Praise for First Edition: `This book is highly recommended to a wide range of people as a clear and systematic introduction to phenomenological psychology... the book has set the stage for possible new colloquia between the phenomenological and other approaches in psychology' - Changes `As a trainee interested in matters existential, I have been put off in the past by the long-winded and confusing texts usually available in academic libraries. Thankfully, here is a text that remedies that situation... [it] provides (...) a readable and insightful account' - Clinical Psychology Forum 'Spinelli’s classic introduction to phenomenology should be essential reading on all person-centred, existential and humanistic trainings, and any other counselling or psychotherapy course which aims to help students develop an in-depth understanding of human lived-experience. This book is sure to remain a key text for many years to come' - Mick Cooper, Senior Lecturer in Counselling, University of Strathclyde 'This is by far the most monumental, erudite, comprehensive, authoritative case that Existentialism and Phenomenology (a) have a rightful place in the academy; (b) are tough-minded bodies of thought; (c) have rigorous scientific foundations; (d) bequeath a distinctive school of psychotherapy and counselling; and (e) are just as good as the more established systems of psychology' - Alvin R. Mahrer, Ph.D. University of Ottawa, Canada, Author of The Complete Guide To Experiential Psychotherapy 'This book’s rich insight into the lacunae of modern psychological thinking illustrates the contribution that existential phenomenology can make to founding a coherently mature Psychology that is both fully human(e) and responsibly ‘scientific’ in the best sense of that term' - Richard House, Ph.D., Magdalen Medical Practice, Norwich; Steiner Waldorf teacher. The Interpreted World, Second Edition, is a welcome introduction to phenomenological psychology, an area of psychology which has its roots in notoriously difficult philosophical literature. Writing in a highly accessible, jargon-free style, Ernesto Spinelli traces the philosophical origins of phenomenological theory and presents phenomenological perspectives on central topics in psychology - perception, social cognition and the self. He compares the phenomenological approach with other major contemporary psychological approaches, pointing up areas of divergence and convergence with these systems. He also examines implications of phenomenology for the precepts and process of psychotherapy. For the Second Edition, a new chapter on phenomenological research has been added in which the author focuses on the contribution of phenomenology in relation to contemporary scientific enquiry. He describes the methodology used in phenomenological research and illustrates the approach through an actual research study. The Interpreted World, Second Edition demystifies an exciting branch of psychology, making its insights available to all students of psychology, psychotherapy and counselling. (shrink)

O artigo que segue pretende abordar o potencial transformador da ética do cuidado de Carol Gilligan destacando, por um lado, seu caráter de denúncia expresso no questionamento acerca da exclusão das experiencias das mulheres na produção do conhecimento e, por outro, a sua verve de resistência manifesta no fato de que a ética do cuidado traz a produção teórica de uma mulher que trata de experiencias femininas em sociedades patriarcais. Para tanto, serão explicitados os principais pontos da ética do cuidado (...) de Gilligan assim como as reflexões por elas suscitadas em termos de críticas e reações. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo debater a ideia de que o enunciado pode vir a ser uma provável categoria de análise, na tentativa de pensar o(s) discurso(s), do mesmo modo que sua geração, na moldura teórica proposta por Michel Foucault (1926-1984). O filósofo francês desenvolveu o enunciado como uma categoria de análise, em obras como As Palavras e As Coisas (1966) e a A Arqueologia do Saber (1969), em um enquadramento capaz de permitir uma determinada autonomia à formulação de (...) um conceito. Desta forma, o enunciado, na tentativa de engendrar essa mesma autonomia a uma teoria a ser erigida, permitiria a gravitação desta nos referidos discursos produzidos pelo indivíduo. O enunciado, foucaultianamente, não se refere em stricto sensu a um arcabouço gramatical, ou estritamente linguístico, mas permite a confluência na formação de noções teóricas, ou mesmo na moldura do(s) discurso(s), possibilitando a consonância de ideias que fundamentam os discursos vigentes nas ciências humanas e que delineiam o status quo. Sendo a proposição de enunciado em Foucault uma categoria não necessariamente científica, isto é, sem a envergadura de uma composição de verdade, assim como de um “dizer verdadeiro”. O enunciado, na proposta do autor, contrapõe-se ao discurso que versa sobre a nomenclatura da verdade e os mecanismos que instituem a constante produção desta e que outorgam as concepções epistemológicas (que constituem as epistemologias vigorantes) nos espaços: social, político, histórico e também cultural. (shrink)

Going back to the late 1970s and early 1980s, we trace the Xenopus oocyte microinjection experiments that led to the emergence of the concept of “modulator”. The finding that the modulator could transactivate transcription from far upstream and in either orientation suggested that a new genetic element, different from the classical prokaryotic promoter sequences, had been discovered. This particular enhancer transactivates transcription of the sea urchin early (α) histone H2A gene which is regulated in early sea urchin development. We summarise (...) the data from sea urchin microinjection experiments that confirm and extend the results obtained with Xenopus oocytes. We conclude that the H2A enhancer is bipartite, is located approx. 100 bp upstream of the TATAAATA box in the H2A gene of two sea urchin species and enhances transcription when placed at a position far upstream or far downstream of the gene unless an insulator intervenes between enhancer and promoter. Evidence from microinjection experiments with sea urchin embryos suggests that the developmental control of H2A expression resides not with the enhancer, which is constitutively active, but with a striking chromatin structure with two positioned nucleosomes near the 3′ end of the gene. Within this structure, there is an insulator element. BioEssays 24:850–857, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

A common view is that self-identity is essential to objects if anything is. Itself a substantive metaphysical view, this is a position of some import in wider debates, particularly in connection with such problems as physicalism and personal identity. In this article I challenge the view. I distinguish between two accounts of essence, the modal and the definitional, and argue that self-identity is essential to objects on the former but not on the latter. After laying out my case, I deal (...) with a number of objections. (shrink)

Husserl’s official account of essence is modal. It is also, I submit, incompatible with the role that essence is supposed to play, especially relative to necessity, in his overall philosophy. In the Husserlian framework, essence should rather be treated as a non-modal notion. The point, while not generally acknowledged, has been made before (by Kevin Mulligan for one); yet the arguments given for it, though perhaps sound, are not Husserlian. In this paper I present a thoroughly Husserlian argument for that (...) claim, as well as a Husserlian essentialist account of necessity. I also discuss the role of grounding within the account. (shrink)

Kaum ein anderes semantisches Feld durchzieht Platons Werk von den ersten Dialogen an bis zum Spätwerk so prägend und zugleich so spannungsreich wie das der Mimesis. Von der Sprachphilosophie über die Ästhetik und Moralpsychologie bis hin zur Metaphysik, Kosmologie und Theologie: in erstaunlich vielen Themenbereichen gewinnt die Semantik der Mimesis bei Platon hohe Relevanz. Der Tagungsband „Platonic Mimesis Revisited“ bietet eine umfassende und kontextsensible Neubetrachtung der Mimesis in allen einschlägigen Dialogen. Anders als frühere monographische Behandlungen des Themas vereint er eine (...) bedeutende Auswahl wissenschaftlicher Perspektiven aus Philosophie und Philologie und gibt so einen breiten Einblick in moderne Forschungsansätze.Mit Beiträgen vonMichele Abbate, Alexandra V. Alván Leon, Laura Candiotto, Andrea Capra, Elenio Cicchini, Michael Erler, Francesco Fronterotta, José Antonio Giménez Salinas, Stephen Halliwell, Irmgard Männlein-Robert, Lidia Palumbo, Anna Pavani, Julia Pfefferkorn, Antonino Spinelli, Benedikt Strobel und Justin Vlasits. (shrink)

Este artigo se resume em seis observações acerca do conceito de aretê, que, no transcurso da cultura grega, contém não apenas um, mas vários significados. Na medida em que percorre tais significados, o artigo também se ocupa em averiguar como se deu um estreitamento na significação da aretê de um ponto de vista cívico, voltado para à qualificação do ser cidadão, e também filosófico, referido à vida moral enquanto qualificação do ser homem. Tendo, pois, em vista estes dois aspectos – (...) o ser cidadão e o ser homem – o artigo põe igualmente em destaque o teor da confabulação entre sofistas (Protágoras e Górgias) e filósofos (Sócrates e Platão) a respeito do agir mais apropriado enquanto aretê. (shrink)

Some philosophers believe that entities have essences. What are we to make of the view that essences are themselves entities? E.J. Lowe has put forward an infinite regress argument against it. In this paper I challenge that argument. First, drawing on work by J.W. Wieland, I give a general condition for the obtaining of a vicious infinite regress. I then argue that in Lowe’s case the condition is not met. In making my case, I mainly (but not exclusively) consider definitionalist (...) accounts of essence. I make a re￾quirement to which definitionalists such as Lowe are committed and which, I venture, should also be palatable to non-naïve modalists. I call it the Relevance Principle. The defence trades on it, as well as on the distinction, due to K. Fine, between mediate and immediate essence. (shrink)

Can one hold both that universals exist in the strongest sense (i.e., neither in language nor in thought, nor in their instances) and that they exist contingently—and still make sense? Edmund Husserl thought so. In this paper I present a version of his view regimented in terms of modal logic cum possible-world semantics. Crucial to the picture is the distinction between two accessibility relations with different structural properties. These relations are cashed out in terms of two Husserlian notions of imagination: (...) world-bound and free. After briefly presenting the Husserlian framework—his intentionalism, idealism and how universals figure in them—I set up my modal machinery, model the target view, and show that, depending on the chosen accessibility relation, the necessary or the contingent existence of universals can be derived. Importantly, since for Husserl both relations are bona fide, both derivations are legitimate. In Husserl’s philosophy, then, there is room for both necessary and contingent universals. (shrink)

El excesivo amor a la riqueza es básicamente un tema económico o una pasión económica. En el mundo griego y romano se consideraba y juzgaba desde un punto de vista moral y se etiquetaba con diferentes acepciones griegas que se relacionan entre sí, aunque no son totalmente sinónimas. En este estudio me fijaré exclusivamente en la acepción de uno de ellos, ..., en el vocabulario ético de algunos miembros del movimiento socrático entre los siglos cuarto y tercero antes de Cristo, (...) puesto que este ambiente filosófico fue probablemente el lugar de nacimiento de un género literario: ... Este enfoque considerará las posiciones del mismo Sócrates, Antístenes, Aristipo, Platón, Diógenes de Sinope, Bión de Borystenes y los filósofos griegos más afines a Sócrates, los antiguos estoicos. A la luz de este análisis se podría marcar la frontera de un debate más amplio sobre la correcta actitud hacia el dinero. (shrink)

Este artigo se ocupa com o conceito da egkýklios paideía com o qual os gregos definiam o período ou ciclo de escolaridade oferecida à criança tendo em vista a capacitação do uso do intelecto e a qualificação profissional, cívica e humana. O artigo busca explicitar o conceito a partir da opinião dos filósofos ancestrais e também da concepção que se difundiu no período helenístico. Relativo aos filósofos ancestrais, o artigo analisa uma mesma referência atribuída a Górgias, Aristipo e Bíon, com (...) a qual comparam a filosofia com Penélope, e, as demais disciplinas da egkýklios paideía, com as serviçais de Penélope; na difusão helenística, o estudo se ocupa com Fílon, Quintiliano e Clemente de Alexandria, em referência aos quais tem por objetivo mostrar como a filosofia, que, entre os gregos era considerada a senhora, veio, entretanto, a se transformar na serva This paper is about the concept of egkíklios paideía, used in ancient Greece to define the children’s school term. The goals of the syllabus used to be, on the one hand, enabling the children to use the intellect, and, on the other hand, professional, social and human amendment. The paper uses two sources. First, the ancient philosophers. Second, other educational conceptions spread all over the Greek civilization in the Hellenistic age. Concerning the ancient philosophers, the paper analyzes a single dictum attributed to three different philosophers: Gorgias, Aristippus and Bion. The subject of the dictum is a comparison between, on the one hand, philosophy and Penelope, and, on the other hand, the other disciplines of the syllabus and Penelope’s servants. Concerning the Hellenistic diffusion, the paper deals with Filo, Quintilian and Clement of Alexandria. Regarding these writers, the paper aims to show an overturn: among the Greeks, philosophy used to be the master ; later, it became the servant. (shrink)

Thanks to a careful reading of a key passage in Sextus Empiricus’s Outlines of Pyrrhonism (PH II 134-170), this paper offers a sort of running commentary that makes clear some crucial aspects of the Pyrrhonian attack against any kind of subsistence or ὑπόστασις of the ἀπόδειξις. This notion (fundamental for the dogmatic approach to epistemological topics) will be examined in its main logical guidelines as well as in some of its historical declinations, especially from the point of view of ancient (...) Stoicism and its doctrine about the so-called non-demonstrable arguments. (shrink)

The recognition of taboo words – i.e. socially inappropriate words – has been repeatedly associated to semantic interference phenomena, with detrimental effects on the performance in the ongoing task. In the present study, we investigated taboo interference in the context of reading aloud, a task configuration which prompts the overt violation of conventional sociolinguistic norms by requiring the explicit utterance of taboo items. We assessed whether this form of semantic interference is handled by habituative or cognitive control processes. In addition (...) to the reading aloud task, participants performed a vocal Stroop task featuring different conditions to dissociate semantic, task, and response conflict. Taboo words were read slower than non-taboo words, but this effect was subject to a quick habituation, with a decreasing interference over the course of trials, which allowed participants to selectively attend to goal-relevant information. In the Stroop task, only semantic conflict was significantly reduced by habituation. These findings suggest that semantic properties can be quickly and flexibly weighed on the basis of contextual appropriateness, thus characterising semantic processing as a flexible and goal-directed component of reading aloud. (shrink)

Wie Lore Jonas in ihren einleitenden Bemerkungen zu den Erinnerungen, dem autobiographischen Zeugnis ihres Mannes, lebhaft in Erinnerung gerufen hat, »besaß [er] jene große humanistische Bildung, die seiner Generation eigen war und die jetzt allmählich verschwindet. Er konnte Homer auf Griechisch und Cicero auf Lateinisch zitieren, lernte als Oberschüler Hebräisch, und die Propheten waren ihm lieb«. Schon das legt nahe, bei der Rekonstruktion der konzeptuellen Gesamtheit von Jonas’ Werk seiner Beziehung zum klassischen Erbe einen privilegierten Ort zu reservieren. Sicherlich ist (...) es nicht einfach, diese Beziehung zur antiken Philosophie klar und knapp darzustellen. (shrink)

This paper is about a certain view of intentionality, a problem faced by the view, and two ways in which, it has been proposed, the problem might be solved. The view is that every intentional state has an intentional object. The problem is that the putative intentional objects of some intentional states do not, or even cannot, exist. The two strategies to solve the problem and secure the view are those implemented by Tim Crane in his article “Intentional Objects”. In (...) this paper I argue that both Crane’s implementations and the strategies in general are unsuccessful. By way of overview, I also discuss other ways in which the problem has been addressed. (shrink)

Husserlian Essentialism is the view, maintained byEdmundHusserl throughout his career, that necessary truths obtain because essentialist truths obtain. In this thesis I have two goals. First, to reconstruct and flesh out Husserlian Essentialism and its connections with surrounding areas of Husserl's philosophy in full detail – something which has not been done yet. Second, to assess the theoretical solidity of the view. As regards the second point, after having presented Husserlian Essentialism in the first two chapters, I raise a serious (...) problem for it in Chapter 3. In the remainder of the thesis I endeavour to solve the problem. In order to do so, I propose to amend both Husserl's theory of essence and his theory of predication. The bulk of the emendation consists in working out an account of essence and an account of predication that do not presuppose, or in any way imply, the claims that: 1) for a universal to be in the essence of an object, either the object or one of its parts must instantiate the universal; 2) for a universal to be truly predicated of an object, either the object or one of its parts must instantiate the universal. These claims, notice, apart from being what gets Husserl in trouble, are well entrenched not only in Husserl's, but in most theories of essence and predication. It is thus interesting to see what an alternative option may be – even regardless of the Husserlian setting in which I work it out. (shrink)

Le scepticisme implique-t-il de refuser toute valeur à l’expérience? Le corpus de Sextus Empiricus permet de montrer que la notion d’expérience joue un rôle central dans la philosophie néo-pyrrhonienne. Si l’on accepte de renoncer à établir des relations causales universelles et nécessaires entre les phénomènes, le scepticisme néo-pyrrhonien trouve dans l’observation empirique un modèle alternatif d’explication de la réalité comparable à celui qui est à l’œuvre dans l’empirisme contemporain. De même, l’attention portée par Sextus Empiricus à l’observation ( têrêsis ) (...) – qui prend alors le sens d’observance – permet de comprendre en quel sens le scepticisme propose une éthique originale tout entière tournée vers le projet de l’adaptation à la vie ordinaire. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em detalhar como os termos éthos (grafado com epsílon) e êthos (com eta), ao mesmo tempo em que diferem, se completam entre si. Visto que os dois termos estão intimamente associados aos conceitos de phýsis (de natureza) e de moîra (de necessidade ou destino) este estudo quer também explicitar como se dá essa inter-relação.

Buscando apresentar uma interpretação para EN I 4 1095a31-b13, este artigo defende que a digressão nela feita por Aristóteles pretende caracterizar a investigação recém iniciada como promissora, opondo-a, ainda que não explicitamente, ao modo rígido socrático-platônico de fazer Ética ou Política. Para tanto, propõe-se uma interpretação pouco usual do termo que como o princípio buscado e não como ponto de partida da investigação. Recusa-se igualmente ver na passagem mencionada uma referência ao modo ou etapas de aquisição de virtude moral ou (...) prudência, mas de um corpo preciso de conhecimento ou ciência, a Ética ou Política. (shrink)

La piega critica del realismo filosofico di Tommaso rivela una realtà inaferrabile dischiudendo al soggetto nuove possibilità conoscitive, che ci restituiscono un Tommaso un po' meno tomista.

Una proposta di lettura ";trascendentalista"; del ";De ente"; di Tommaso d'Aquino. Il venir meno dei presupposti per fondare un rapporto forte tra discorso e realtà.

The major aim of this article consists in ascertaining the reasons which drove Bacon to compose what he called Instauratio Magna: a great institution of the future science in terms of an broad restoration of the past of science. It brings an exposition of his project (of what he meant to do) in contradistinction to what he effectively accomplished. Cconsidering that Kant dedicated to Bacon his Critique of Pure Reason, it is also an imperative concern of this article to search (...) for the reasons of this dedication. (shrink)