James of Viterbo OESA,, let us only one political treatise, the De regimine christiano,, writen during the climax of the conflict between Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France,, in which, among other subjects, he also explained how must be the behavior of the king, under a religious-ethical perspective. The main theme of the XIV Congress of Medieval Philosophy: Continuity and discontinuities, allows to explain about this matter and to check that it well corresponds the whises of (...) some societies and peoples of our time. Thus, according the Doctor Gratiosus’ sight, we will discuss about the king’s duties to God, to himself and to his subjects. (shrink)

Neste estudo, com base nos principais escritos políticos de D. Frei Álvaro Pais O. Min. (c. 1270-c. 1350) analisamos sua concepção a respeito da origem ou causa eficiente do poder espiritual e, igualmente, seu pensamento no tocante à finalidade ou causa final do referido poder. Quanto ao primeiro tópico, o Bispo de Silves quer principalmente refutar algumas das teses de Marsílio de Pádua contidas na 2.ª Parte do seu Defensor da Paz, completamente opostas à teologia do sacerdócio católico e seus (...) graus hierárquicos e à do Primado Petrino. Para tanto, quase literalmente, haure-se, entre outras fontes, particularmente no De regimine christiano (1301) de Tiago de Viterbo OSA. Com respeito à finalidade do poder sacerdotal, de um lado, Álvaro sustenta a doutrina tradicional da Igreja a seu respeito e, de outro, em conseqüência, como partidário da hierocracia, defende a tese de que na, Societas Christiana, os detentores do poder espiritual, particularmente o Sumo Pontífice, ocupam uma posição mais eminente em relação aos governantes seculares. (shrink)

In this study, based in the main political works of D. Fr. Alvarus Pelagius O. Min. (c. 1270- c.1350) we analyze his conception on the origin or efficient cause of the spiritual power and, also, his thought about the finality or final cause of the mentioned power. Referring to the first topic, the Bishop of Silves wants principally refutes some Marsilius of Padua’s thesis contained in the Second Dictio of his Defensor Pacis, completely different of the theology of the catholic (...) priesthood and their hierarchic degrees and the Peter’s Primacy. With this purpose, ad litteram, he bases, between other sources, specially, in James’ of Viterbo OSA De regimine christiano (1301). Concerning the finality of the spiritual power, on the one hand, Alvarus supports the Church’s traditional thought about this matter and, the other hand, by consequence, as member and defender of the hierocratic thought, he defends the thesis according which, in the Societas Christiana, the priests, the bishops and, principally, the Roman Pontiff hold the most important position concerning the secular rulers. (shrink)

Neste estudo, com base nos principais escritos políticos de D. Frei Álvaro Pais O. Min. (c. 1270- c.1350) analisamos sua concepção a respeito da origem ou causa eficiente do poder espiritual e, igualmente, seu pensamento no tocante à finalidade ou causa final do referido poder. Quanto ao primeiro tópico, o Bispo de Silves quer principalmente refutar algumas das teses de Marsílio de Pádua contidas na 2ª Parte do seu Defensor da Paz, completamente opostas à teologia do sacerdócio católico e seus (...) graus hierárquicos e à do Primado Petrino. Para tanto, quase literalmente, haure-se, entre outras fontes, particularmente no De regimine christiano (1301) de Tiago de Viterbo OSA. Com respeito à finalidade do poder sacerdotal, de um lado, Álvaro sustenta a doutrina tradicional da Igreja a seu respeito e, de outro, em conseqüência, como partidário da hierocracia, defende a tese de que na, Societas Christiana, os detentores do poder espiritual, particularmente o Sumo Pontífice, ocupam uma posição mais eminente em relação aos governantes seculares. (shrink)

_De regimine Christiano_, produced at the height of the great conflict of 1296-1303 between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair of France, is a detailed and rigorous defence of the papacy’s claim to supremacy even in temporal matters.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o modo como a linguagem religiosa é tratada por Wittgenstein, recorrendo, para isso, a alguns dos seus escritos que tangenciam esse tema. Inicialmente, será feita a exposição de alguns aspectos importantes de sua filosofia, em especial aqueles que abordam as relações entre linguagem e realidade, seja nos seus escritos iniciais, como no _Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus_, seja em sua filosofia tardia, que tem as _Investigações Filosóficas_ como sua obra mais emblemática. Após a exposição e a análise (...) do modo como a linguagem religiosa é tratada nos diferentes momentos de sua filosofia, será feita uma avaliação crítica de suas propostas. (shrink)

This article is a methodological discussion of formal approaches to the question of identity of proofs from a philosophical standpoint. First, an introduction to the question of identity of proofs itself is given, followed by a brief reconstruction of the so-called normalisation thesis, proposed by Dag Prawitz in 1971, in which some of its core mathematical and conceptual traits are presented. After that, a comparison between the normalisation thesis and the more well-known Church-Turing thesis on computability is carried out in (...) three main parts: the first dedicated to highlighting some of the analogies between them; the second, their most remarkable differences; and the third, to the possible relations of dependence between the two. Based on these considerations, some concluding remarks concerning the potential of the normalisation thesis and similar approaches to the question of identity of proofs are made in the last section. (shrink)

The central problem of the book of Job is represented in the question on how to combine the evils of an innocent with the righteousness of God. For the current doctrine of earthly rewards, such a case would be paradoxical. If each one must be treated according to his works, as a righteous man can suffer? There is a link between suffering and personal sin. Against this strict correlation, Job stands up with all the strength of his innocence. He fights (...) desperately to rediscover God that evades and whose kindness he continues to believe in. God intercedes only to reveal the transcendence of his being and his designs and reduce Job to the silence. This is the religious message of the book of Job: man should persist in faith even when his soul isn’t quiet. The book of Job asks us: is there free religion or it is always a self seeking trade? Rich and prosperous, Job becomes poor and with no future at all. Nevertheless, Job remains faithful and recognizes that God has the absolute right of disposing of all that had given him. Job says: “If we accept God’s riches, shouldn’t we also accept evil?”. Job demonstrated that he is able to profess and live a free religion, without any reward shadow. (shrink)

O presente texto, partindo das ideias de Derrida, pretende levantar um questionamento a respeito da repressão filosófica logocêntrica que quer classificar tudo como voz ativa e voz passiva. A différance derridiana, como diferenciação aberta e imprevisível, não se enquadra nos moldes gramatológicos ortodoxos, denotando uma voz intermediária, prenhe de potência, de possibilidades e de uma anarquia improvisadora. Derrida questiona o status do conhecimento pela desconstrução da escritura, interpelando a própria ordem conceitual, porém, não impondo limites à interpretação textual, mas utilizando-se (...) de conceitos indecidíveis, com o intuito de não colocar uma camisa de força aniquiladora da potência linguística e filosófica. (shrink)

The present article intends to approach as its theme the encounter between the religions in the perspective of the hope in Jürgen Moltmann. In the first moment, it is noticed that, due to the serious problems that affect today’s society, there is the necessity of having a cooperation among the different religions, which will only be possible if there is a perspective of change based on hope in the transformation of the current reality Secondly, there is the discussion about the (...) need for a theology of hope that changes our thoughts and builds new perspectives from faith, and that strengthens the collaborative bonds of all those who seek the same ideal of building an alternative world, where justice and peace are its base. A third moment will be based on the following question: from the eschaton, what other world is it possible to build? As a thesis, Moltmann’s thought will be the reason to understand that in the eschaton what unites prevails over what divides, for the urgencies of transformation overcome divergences, being fundamental the perspective of hope as lens from which it is possible a collaborative encounter between religions. (shrink)

O objetivo do nosso artigo é analisar como Sartre articula a relação entre a atividade e a passividade da subjetividade. Em primeiro lugar, argumenta-se que a fenomenologia desenvolvida nos anos 30 não desconsidera os fenômenos nos quais a consciência aparece alienada de sua espontaneidade, tais como o medo, o sonho, a alucinação, etc. Na verdade, notar-se-á que a compreensão da passividade da consciência ocupa um lugar central na totalidade das obras iniciais. Será a partir desse plano de fundo que faremos (...) uma breve análise da descrição da emoção em O esboço para uma teoria das emoções a fim de compreender como Sartre define passividade e atividade como dois aspectos da consciência que coexistem sem entrar em conflito. Para tanto, será demonstrado como a espontaneidade do modo de ser da consciência é a fonte da força esmagadora das coisas que a aprisiona sem que ela se apreenda como parte constituinte desse mundo que a cativa. Nesse ínterim, defenderemos a tese de que a síntese desses aspectos só é possível devido à separação metodológica entre síntese, a totalidade sintética homem-no-mundo, e análise, que permite compreender o papel de cada elemento da totalidade em questão. Tal separação perpassa o percurso sartriano e se mantém também na maneira em que se estabelece a relação entre liberdade e alienação nas obras tardias, como, por exemplo, a Crítica da razão dialética. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Paragrana Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 2 Seiten: 204-215.

One way to allocate tasks to agents is by ascribing them obligations. From obligations to be, agents are able to infer what are the forbidden, permitted and obligatory actions they may perform, by using the well-known Meyer’s reduction from obligations to be to obligations to do. However, we show through an example that this method is not completely adequate to guide agents’ decisions. We then propose a solution using, instead of obligations, the concept of ‘responsibility’. To formalise responsibility we use (...) a multiagent extension of propositional dynamic logic as framework, and then we define some basic concepts, such as ‘agent ability’, also briefly discussing the problem of uniform strategies and a possible solution. In the last part, we show that our framework can be used in the specification of normative multiagent systems, by presenting an extensive running example. (shrink)

According to Schroeder-Heister 2018, proof-theoretic semantics is ‘an alternative to truth-condition semantics. It is based on the fundamental assumption that the central notion in terms of which meanings are assigned to certain expressions of our language, in particular to logical constants, is that of proof rather than truth. In this sense proof-theoretic semantics is semantics in terms of proof. Proof-theoretic semantics also means the semantics of proofs, i.e. the semantics of entities which describe how we arrive at certain assertions given (...) certain assumptions.' This text advocates that proof-theoretic semantics, as described above, was an approach to semantical issues in logic that appeared in mainstream philosophical literature at least a couple of centuries before the tradition of general proof theory (cf. Prawitz 1971) came into being. This is done by means of an interpretive analysis of Kant’s 1762 essay Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren, in which two theses are argued: first, that the issue of justifying the logical validity of inferences is approached by Kant in this text, in a strong sense, in terms of proofs; and second, that the purpose of his effort is to establish a point concerning the semantical equivalence between certain distinct valid inferences. (shrink)

he psychiatrich reform aims to break the hegemony of the drug therapies by the introduction of other ways of treatment not only seeking to control the behavior of the subject. According to this, the present work is about an Extension Project that propose workshops where was producing artwork aimed t..

A etnia Tabajara da Paraíba está passando por um processo de etnogênese e luta para a sua autoafirmação e reconhecimento como povo indígena, bem como lutam pela retomada das suas terras que foram retiradas pelo processo de colonização e devido a ambição dos grandes proprietários de terras. Nesse processo, surge a profecia Tabajara, que traz um avivamento da sua espiritualidade, cultura e ritualística, reagrupando assim, um povo que estava espalhado e afastado das suas origens. O ritual do Toré ganha grande (...) importância, tornando-se imprescindível para os indígenas. O presente trabalho tem como base os autores Eliane Farias e Lusival Barcellos, pesquisadores das etnias indígenas paraibanas. Como objetivo da pesquisa, foi realizada uma breve análise da ritualística Tabajara, entre ela, o ritual do Toré, tendo como base a pesquisa bibliográfica. (shrink)

This paper aims to share reflections produced in the core of a research developed in everyday life of a school located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in order to think the teacher training process and the child's potentiality in it. Through an investigation from the perspective of research with daily life, making use of narratives produced in the field notebook and of impressions and senses created throughout the investigation, brings two scenes experienced in the daily life of the (...) mentioned public school and, with them, discusses concepts of training and child, defending the latter as a legitimate other in teacher education and training as a singular process and at the same time, collective and polyphonic. Finally, from the proposed problematization, the text invites us to think training with childhood in the quality of training as experience: that one which makes us think and think about ourselves, that is a training that moves us and causes us to inquire about our certainties and crystallized truths, invites us to be already others of ourselves, to rethink our ways of being, to be and to live the teaching experience with the children. Therefore, it is an invitation to think about our place and the place of children, in other words, our relationship in education and teacher's training. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo pretendo expor sinteticamente os problemas levantados contra uma das formas de realismo científico conhecida como realismo experimental, além de propor uma formulação mais aceitável do mesmo, resistente a tais críticas. Os problemas alegados pelos oponentes do realismo experimental variam desde a acusação de inadequação em relação à prática da comunidade científica, até a inconsistência ao admitir entidades e propriedades postuladas teoricamente recusando, entretanto, as teorias em que tais entidades e propriedades aparecem. Some-se a essas críticas a de (...) que o próprio critério do realismo de entidades seria implausível, seja porque falha na produção de crenças verdadeiras ou porque não fornece garantias melhores do que outras formas de realismo científico. Argumentarei que, adotando o realismo experimental exclusivamente como um critério epistêmico e aplicando tal critério às propriedades é possível contornar as críticas, reabilitando uma proposta realista que muitos consideravam já descartada. ABSTRACT In this paper, I will expose briefly the problems raised against one kind of scientific realism known by experimental realism and also will propose an acceptable formulation of that realism, resistant to those criticisms. The problems claimed by the experimental realism’s opponents range from the accusation of inadequacy with the scientific community’s practice to the claim that the admission of entities and proprieties without accepting the theories in which those proprieties and entities are supposed is incoherent. Besides, there is another criticism which states that the entities realism’s criterion is implausible, either because it fails to produce true beliefs or because there is no better warranty in adopting it than other kinds of scientific realism. I will argue that adopting experimental realism exclusively as an epistemic criterion and applying that criterion to proprieties it is possible to escape the criticisms, rehabilitating a realist propose that many people though already discarded. (shrink)

O presente artigo ocupa-se em refletir sobre os fundamentos da paz entre as religiões presentes no De pace fidei de Nicolau de Cusa. O artigo se divide em cinco momentos onde tentamos partir da contextualização que motivou a escrita da obra até seus desdobramentos filosóficos, políticos e culturais que ocultam/revelam o problema da relação unidade e diversidade. Palavras-chave: Paz. Fé. Ritos. Unidade. Diversidade.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo expor o debate acerca do dinamismo da busca pela verdade absoluta (Deus) a partir da filosofia de Nicolau de Cusa (1401-1464). Mais que pensar sobre a existência ou não de Deus, tema recorrente e central na Filosofia da Idade Média, o filósofo alemão encontrava-se preocupado com a possibilidade do seu conhecimento. Portanto, nesse texto, nosso esforço é explicitar as nuances e o dinamismo presente no pensamento de Nicolau a partir do pressuposto da _nulla proportio_ (...) entre a mente humana que é finita e a verdade absoluta que é infinita. (shrink)

Neste artigo buscamos refletir acerca de uma ontologia da relação no pensamento de Karl Marx. Tomamos como ponto de partida a obra A Ideologia Alemã. Na filosofia marxiana, a ontologia nasce do pensamento cotidiano, isto é, o sujeito com suas relações passa a primeiro plano na história. Aqui o homem é visto como atividade sensível, e isso significa vê-lo como mescla de teoria e práxis, tendo a vida real, ou a prática, como fundamento constitutivo da teoria, e não o inverso.

Fruto da experiência proporcionada pela disciplina Estágio Supervisionado III do curso de Licenciatura em Filosofia, Campus Caicó-CaC, da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte-UERN, este relato objetiva discutir o ensino de filosofia e a relação do professor de filosofia com a filosofia a partir de uma experiência de docência em filosofia no Ensino Médio.

This paper is meant as a contribution to the general issue of authenticity in musical performances, an issue often debated at a rarefied, speculative level, by introducing a comparison between three case studies consisting of the performative choices in three renown recordings of performances of Bach’s Fugue BWV 1000: two on the classical guitar and one on the lute. This approach allows us to pursue in greater detail the tacit aesthetic and ontological underpinnings of such options. Finally, I use the (...) conceptual apparatus gathered to argue that, generally 1) there are no good reasons to believe that a “historicist” approach, per se, will add aesthetic value to a performance and, in particular 2) it is perfectly adequate to use the modern classical guitar in performing Bach’s works. (shrink)

Although there is broad support in the current Brazilian legislation and many curricular documents published in the last three decades, we still face the challenge of the inclusive education in our classrooms. This is a qualitative research in which we investigate the perception of three school pedagogical coordinators about the inclusion of disabled children in regular classes of Elementary and High School of the schools that self-declared favorable to the Inclusive Education. The results suggest perceptions of Inclusive Education with specific (...) goal to comply with current legislation, which aims exclusively at the socialization of the disabled as a target of charity, without great teaching learning goals that allow equal access to school knowledge and continuity of study in the educational system. (shrink)

The recent pandemic and consequent lockdown had a substantial impact on mental health and optimism regarding the future. Previous research showed that levels of depression, anxiety, and stress had increased throughout the pandemic. Nonetheless, how individuals cope when faced with adversity may be associated with positive expectations regarding the future. A sample of 274 Portuguese workers with a mean age of 40.86 and work experience of 19.68 years met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the proposed study. They represented (...) a variety of working classes. We investigated the associations between depression, stress, anxiety, adaptive and maladaptive coping, and optimism while controlling for working experience, gender, and work type. We found that depression was related to lower levels of optimism. However, for participants scoring high on adaptive coping and anxiety, higher scores of optimism were reported. Gender, work type, and experience did not significantly influence the results. These results provide evidence through which positive mental health can be promoted after the pandemic. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate a logic for modelling individual and collective acceptances that is called acceptance logic. The logic has formulae of the form $A_{Gx} \phi $ reading 'if the agents in the set of agents G identify themselves with institution x then they together accept that φ'. We extend acceptance logic by two kinds of dynamic modal operators. The first kind are public announcements of the form x!ψ, meaning that the agents learn that ψ is the case in (...) context x. Formulae of the form [x!ψ]φ mean that φ is the case after every possible occurrence of the event x!ψ. Semantically, public announcements diminish the space of possible worlds accepted by agents and sets of agents. The announcement of ψ in context x makes all ¬ψ-Worlds inaccessible to the agents in such context. In this logic, if the set of accessible worlds of G in context x is empty, then the agents in G are not functioning as members of x, they do not identify themselves with x. In such a situation the agents in G may have the possibility to join x. To model this we introduce here a second kind of dynamic modal operator of acceptance shifting of the form G:x↑ψ. The latter means that the agents in G shift (change) their acceptances in order to accept ψ in context x. Semantically, they make ψ-worlds accessible to G in the context x, which means that, after such operation, G is functioning as member of x (unless there are no ψ-worlds). We show that the resulting logic has a complete axiomatization in terms of reduction axioms for both dynamic operators. In the paper we also show how the logic of acceptance and its dynamic extension can be used to model some interesting aspects of judgement aggregation. In particular, we apply our logic of acceptance to a classical scenario in judgment aggregation, the so-called 'doctrinal paradox' or 'discursive dilemma' (Pettit, Philosophical Issues 11: 268-299, 2001; Kornhauser and Sager, Yale Law Journal 96: 82-117, 1986). (shrink)

Public announcement logic is an extension of multiagent epistemic logic with dynamic operators to model the informational consequences of announcements to the entire group of agents. We propose an extension of public announcement logic with a dynamic modal operator that expresses what is true after any announcement: after which , does it hold that Kφ? We give various semantic results and show completeness for a Hilbert-style axiomatization of this logic. There is a natural generalization to a logic for arbitrary events.

Este artigo realiza uma incursão sobre os cadernos que Emmanuel Levinas escreveu durante o período que esteve em cativeiro em poder dos hitleristas, os chamados cadernos do cativeiro. Nossa análise terá por base, além destes cadernos, algumas observações que a filósofa portuguesa Fernanda Bernardo teceu sobre esse material levinasiano. Nossa hipótese é de que, conforme expressão de F. Bernardo, a assinatura ético-metafísica que Levinas gestou no seu período de cativeiro pode ser melhor entendida enquanto uma assinatura ético-socialista, ou seja, sustentaremos (...) que Levinas concebeu sua filosofia, sua ética, desde uma perspectiva declarada e consequentemente socialista. Palavras-chave: Socialismo, Liberalismo, Necessidade, Consumo, Propriedade. (shrink)

Since Plaza [1989], which is most of the time considered as the inaugural paper on announcement logics in public communication contexts, a lot of papers on dynamic epistemic logics have been published. The most famous dynamic epistemic logic is known by the name of PAL (Public Announcement Logic). The logic PAC is an extension of PAL with the common knowledge operator (CG). Soundness and completeness proofs of those logics are presented in van Ditmarsch et al. [2008], in Balbiani et al. (...) [2010] and in de Boer [2007]. Each of them used either a model-theoretic approach or a tableaux calculus. In the present paper, we propose an alternative approach to PAC based on the dialogical framework. (shrink)

NOTAS ACERCA DO CRIME DE FURTO DE COISA COMUM.

Jean-Paul Sartre e Michel Foucault travaram acirrado debate em torno de suas concepções acerca do que é a História. No presente artigo examinaremos o debate entre esses dois autores privilegiando as contribuições que fizeram a partir de suas obras principais nos anos 60. Na Crítica da Razão Dialética Sartre explicita uma noção de História que tem como perspectiva geral a superação e a transformação de estruturas pela práxis humana, determinando assim um lugar fundamental para a atividade do sujeito e de (...) sua consciência na história entendida como processo de totalização dialética. Por outro lado, em As Palavras e as Coisas e em A Arqueologia do Saber, Foucault inscreve sua arqueologia no contexto mais geral de uma mutação epistemológica da história. Seu objetivo é defender uma prática metodológica nova, desfazendo as sujeições antropológicas que, nas suas palavras, permeiam uma concepção obsoleta de história. A partir daí compreende-se sua preocupação em desconstruir uma determinada relação entre dialética-humanismo-história como forjadora de uma “grande evolução contínua e homogênea” para onde tudo converge. Investigando em que medida esta arqueologia esteve voltada para uma contraposição com a noção de história que tem o homem como garantia, isto é, um sujeito que faz a história e garante sua continuidade, veremos que o projeto sartreano de desalienação do homem encontra seu limite, em Foucault, na forma de um projeto de historicização que visa reduzir o lugar desse sujeito transcendental. Finalmente, esses deslocamentos tornam patentes novas possibilidades para se pensar a relação entre história e filosofia. (shrink)

This article has a double objective that aims to situate, theoretically and empirically, children's cartography as a research methodology. In a first movement, we will situate children's cartography in its epistemological and philosophical bases, having as inspiration the cartographic conceptions of the philosophy of Deleuze & Guattari and his commentators. The introduction of cartography with children shifts our research perspectives to include dimensions that were once imperceptible or relegated to a plane of lesser value: it maps, not just what children (...) see, but what they say, and chronicles the coexistence of children and the world in ways not previously available to adult-organized research vehicles. We illustrate by chronicling two cartographic experiences carried out with children and young people from Portugal and Brazil, and finish with a reflection on how researchers might configure mapping experiences that act to open the worlds of adults and children to each other. (shrink)