After comments on the contest The Future of Logic that took place during the 5th UNILOG in Istanbul in 2015, we give a general idea of how logic can be practiced and understood, emphasizing in particular the distinction between logic as reasoning and logic as the science of reasoning. And we discuss some projects we have launched: the (...) book series Logic PhDs, series of events such as UNILOG, SQUARE and LIQ, the Logic Prizes Contest and the World Logic Day. (shrink)

We first start by clarifying what axiomatizing everything can mean. We then study a famous case of axiomatization, the axiomatization of natural numbers, where two different aspects of axiomatization show up, the model-theoretical one and the proof-theoretical one. After that we discuss a case of axiomatization in a sense opposed to the one of arithmetic, the axiomatization of the notion of order, where the idea is not to catch a specific structure, but a notion.

Par-delà toute prise de position idéologique ou politicienne, la réflexion sur l'écologie est devenue de plus en plus présente dans notre société contemporaine, et les musiciens n'ont pas tardé à se sentir fortement concernés, ce qui a suscité, de leur part, des réponses de multiples natures. Certains compositeurs ont cherché à investir des lieux plus ouverts que la traditionnelle salle de concert, tandis que d'autres ont eu recours aux moyens technologiques et médiatiques les plus récents pour capter et diffuser les (...) sons qui nous entourent afin de les reprendre à leur compte ou de dialoguer avec eux, voire les révéler tels quels. La musique ayant de plus en plus tendance à envahir notre quotidien, d'autres encore ont entrepris de créer de nouveaux types d'environnement et de signalétique sonores. Et ces tentatives s'accompagnent fréquemment de confrontations avec différentes disciplines artistiques. L'initiateur d'une telle démarche n'était-il pas Erik Satie avec sa "musique d'ameublement"? Mais qu'aurait-il pensé du matraquage de la Muzak quelques décennies plus tard? (shrink)

Avec la perte d’influence de la psychothérapie institutionnelle et la montée en puissance du new management public, j’observe une remise en question de la clinique éducative au profit de démarche plus orientée vers la notion de performance. Cette évolution ne me semble pas pertinente au regard des enjeux portés par les professionnels et les publics qui demandent d’avantage semble-t-il de co-production ou de co-élaboration de la réponse sociale. Ces enjeux dépassent le clivage entre métier et profession et engagent la réflexion (...) sur le sens de l’action et fondamentalement ce que l’on nomme la clinique éducative. Les résultats mettent également en exergue une bonne collaboration entre les deux professions, les champs de tension qui apparaissent ainsi que les éléments qui l’influencent. (shrink)

Il ne s'agit pas seulement ici de rendre compte de la philosophie de la technique que l'on trouve chez Platon et chez Simondon, et de quelques autres parmi les plus importantes, mais d'affronter véritablement la question : qu'est-ce que la technique? On voudrait faire apparaître d'abord le caractère exemplaire et décisif de Platon pour la compréhension de ce qu'a été la réalité technique de son temps aussi bien que pour la compréhension, aujourd'hui encore, de la réalité technique actuelle, des problèmes (...) qui sont liés à son identification comme telle et à la démarche qui convient pour son étude. C'est aller contre la tradition qui en fait un ignorant et un ennemi de la technique, préoccupé avant tout d'un monde d'Idées 'coupées' du monde sensible. Cette tradition, quasiment aussi ancienne que Platon lui-même, est toujours vivante, fondée désormais sur une représentation de la technique qui se voudrait moderne (la technique comme 'application de la science'). C'est un des intérêts de la pensée de la technique de Gilbert Simondon (prolongeant et systématisant une tradition qui passe en France notamment par Henri Bergson et Georges Canguilhem), que de délivrer de l'idée précipitée selon laquelle l'essence de la technique serait d'être une application de la science, idée dont la faiblesse est la plus évidente quand il s'agit d'une époque où la science n'existait pas encore au sens actuel. La lecture de Platon n'est pas seulement libérée par la compréhension de la technique que propose Simondon, elle est elle-même une préparation très utile à la lecture de ce dernier, reposant sur des exemples plus simples. Ce qu'apprend une philosophie de la technique, on le voit exemplairement chez Platon et chez Simondon, n'est pas seulement comment organiser des concepts et des idées (dont l'importance politique et sociale est évidente), c'est comment regarder précisément le réel, penser son existence et son évolution."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

We first start by clarifying what axiomatizing everything can mean. We then study a famous case of axiomatization, the axiomatization of natural numbers, where two different aspects of axiomatization show up, the model-theoretical one and the proof-theoretical one. After that we discuss a case of axiomatization in a sense opposed to the one of arithmetic, the axiomatization of the notion of order, where the idea is not to catch a specific structure, but a notion. A third mathematical case is then (...) examined, the one of identity, a simple and obvious notion, but that cannot be axiomatized in first-order logic. We then move on to more general notions: the axiomatization of causality and the universe. To end with we deal with an even more tricky question: the axiomatization of reasoning itself. In conclusion we discuss in the light of our investigations the relation between axiomatization and understanding. (shrink)

This paper introduces the special issue on Logic and Religion of the journal Logica Universalis (Springer). The issue contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

L'expérience de la connaissance nous enseigne qu'il n'y a pas de Réalité Dernière, que tout train en cache un autre. Une évidence qu'il n'est pas facile d'accepter, d'où l'idée de ce train ultime, celui qui ne cacherait plus rien. La transparentisme postule l'existence, au-delà de la perception immédiate, d'un monde, d'un niveau de lecture, complètement intelligible, i.e, explicite et immédiat. D'où cette croyance en de prétendus "rayons X du savoir" qui nous dévoileraient l'envers de l'Univers.

L'expérience de la connaissance nous enseigne qu'il n'y a pas de Réalité Dernière, que tout train en cache un autre. Une évidence qu'il n'est pas facile d'accepter, d'où l'idée de ce train ultime, celui qui ne cacherait plus rien. La transparentisme postule l'existence, au-delà de la perception immédiate, d'un monde, d'un niveau de lecture, complètement intelligible, i.e, explicite et immédiat. D'où cette croyance en de prétendus "rayons X du savoir" qui nous dévoileraient l'envers de l'Univers.