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Summary

Pyrrhonism was one of the two main skeptical traditions in ancient philosophy. It originated in the Hellenistic era and continued into the Imperial age. The history of ancient Pyrrhonism is commonly divided into the early Pyrrhonism of Pyrrho of Elis (360–270 BC) and his leading disciple Timon of Phlius (320–230 BC), and the later Pyrrhonism (sometimes called “neo-Pyrrhonism” particularly in French scholarship) of Aenesidemus of Cnossos (first century BC) and Sextus Empiricus (late second century AD).

Key works Hankinson 1995 and Thorsrud 2009 offer a useful overview of ancient Pyrrhonism in English. Bett 2000 is the best book-length study of Pyrrho and his possible forerunners.
Introductions Machuca 2011
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  1. THE STOICS AND SEXTUS EMPIRICUS - (F.) Ruge The Stoic Theory of Sign and Proof. (Philosophical Studies in Ancient Thought 2.) Pp. 166. Basel: Schwabe, 2022. Cased, CHF48. ISBN: 978-3-7965-4555-9. [REVIEW]Máté Veres - 2025 - The Classical Review 75 (1).
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  2. The Contemporary Reception of Academic Skepticism.Diego E. Machuca - 2025 - In Francesco Verde, Cicero's Academici Libri. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.
    This chapter examines the reception of the thought of the so-called skeptical Academy, as expounded in Cicero’s Academics, within contemporary philosophy. This task is more complex than evaluating the reception of Pyrrhonian skepticism. While Pyrrhonism, as presented in the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, has been the subject of considerable discussion among contemporary philosophers, Academic skepticism is rarely mentioned. Moreover, when it is mentioned, the ancient source cited is more often Sextus than Cicero. Finally, rather than observing a direct influence (...)
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  3. Cicero's Academici Libri.Francesco Verde (ed.) - 2025 - Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.
    This chapter examines the reception of the thought of the so-called skeptical Academy, as expounded in Cicero’s Academics, within contemporary philosophy. This task is more complex than evaluating the reception of Pyrrhonian skepticism. While Pyrrhonism, as presented in the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, has been the subject of considerable discussion among contemporary philosophers, Academic skepticism is rarely mentioned. Moreover, when it is mentioned, the ancient source cited is more often Sextus than Cicero. Finally, rather than observing a direct influence (...)
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  4. Nietzsche’s Portrayal of Pyrrho.David Hurrell - 2024 - Nietzsche Studien 53 (1):17-42.
    Nietzsche’s portrayal of Pyrrho is predominately contained in two of his notebooks from 1888, and they present a somewhat ambivalent attitude toward him. In this article, I offer an explanation for Nietzsche’s variegated observations, and contend that his interest in Pyrrho is not really founded upon his radical scepticism as one might expect. Rather, it is Nietzsche’s preoccupation with decadence in general – and its ancient Greek philosophical incarnations in particular – that drives his scrutiny of Pyrrho. I describe Nietzsche’s (...)
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  5. The Curious Case of the Disappearance of Pyrrhonism from Continental Philosophy.Robb Dunphy - 2025 - International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 15 (1):32-58.
    In this article, evidence is briefly presented for three facts that together point to something puzzling. (1) That major continental philosophers of the nineteenth century tended to engage in some detail, as part of a broader preoccupation with ancient Greek thought, with Pyrrhonian scepticism. (2) That major continental philosophers of the twentieth century tended to engage in some depth with their nineteenth-century forebears and maintained their tendency to engage significantly with ancient Greek thought. (3) That twentieth-century continental philosophers demonstrate little (...)
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  6. Against the arithmeticians. Sextus - 2024 - Boston: Brill. Edited by Lorenzo Corti.
    Arithmetic deals with numbers: but what is the nature of their existence, of their parts, and of their relationship with countable items? These questions nourished a lively debate between the Platonico-Pythagorean tradition (trying to answer them) and the Pyrrhonian tradition (trying to show that these answers were unsatisfactory). The debate lies at the heart of Sextus Empiricus' Against the Arithmeticians. The present book aims at facing the remarkable historical and philosophical questions raised by Sextus' treatise by offering a new translation (...)
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  7. Suspension of Belief.Daniel Vazquez - 2024 - Cambridge University Press.
    This Element offers a systematic outline of ancient conceptions and uses of suspension of belief (understood broadly) while engaging with contemporary philosophy. It discusses the notion of epochē ('suspension of judgement') and other related terms, like aporia, aphasia, paradox, hypothesis, agnosticism, and Socratic wisdom. It examines the Academic and Pyrrhonian sceptics and some of their arguments and strategies for suspension. It also includes the use and conditions for suspension of belief in other philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Plotinus, (...)
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  8. A Humean Solution to Agrippa’s Trilemma —and an Internalist Scape to Bergmann’s Dilemma.I. G. Vilaro - 2023 - Signos Filosóficos 49:8-36.
    In this paper, I analyse Agrippa’s trilemma, an old skeptical argument that questions the possibility of justifying any arbitrary belief p and its paradox about jus-tification. Assuming that neither infinitism nor skepticism are satisfactory positions, the main alternatives available to face the problem (foundationism, coherentism and epistemic externalism) are outlined, as well as some central arguments that show the serious difficulties they face. In the case of foundationalism, these problems arise from two dilemmas, which work together with the trilemma to (...)
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  9. Sextus Empiricus's Works as Guideline for Simone Luzzatto's Socratic Ignorance.Michela Torbidoni - 2024 - In Giuseppe Veltri & Michela Torbidoni, Simone Luzzatto’s Scepticism in the Context of Early Modern Thought. Leiden ; Boston: BRILL.
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  10. Investigation and Tranquillity in Sextus Empiricus.Svavar Hrafn Svavarsson - 2024 - Phronesis 69 (1):97-121.
    Sextus Empiricus tells us that the sceptics conduct investigations. Genuine investigations are commonly taken to have some connection with the aim of discovering truth. Sextus also tells us that the sceptics aim at tranquillity in their investigations. But they do this only by suspending judgement. In what sense, then, are their investigations connected with the aim of discovering truth? This article argues that there is a sense in which Sextus can reasonably take sceptical investigations to be connected with the aim (...)
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  11. Cornelius Agrippa, the humanist theologian and his declamations.Marc Van Der Poel - 1997 - New York: E.J. Brill.
    A study of the philosophical and theological thought of Henry Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim (1486-1535). It contains new perspectives on Agrippa's place in the world of humanism and offers a new approach to the interpretation of Renaissance declamations.
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  12. Renaissance magic as a step towards secularism: Agrippa, Bruno, Campanella.Elisabeth Blum - 2024 - Intellectual History Review 34 (1):67-74.
    Renaissance magic was an attempt to supply Platonism with a philosophy of nature that could compete with Aristotelian physics. It was expected to heal the increasing breach between science and faith. However, the basic presupposition of every magic worldview, the notion of a living universe, favors immanentism and arguably hastened the rise of secularism. Secularism, it should be noted, was not an identifiable set of theories but a process towards modernity with its correspondent philosophical theology. Three different stages in that (...)
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  13. Sextus Empiricus’ Moral Scepticism Revisited.Işıl Çeşmeli - 2023 - Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi / Cilicia Journal of Philosophy 10 (2):92-105.
    Pyrrhonism, named after the scepticism of Pyrrho of Elis, as one of the significant philosophical doctrines in the history of philosophy, was revived by Aenesidemus and Agrippa, and defended by Sextus Empiricus, its last follower, against criticisms in the theoretical and practical contexts. Pyrrhonian scepticism, based on three tenets as the state of equipollence, suspension of judgment and ataraxia, accepts adherence to appearances as a practical guide for life. The aim of this study is to discuss Sextus’ objections regarding two (...)
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  14. Problematic Reflection on Awareness of Scepsis` Nature: Sextus Empiricus and Kant.Sergii Kiriienko - 2001 - Sententiae 3 (1):58-67.
    The author`s aim is to prove, that scepsis in aspects of scepticism can be compared in wider perspective with other philosophical movements. Because Sextus Empiricus says about sceptical abiloty in general, then he says about its transcendental dimension. Hence we can speak about scepsis as such. Fundamentality of sceptical ability allows it to stay the same in thinking of Sextus Empiricus, Kant, Descartes, Plato. Scepsis differs from scepticism as general from local. Scepsis arguments, in contrast with scepticism arguments, are universal, (...)
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  15. Against the arithmeticians.Lorenzo Corti - 2023 - Boston: Brill. Edited by Lorenzo Corti.
    Arithmetic deals with numbers: but what is the nature of their existence, of their parts, and of their relationship with countable items? These questions nourished a lively debate between the Platonico-Pythagorean tradition (trying to answer them) and the Pyrrhonian tradition (trying to show that these answers were unsatisfactory). The debate lies at the heart of Sextus Empiricus' Against the Arithmeticians. The present book aims at facing the remarkable historical and philosophical questions raised by Sextus' treatise by offering a new translation (...)
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  16. Contemporariety of Ancient Scepticism. Vogt, K., & Vlasits, J. (Eds.). (2020). Epistemology After Sextus Empiricus. New York: Oxford UP. [REVIEW]Oleksandr Lukovyna - 2023 - Sententiae 42 (3):134-140.
    Review of Vogt, K., & Vlasits, J. (Eds.). (2020). Epistemology After Sextus Empiricus. New York: Oxford UP.
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  17. Pyrrho and Vagueness: A Fregean Analysis.Refik Güremen - 2023 - International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 13 (3):183-201.
    Pyrrho of Elis advises us not to trust our sensations and opinions, but instead to be without opinions about individual things. He suggests that such a state is to be achieved by saying, concerning each individual thing, that it is “no more” a certain way than it is not. This paper argues that the current metaphysical reading of Pyrrho’s views falls short of explaining why we should not trust our sensations and opinions; in addition, it does not explain how to (...)
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  18. Contro i logici. Sextus - 1975 - Bari: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  19. Dogmatismes et scepticisme : la variété des rapports à la vérité selon Sextus Empiricus.Enzo Godinot - 2023 - L’Enseignement Philosophique 73 (3):45-57.
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  20. Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius.Andrea Strazzoni - 2022 - Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy.
    Agrippa was the main expounder of the occult philosophy, which is the knowledge of the hidden causes of things and is finalized to their manipulation by magic. Magic, in turn, is the highest form and the end of philosophy. According to his De occulta philosophia, magic is threefold: natural (concerning sublunar world), celestial (concerning stars and heavenly intelligences), and divine (concerning God and higher angels). It consists of the manipulation of concrete objects and of the summoning of intelligences and God, (...)
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  21. Schulze's Scepticism and the Rise and Rise of German Idealism.Robb Dunphy - 2024 - In Robb Dunphy & Toby Lovat, Metaphysics as a Science in Classical German Philosophy. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 226-250.
    In this chapter, Robb Dunphy is concerned with the nature of G.E. Schulze's scepticism as he presents it in his 1792 work Aenesidemus, and with its relation to the metaphysical projects of Kant, Reinhold, and later German Idealists. After introducing Schulze's text, Dunphy turns to a recent interpretation offered by Jessica Berry, who claims that the extent to which Schulze endorsed a genuinely Pyrrhonian Scepticism has gone unacknowledged, both by his idealist contemporaries and by the majority of the secondary literature (...)
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  22. St. Paul’s discourse and dialogue with King Agrippa and Governor Festus as a model for contemporary inter-religious understanding and communication.Aaron John Samuel James Sundar - 2022 - Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 14 (2).
    In a day in which there are different religious system vying for acceptance and probably even dominance, it is high time to identify a peaceful model for inter-religious understanding and communication. St. Paul had several interactions with the Jewish leaders, monarchs and government officials on religious topics and issues in between A.D. 60 to A.D 62 at Caesarea. His interaction with King Agrippa II and Governor Festus can be used as a paradigm for contemporary inter-religious understanding and communication. Even though (...)
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  23. Madhyamaka and Pyrrhonian Approaches to the Skeptical Way of Life.Christopher Paone - 2024 - East Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (1):189-209.
    This essay develops an intercultural approach to the skeptical way of life through an interpretation of two classical traditions: the Pyrrhonian tradition of ancient Greece and the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition of classical India. The skeptical way of life is characterized by several important features, including a goal of tranquility or of freedom from disturbance and suffering, a philosophical strategy of dialectical argument that terminates in the suspension of judgment or the abandonment of views, a purgative philosophic therapy, and life without (...)
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  24. Contro i matematici: libri I-VI. Sextus - 1972 - Bari: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  25. Studien zu Sextus Empiricus.Werner Heintz - 1972 - Hildesheim,: H.A. Gerstenberg. Edited by Richard Harder.
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  26. Sochinenii︠a︡. Sextus - 1975 - Moskva: Myslʹ. Edited by A. F. Losev.
    t. 1. Dve knigi protiv logikov. Dve knigi protiv fizikov.--t. 2. Protiv uchenykh. Tri knigi Pirronovykh polozheniĭ.
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  27. Sextus Empiricus Against the Arithmeticians: Translated with an Introduction and Commentary by Lorenzo Corti.Lorenzo Corti - 2023 - BRILL.
    This is the first dedicated commentary to Sextus Empiricus’ treatise _Against the Arithmeticians_, dealing with crucial issues in the history of the sceptical, Platonic and Pythagorean traditions and in the ancient philosophy of mathematics.
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  28. Die Kunst des glücklichen Zweifelns: antike Skepsis bei Sextus Empiricus: philosophische Rekonstruktion nach der "Logik des Verstehens".Josef Schmucker - 1986 - Amsterdam: B.R. Grüner.
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  29. Schizzi pirroniani.Sextus Empiricus - 1988 - Roma: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  30. Por que o cético nao abdica da argumentacao? Notas sobre estratégia e motivação no ceticismo pirrônico.Rogerio Lopes - 2006 - Síntese: Revista de Filosofia 33 (106):213-228.
    This article considers two alternative responses to the question of the motivation behind the suspensive argumentation developed by the Pyrrhonic version of the ancient scepticism and also shows their respective difficulties: a) the therapeutic motivation, that takes the suspension of assent for the condition to reach not only a state of mental tranquillity concerning matters of opinion but also a moderate attitude towards passions; b) the epistemic motivation, which states that the suspension corresponds to the unique possibility to preserve philosophical (...)
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  31. Outlines of scepticism.Sextus Empiricus - 1994 - New York: Cambridge University Press. Edited by Julia Annas & Jonathan Barnes.
    Outlines of Scepticism, by the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, is a work of major importance. It is the fullest extant account of ancient Scepticism, and also one of our most copious sources of information about the other Hellenistic philosophies. Moreover, the rediscovery of Sextus in the sixteenth century brought about a revolution in philosophy. Anyone interested in the history of philosophy must have at least an acquaintance with Sextus, and for students of Hellenistic philosophy his writings are indispensable. Julia Annas (...)
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  32. Gegen die Wissenschaftler 1-6. Sextus - 2001 - Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. Edited by Fritz Jürss.
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  33. Junsui Bukkyō: Sekusutosu to Nāgārujuna to Witogenshutain no hazama de kangaeru = Sextus Empiricus, Nāgārjuna, Ludwig Wittgenstein.Hiroshi Kurosaki - 2005 - Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Shunjūsha.
    双子のようによく似たギリシャ懐疑哲学と仏教の〈空〉の思想。両者を丹念に読み解くとき、透徹した「縁起=言語ゲーム」の世界に揺らめくわれわれの生の真実が浮かびあがる。ウィトゲンシュタインを起点に世界史的規 模で展開する哲学の本当の意味を求める旅。.
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  34. Distancias.Felipe Martínez Marzoa - 2011 - Madrid: Abada Editores.
    La distancia se menciona aquí con la pretensión de aludir de un golpe a cosas como la theoría, la sképsis, la epokhé. En el caso de un decir relevante, distancia resulta ser a la vez lo que hay en ese decir, lo que en él se efectúa y se expone, y también la actitud o el acontecimiento en el que es posible entender ese decir.
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  35. Contra los dogmáticos.Sextus Empiricus - 2012 - Madrid: Editorial Gredos. Edited by Martos Montiel & Juan Francisco.
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  36. Hume is the Enemy of Pyrrho.Dominic K. Dimech - 2021 - Philosophy 96 (4):651-674.
    I offer reasons against reading Hume as a Pyrrhonian sceptic. I argue that Hume's scepticism is motivated differently, that his sceptical strategies are not analogous to Pyrrhonism's, and that it is profitable to read Hume as a critic of Pyrrhonism. I hold that the most informative point of comparison between Hume and Sextus Empiricus is a point of difference, namely, their stands on the connection between suspension of judgement (epochê) and tranquillity (ataraxia). For Sextus, tranquillity flows naturally from suspending judgement (...)
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  37. Pyrrhonism and the Value of Law.Stéphane Marchand - 2021 - Polis 38 (3):573-587.
    The aim of this paper is to determine how a Pyrrhonian considers the Law and can respond to Aristocles’ objection that a Pyrrhonian is unable to obey laws. First, we analyze the function of the Law in the 10th Mode of Aenesidemus, in order to show laws as a dogmatic source of value. But Sextus shows also that the Sceptic can live in a human society by following laws and customs, according to so-called ‘sceptical conformism’. In the light of Pyrrhonian (...)
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  38. Si può vivere felici agendo secondo le circostanze?: una disamina della prassi morale in Sesto Empirico.Timoteo Crispolti - 2014 - Roma: Aracne editrice S.r.l..
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  39. Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean Scepticism.Alan Bailey - 2002 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
    Alan Bailey offers a clear exposition and defence of the philosophy of Sextus Empiricus, one of the most influential of ancient thinkers, the father of philosophical scepticism.
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  40. Hume's Scepticism, Pyrrhonian and Academic by Peter S. Fosl. [REVIEW]Stefanie Rocknak - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (4):700-701.
    Peter Fosl presents an engaging and historically rich account of Hume's skepticism. For those readers interested in deepening their knowledge and understanding of Pyrrhonian and Academic skepticism, both in regard to their origins and their legacy, I highly recommend it. But I also recommend it for those who would like to better understand Hume's skepticism, although I do think there is some tension in Fosl's reading. Before I discuss this tension, a brief summary of the book is in order. Fosl's (...)
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  41. Conflicting Appearances, Suspension of Judgment, and Pyrrhonian Skepticism without Commitment.Tamer Nawar - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (4):537-560.
    By means of the Ten Modes, Pyrrhonian skeptics appeal to conflicting appearances to bring about suspension of judgment. However, precisely how the skeptic might do so in a nondogmatic manner is not entirely clear. In this paper, I argue that existing accounts of the Modes face significant objections, and I defend an alternative account that better explains the logical structure, rational nature, and effectiveness of the Modes. In particular, I clarify how the Modes appeal to concerns about epistemic impartiality and (...)
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  42. Sextus empiricus: Against those in the disciplines. Sextus - 2018 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Edited by Richard Arnot Home Bett.
    This is the first complete English translation of Sextus Empiricus' Against Those in the Disciplines that includes substantial interpretive aids, including introduction, extensive notes, and glossary. The work discusses six specialized fields of study: grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astrology, and music.
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  43. Sextus Empiricus's use of dunamis.Stéphane Marchand - 2019 - In Giuseppe Veltri, Racheli Haliva, Stephan Schmid & Emidio Spinelli, Sceptical paths: enquiry and doubt from antiquity to the present. Berlin: De Gruyter.
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  44. Zarysy pyrrońskie.Sekstus Empiryk - 2019 - Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. Edited by Zbigniew Nerczuk.
    Przełożył, wstępem i przypisami opatrzył Zbigniew Nerczuk Zarysy Pyrrońskie – traktat w trzech księgach będący dziełem sceptyka Sekstusa Empiryka (II/III wiek n.e.), należy do kanonu tekstów filozoficznych, będąc jednym z niewielu zachowanych okruchów wielkiej tradycji krytycznej i sceptycznej, swymi źródłami sięgającej presokratyków, sofistyki i Sokratesa, rozwiniętej przez Pyrrona, a zwieńczonej wielkim dziełem Sekstusa Empiryka. Tradycja ta przez stulecia lekceważona i marginalizowana wskutek założonej przez kulturę europejską dominacji myśli Platona i Arystotelesa, odkryta i rozpowszechniona w XVI wieku, wyznaczyła kierunek rozwoju dalszej (...)
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  45. Contre les logiciens.René Lefebvre - 2019 - Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Edited by René Lefebvre.
    Sextus Empiricus (IIe-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) est le dernier philosophe sceptique de l'Antiquite et le seul dont l'uvre soit en grande partie conservee. Son Contre les dogmatiques prend pour cible la connaissance philosophique. Cet ensemble de traites tres argumente est articule suivant la distinction, d'epoque hellenistique, entre trois parties de la philosophie, la logique, la physique et l'ethique. On donne ici la premiere traduction francaise de la premiere et plus importante partie de cet ouvrage, le Contre les logiciens, qui conteste (...)
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  46. (1 other version)Value disagreement, action, and commitment.Sergio Tenenbaum - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt, Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
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  47. Echoes of Sextus Empiricus in Nietzsche?Richard Bett - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt, Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
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  48. Incomplete ignorance.Jens Haas & Katja Maria Vogt - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt, Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
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  49. The first riddle of induction : Sextus Empiricus and the formal learning theorists.Justin Vlasits - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt, Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
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  50. Pyrrhonian skepticism and humean skepticism : belief, evidence, and causal power.Don Garrett - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt, Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
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