Studie je zaměřena na proces interpretace textu, přičemž sleduje jev nazvaný „iracionální interpretace“. Protiklad racionální – iracionální chápe na základě konceptu Donalda Davidsona, a vychází tedy více z filosofie jazyka a mysli nežli z psychologie. Iracionalita interpretace spočívá v nesoudržnosti přesvědčení interpreta, tedy v narušení logických vazeb mezi jeho jednotlivými přesvědčeními. Na konkrétních příkladech je ukázáno, jak k takovému stavu mysli interpretujícího subjektu může dojít a jaký vliv má na porozumění celému textu. Pojem iracionální interpretace je uvažován na pozadí celé (...) sítě vztahů – interpreta k textu, k autorovi, ke kontextu a k tradici. Tyto vztahy jsou zachyceny pomocí několika schémat zakládajících se na Davidsonových modelech triangulace. Tyto modely ovšem podstatným způsobem modifikuje. Klíčová slova: interpretace – iracionalita – přesvědčení – vnitřní nesoudržnost – triangulace. (shrink)

This study assessed the International Critical Thinking Essay Test (ICTET-A) for inter-rater reliability, internal reliability, and criterion validity. A self-selecting sample of participants (N = 100) completed the ICTET-A and a comparison test online. We found the ICTET-A items to have moderate to good levels of inter-rater reliability, and overall excellent inter-rater consistency for total test scores. The test had good internal reliability. There was a strong correlation between scores on the ICTET-A and the comparison test. Factor analysis showed that (...) scores were best explained with one factor, suggesting the test measures a single construct. The ICTET-A can therefore be considered a valid measure of critical thinking. Additionally, we propose a short form of the test. (shrink)

Resumen La educación de las emociones ha sido promovida recientemente desde el giro afectivo en las ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, gran parte de los análisis educativos no tratan las emociones llamadas políticas o públicas, definidas por Martha Nussbaum como aquellas relacionadas con el Estado, sus instituciones y los conciudadanos. Este artículo presenta una guía para una educación ciudadana basada en emociones políticas, fundamentando que su educabilidad está habilitada por el desarrollo de la autorreflexión y que, a partir de ello, es (...) posible determinar categorías de emociones que favorecen la convivencia democrática, como son su adecuación, su direccionamiento y su apertura o clausura de las fronteras del yo. Esas categorías, inspiradas en los trabajos de Martha Nussbaum, Jon Elster y Adela Cortina, se ofrecen como guía metodológica para una educación ciudadana que procure el cultivo de la autorreflexión en relación con las emociones políticas. Dicha guía podría superar la actual dificultad tanto de enseñar como de evaluar la dimensión política de las emociones en la educación formal.The education of emotions has recently been promoted by the affective turn in the social sciences. However, most of these approaches to emotions fail to undertake a work in the field of emotions called political or public, as defined by Martha Nussbaum as the emotions that refer to the State, its institutions and the fellow citizens. This article seeks to present a guide for a citizen education based on political emotions, on the grounds that their educability is enabled by the development of self-conscious reflection and that it is therefore possible to determine categories of emotions that favor democratic coexistence, such as their adequacy, their direction and their opening or closing of the borders of the self. These categories, inspired by Martha Nussbaum’s, Jon Elster’s and Adela Cortina’s works, are offered as a methodological guide for a citizen education that seeks the cultivation of self-conscious reflection in relation to political emotions. This guide could overcome the current difficulty of both teaching and evaluating the political dimension of emotions in formal education. (shrink)

This article explores how meanings around risk, health/safety, and workers’ bodies are constructed in an academic context. I do so through the study of a single academic in Australia who sustained a back injury at work. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews and documents, I attempt to show the embodied experience of an injured worker’s struggle for care, recovery, and survival in the neoliberal academy. Writing from the nexus of workplace health and safety and critical management literatures, the raw testimony (...) of this injured academic lays bare the violences that are enabled within a wider culture of self-discipline, individualism, and performativity in the university. The story presented in this article exposes how physiological and psychological injuries can be exacerbated through the very health and safety procedures that are designed to prevent and alleviate harm. Please note that this article contains references to suicide and suicidal ideation. (shrink)

This paper analyses the attitude of the contemporary philosophy to the problems associated with increasingly radical diagnoses concerning anthropogenic climate changes that may lead the human civilization on Earth to a global catastrophe. One can identify three approaches to this issue in contemporary philosophy: involvement in the breakthrough taking place; evaluation of the change process from an axiological perspective or ignoring the evolving phenomena on the grounds that it is not possible to define them meaningfully from the perspective of theoretical (...) orientations that currently dominate the contemporary philosophy. (shrink)

Provability, Computability and Reflection.

In this contribution, we will discuss the opportunities and challenges arising from memory institutions' need to redefine their archival strategies for contemporary collecting in a world of big data. We will reflect on this topic by critically examining the case study of the UK Web Archive, which is made up of the six UK Legal Deposit Libraries: the British Library, National Library of Scotland, National Library of Wales, Bodleian Libraries Oxford, Cambridge University Library and Trinity College Dublin. The UK Web (...) Archive aims to archive, preserve and give access to the UK web space. This is achieved through an annual domain crawl, first undertaken in 2013, in addition to more frequent crawls of key websites and specially curated collections which date back as far as 2005. These collections reflect important aspects of British culture and events that shape society. This commentary will explore a number of questions including: what heritage is captured and what heritage is instead neglected by the UK Web archive? What heritage is created in the form of new data and what are its properties? What are the ethical issues that memory institutions face when developing these web archiving practices? What transformations are required to overcome such challenges and what institutional futures can we envisage? (shrink)

This paper investigates the role of a pre-existing body-model that is an enabling constraint for the incorporation of objects into the body. This body-model is also a basis for the distinction between body extensions (e.g., in the case of tool-use) and incorporation (e.g., in the case of successful prosthesis use). It is argued that, in the case of incorporation, changes in the sense of body-ownership involve a reorganization of the body-model, whereas extension of the body with tools does not involve (...) changes in the sense of body-ownership. (shrink)

This article argues that while ethical leadership in mainstream theorising is assumed to be a cognitive exercise, leaders’ bodies in fact play a significant role in the social construction of ethical leadership. Their bodies become particularly potent when leaders are depicted via the interplay between visual and verbal modes in the media. In order to extend current understandings of ethical leadership, this study employs a discourse analytic approach to examine how visual and verbal devices convey ethical leadership for two of (...) Australia’s major bank chief executive officers—John Stewart and Ralph Norris—before and during the global financial crisis. Based on the analysis, this article demonstrates that ethical leadership is constructed through the confluence of elite and working class masculinities that is multimodally embodied and disembodied. The article suggests that what it means to be an ethical leader is invariably informed by class-based patriarchal norms that can serve to reinforce the masculinisation of ethics. (shrink)

Background: Dignity is a multidimensional construct that includes perception, knowledge, and emotions related to competence or respect. Attitudes to aging are a comprehensive personal view of the experience of aging over the course of life, which can be influenced by various factors, such as the levels of health and self-sufficiency and social, psychological, or demographic factors. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes to aging of home-dwelling and inpatient older adults, and whether dignity and other selected (...) factors belong among the predictors influencing attitudes to aging in these two different groups of older adults. Research design: Cross-sectional study using a set of questionnaires: Patient Dignity Inventory, Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire, and Barthel Index. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses and multivariable linear regression were used for statistical processing. Participants and research context: 233 inpatients and 237 home-dwelling older adults participated in the research in two regions of the Czech Republic. Ethical considerations: Institutional Review Board approval was received from the authors’ university. Findings: The inpatients had more negative attitudes to aging. The predictors of their attitudes to aging were gender and dignity. Women and inpatients with poor dignity ratings had more negative attitudes to aging. The predictors for home-dwelling older adults were education, living arrangement, and dignity. More negative attitudes to aging were found in older adults with lower levels of education who lived alone and rated their dignity as low. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of this study add to the understanding that a sense of dignity is an important predictor of attitudes to aging for both home-dwelling older adults and inpatients. (shrink)

Este artículo retoma la potencia de la figura del flâneur que Walter Benjamin toma de Charles Baudelaire a la luz de los efectos que han tenido los desarrollos de la tecnología en las grandes urbes contemporáneas. Analiza algunos de los senderos explorados por autores como Steven Shaviro, Manuel Castells y Katherine Hayles en torno al desarrollo de Internet y la inteligencia artificial, con el fin de actualizar algunas de las inquietudes y fabricaciones que Benjamin nos heredó para poder pensar así, (...) algunas estrategias y/o herramientas y poder fabricar un despertar, tal y como lo pensaba Benjamin. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to identify the ethical problems that nurse managers encounter in their work and the role of codes of ethics in the solutions to these difficulties. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed statistically. The target sample included all nurse managers in 21 specialized health care or primary health care organizations in two hospital districts in Finland (N = 501; response rate 41%). The most common ethical problems concerned resource allocation as well (...) as providing and developing high quality care. This was the case in different managerial positions as well as in types of organization. Professional codes of ethics were used more often for problems related to patients’ care compared with issues of resource allocation. Nurse managers at middle or strategic management levels used codes of ethics more often than those in charge of a ward. More research is required to investigate ethical decision making in nursing management, especially with regard to problem solving. In addition, new guidelines and continuing education in ethics are important for management personnel. (shrink)

This article seeks to clarify the concepts of risk and uncertainty, restricting its focus to environmental problems and to three strands of reflection. Firstly, I suggest that we should apply the label riscophrenia to the tendency to envisage most environmental problems excessively in terms of probabilistic risk, erecting the concept to a core dogma of certainty based on the image it offers of safety and control of the random. Looking at the most serious environmental problems of the twenty-first century through (...) the prism of "animal spirits" is above all an exercise which shows that unpredictability and uncertainties are constituent elements of human existence and social life. Secondly, I argue that the assessment of uncertainty has political and normative implications. I hold that uncertainty may make it possible to invoke precautionary, not just preventive, measures, and that alternative "contextualised" research strategies, open to a variety of points of view, are possible. Lastly, I claim that the language of risk and its excessive application is generally laden with a type of ambiguity which tends not to emphasize society's current problems, and so facilitates the continuation rather than the questioning of our society's dominant technocratic and technological model. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo propone definir la integridad moral a partir de la autorreflexión, la meta emoción y la identidad. Se parte de la autorreflexión de H. Frankfurt y se amplía su evaluación de los deseos mediante los conceptos de autorreflexión débil y fuerte de C. Taylor. Si bien las emociones tienen relevancia en la motivación, lo que cuenta para evaluar la reflexividad de alguien son sus acciones. Se plantea que las emociones, aun sin cristalizar en acción, son relevantes para determinar (...) la identidad moral. Así mismo, se presentan las metaemociones como un tipo de deseo de segundo orden que no se enlaza necesariamente a la volición, pero que tiene potencial similar a las voliciones de segundo orden. Se propone considerar a las emociones morales, según las define C. Korsgaard, como equivalentes a las metaemociones que, junto con las razones, determinan la integridad moral. ABSTRACT The purpose of the article is to define moral integrity on the basis of self-reflection, meta-emotion, and identity. Starting out from H. Frankfurt’s notion of self-reflection, the article expands his assessment of desires with the help of C. Taylor‘s concepts of strong and weak self-reflection. While it is true that emotions are relevant for motivation, it is an individual’s actions that count when assessing reflexivity. The article suggests that emotions, even when they have not materialized into actions, are relevant in determining moral identity. Likewise, it discusses meta-emotions as a type of second-order desire that is not necessarily linked to volition, but whose potential is similar to that of second-order volitions. It suggests that moral emotions, according to C. Korsgaard, be considered equivalent to meta-emotions, which, together with reasons, determine moral integrity. (shrink)

The Covid-19 induced United Kingdom-wide lockdown in 2020 saw choirs face a unique situation of trying to continue without being able to meet in-person. Live networked simultaneous music-making for large groups of singers is not possible, so other “virtual choir” activities were explored. A cross sectional online survey of 3948 choir members and facilitators from across the United Kingdom was conducted, with qualitative analysis of open text questions, to investigate which virtual choir solutions have been employed, how choir members and (...) facilitators experience these in comparison to an “in-person” choir, and whether the limitations and opportunities of virtual choir solutions shed light on the value of the experience of group singing as a whole. Three virtual choir models were employed: Multi-track, whereby individuals record a solo which is mixed into a choral soundtrack; Live streamed, where individuals take part in sessions streamed live over social media; Live tele-conferencing, for spoken interaction and/or singing using tele-conferencing software. Six themes were identified in the open text responses: Participation Practicalities, encompassing reactions to logistics of virtual models; Choir Continuity, reflecting the responsibility felt to maintain choir activities somehow; Wellbeing, with lockdown highlighting to many the importance of in-person choirs to their sense of wellbeing; Social Aspects, reflecting a sense of community and social identity; Musical Elements, whereby the value of musical experience shifted with the virtual models; Co-creation through Singing, with an overwhelming sense of loss of the embodied experience of singing together in real-time, which is unattainable from existing virtual choir models. The experiences, activities and reflections of choir singers during lockdown present a unique perspective to understand what makes group singing a meaningful experience for many. Co-creation through Singing needs further investigation to understand the impact of its absence on virtual choirs being able re-create the benefits of in-person choirs. (shrink)

Żyjemy w czasach cywilizacyjnego przełomu. Ludzka aktywność skierowana na podporządkowanie sobie środowiska naturalnego doprowadziła do jego dewastacji, niosącej katastrofalne skutki dla dalszego trwania ludzkości. Naukowe prognozy, publikowane od października 2018 roku, ukazują realne zagrożenie globalną katastrofą klimatyczną w najbliższych latach jako oczywisty scenariusz w przypadku niepodjęcia skutecznej próby przeciwdziałania zagrożeniu. Powstrzymanie katastrofy staje się coraz trudniejszym zadaniem dla społeczności ludzi obecnie żyjących. Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniu reakcji na wspomniany kryzys w dyskursie filozoficznym. W świetle przeprowadzonej analizy wiele wskazuje na (...) to, że w filozofii współczesnej zagrożenie globalną katastrofą nie wywołuje wyraźnej reakcji jej przedstawicieli. Przeprowadzona analiza zmierza do ukazania przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy. -------------------------- Zgłoszono: 24/11/2022. Zrecenzowano: 27/02/2023. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 24/04/2023. (shrink)

Future global food insecurity due to growing population as well as changing consumption demands and population growth is sometimes suggested to be met by increase in aquaculture production. This raises a range of ethical issues, seldom discussed together: fish welfare, food security, human health, climate change and environment, and public concern and legislation, which could preferably be seen as pieces in a puzzle, accepting their interdependency. A balanced decision in favour of or against aquaculture needs to take at least these (...) issues into consideration. It is further argued that in the parallel discussion on increased livestock production animal welfare is an inevitable element both in relation to current legislation in many countries but also in relation to our perception of moral, whereas awareness of fish welfare is low. Both EU legislation and labelling concerning fish is mainly limited to environmental aspects. It is argued that EU shows a split perception of fish, on the one hand acknowledging scientific evidence of fish capacities but on the other excludes fish from detailed legislation. Combining the claim of the Treaty of Lisbon to pay full regard to animal welfare and scientific evidence fish are sentient it is concluded that fish welfare need to be considered in any farming practice and any ethical consideration of increased aquaculture. This might be facilitated taking a basis in our own vulnerability and interdependence, combined with moral responsibility to show sentient beings a ‘loving kindness’—an extension of Cora Diamond’s argument regarding mammals. (shrink)

The European Commission has recently proposed the introduction of legally binding quotas for women on corporate boards of European companies. This proposal has put the spotlight on the question of whether increasing female representation on the board brings economic benefits to the firm. In order to shed light on the issue, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of women on the board on firm value. We use a simultaneous equation model to estimate the effects of women on the (...) board on firm value, financial performance, and compliance with ethical and social principles adopted by the firm. We find no evidence that a higher female representation on the board directly affects firm’s value. However, we find indirect effects. Women on the board are positively related with financial performance (measured in terms of return on assets and return on sales) and with ethical and social compliance, which in turn are positively related with firm value. The findings in this study suggest that greater female representation on corporate boards of large European firms can increase firm value indirectly. Further, part of the indirect effect comes from stronger compliance with ethical principles, something that is not captured by accounting-based financial performance. (shrink)

This paper presents a way of classifying different forms of naturalness and unnaturalness. Three main forms of (un)naturalness are found as the following: history- based (un)naturalness, property-based (un)naturalness and relation-based (un)naturalness. Numerous subforms (and some subforms of the subforms) of each are presented. The subforms differ with respect to the entities that are found (un)natural, with respect to their all-inclusiveness, and whether (un)naturalness is seen as all-or-nothing affair, or a continuous gradient. This kind of conceptual analysis is needed, first, because (...) discussion concerning (un)naturalness is common in current bioethics and environmental ethics, and second, because the terms natural and unnatural are highly ambiguous. Thus, the lack of an exact definition of the type of (un)naturalness may lead into equivocation, other forms of bad argumentation, or at least vagueness. (shrink)

This paper offers an account of Susan Haack’s philosophy of law and points out several aspects within the legal pragmatist tradition that deserve further discussion. Firstly, a systematic presentation of legal pragmatism as it is defended by Haack, who follows Justice Oliver W. Holmes here, is given. Secondly, the limits of an evolutionary perspective of law recommended by legal pragmatism are considered. Finally, the paper discusses whether legal pragmatism is able to handle different legal traditions, thereby focusing on Anglo-American common (...) law and European civil law. (shrink)

The “flusserian” phenomenology regards itself as a process, a strategy and, sirnultaneously as a criticism: it would be named an “interrogative phenomenology” or paraphenomenology whose researches are authentic points of “repere”, features that distinguish boundaries and establish paths, connecting them in referential webs that creatively construct a describing and interpretative map of our experience such as it really is. Thus, it is a phenomenology supported by hermeneutics, being its purpose onto-existential. The proposed analysis, from the problematic core of the phenomenological (...) questioning, is that of grabbing the attention to something always expressed and, quite often, ignored or indifferent: a reftection on the gesture. This possible philosophy of the gesture enables the understanding of the relationship of a society/civilization in which the abyss between real and virtual was nullified, where it is possible to think things (Dinge) and the non-things/non-objects (Undinge), as much absurd as this last expression may seem. More important, though, is the openness to the understanding of a new emerging human condition and the strangeness of a society ruled by non-historical criteria: the entrance to the so called post-history. (shrink)

Cet article explore le potentiel non-institutionnel du concept de communauté tel qu'il a été formulé dans la philosophie française contemporaine. Une attention particulière est accordée à l'expérience historique, particulièrement dans un monde en voie de globalisation. Les fantasmes de l'historique qui témoignent d'une telle expérience sont estimés constitutifs d'une communauté anonyme qui n'est définie ni par une identité fixe ni par une substance donnée. En dépit de son anonymat, la communauté exige d'être exprimée et traduite, en produisant, pour reprendre le (...) terme kantien, diverses "présentations comme-si.". (shrink)

Das Thema Sterbehilfe gilt zu Recht als eines der typischen Themen im Medizinrecht, wird jedoch meistens vor allem unter dem Aspekt des Strafrechts analysiert. Das ist auch in dieser Arbeit nicht anders, in der die Autorin in erster Linie versucht, auf gewisse Schwächen der traditionellen de facto strafrechtlichen Systematik der Sterbehilfe zu verweisen, sowie auch deren üblicher Terminologie. Der Schwerpunkt der gesamten Arbeit liegt in der ausführlichen Analyse der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit des Arztes bei der Realisierung von Sterbehilfe und Suizidbeihilfe. Vorgestellt (...) werden rechtliche Regelungen einiger europäischen Ländern und Oregon. Größter Wert wird jedoch in der gesamten Arbeit eindeutig auf die praktischen Probleme gelegt, seien es bedingt straffreie Hilfe zum Sterben, Tötung auf Verlangen, Suizidbeihilfe, terminale Sedierung oder Beendigung der weiteren Therapie (inkl. Abschalten der Geräte aufgrund einer Patientenverfügung). Leitmotiv der gesamten Arbeit ist dann das Bemühen, auf Sterbehilfe als Thema zu verweisen, in dessen Rahmen der Respekt vor der Patientenautonomie und der paternalistische Schutz von Leben wertmäßig aufeinander treffen, die oftmals zweifellos in einem Gegensatz zueinander stehen. (shrink)

PurposeTo explore and describe a trained communication partner’s use of responsive strategies in dyadic interaction with adults with Rett syndrome.IntroductionResponsive partner strategies facilitate social, communicative, and linguistic development. The common feature is that the communication partner responds contingently to the other’s focus of attention and interprets their acts as communicative. Research on responsive partner strategies that involves individuals with significant communication and motor disabilities remains sparse. The same applies to if, and how, the use of communication aids impacts on the (...) partner’s use of responsive strategies.Materials and methodsA therapist, trained in responsive partner strategies and aided communication interacted during 14 sessions with each of three participants. The participants were adults with Rett syndrome. A gaze-controlled device and responsive strategies were used during all sessions. The Responsive Augmentative and Alternative Communication Style scale was used to assess the partner’s responsiveness. RAACS consists of 11 items including ratings of to what extent the partner is being attentive to, confirms, and expands the individual’s communication. During eight of the 14 sessions, aided AAC Modelling was also used, i.e., the communication partner pointed at symbols on the gaze-controlled device while interacting. In addition to RAACS, each time the communication partner confirmed or expanded on communication when the participants used the gaze-controlled device and the participants did not use the gaze-controlled device was counted. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results. Non-parametric tests were used to compare means between the two conditions and between participants.ResultsInter-rater agreement for the different RAACS items ranged from 0.73 to 0.96 and was thus found to be fair to excellent. The communication partner’s use of responsive strategies varied when communicating with different participants and the scores were higher when aided AAC modeling was used. The communication partner’s number of responses and use of responsive strategies were higher when the participants communicated through a gaze-controlled device.ConclusionThe communication partner’s use of responsive and scaffolding strategies is not a fixed construct but varies in interactions with different non-speaking persons. The same is true whether the non-speaking person uses a gaze-controlled device with digitized speech or not. (shrink)

Pierre Bourdieu is arguably one of the twentieth century’s greatest socio-philosophical thinkers and his writings have much to offer anyone interested in the ways that people value, consume and produce architecture. Bourdieu spent much of his life attempting to understand cultural consumption and production through detailed empirical research that included studies of dwellings, art, museums, photography and aesthetics. This book introduces the architectural reader to Bourdieu’s key writings on culture and outlines the ways in which they offer powerful practical tools (...) and novel conceptual frameworks for understanding architectural value, taste, and practice. (shrink)

In this article, we explore the learning of newcomers in a religious community through a micro-sociological approach, making use of Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger’s (1991) notion of “legitimate peripheral participation” to conceptualize initial stages of inclusion and involvement in social practice. Our case study concerns Orthodox Christianity and is based on material gathered through fieldwork in a course targeting potential new members organized by a Finnish Orthodox parish. In the analysis, we inquire into how beginners learn skilful participation in (...) Orthodox liturgical life, and specifically embodied ritual conduct. This learning takes place primarily through participation in real-life divine services. The article highlights challenges faced by beginners in acquiring the embodied repertoire of Orthodox ritual, including adapting to the artistic use of ritual gestures, and negotiating the meanings produced through them. Furthermore, it also illustrates how nuanced dynamics between newcomers and old-timers influence the learning process. (shrink)

This volume is a collection of essays of a philosophical nature on the subject of technology, introducing authors from the Portuguese-speaking community, namely from Portugal itself, Africa and Brazil. Their contributions detail a unique perspective on technology, placing this important topic within the historical, ideological and social contexts of their countries, all of which share a common language. The shared history of these countries and the cultural and economic specificities of each one have stimulated singular insights into these thinkers’ reflections. (...) The essays are thematically diverse. Among the topics covered are technogenic knowledge, visions of technology, risks and uncertainties, mediatization, digitalization, and datafication, engineering practice and ethics, alternative technoscientific strategies, ontotechnologies of the body, virtual and archive. The contributions also explore other themes that are more closely related to the semi-peripheral world, such as technological dependence and the incorporation of Western technology into the social structure of ancestral communities. This book appeals to students and researchers and provides a voice to authors whose work are not usually available in English-language publications. It serves as an ideal guide for all those who seek rigorous and geographically widespread knowledge regarding thinking on technology in several Portuguese-speaking countries. (shrink)