This article analyzes how the cooperative principles and values of the social economy are the most pertinent to enhance a relational intelligence that overcomes the potential adverse effects for people and territories of the delegation of human relations in an artificial intelligence built on capitalist values. The analysis is based on the case study of the French cooperative digital platform Les Oiseaux de Passage, which supports different European heritage communities in enhancing their cultural heritage through activities linked to the tourism (...) sector. In this case, the technology operates as a de-intermediary, de-automated and de-standardizer, providing greater transparency and equity to the set of relationships that are established and contributing to the development of more horizontal relationships and economic democracy among partners and with visitors. (shrink)

The ethic of care has often been opposed to the ethic of justice as offering a different and even a contradictory approach to moral problems. This article argues that, from the perspective of the discourse ethic, both approaches are complementary in a very fundamental sense, since each one applies to one of two stages of moral reasoning that are as different as they are interconnected. It argues, in particular, that while justice is concerned with the justification and elaboration of norms, (...) care is concerned with finding a solution for specific moral situations. The article then places considerations of care at the centre of ideal discourse and subordinates the importance of rational understanding and moral justification to intuitive communication. (shrink)

The ethic of care has often been opposed to the ethic of justice as offering a different and even a contradictory approach to moral problems. This article argues that, from the perspective of the discourse ethic, both approaches are complementary in a very fundamental sense, since each one applies to one of two stages of moral reasoning that are as different as they are interconnected. It argues, in particular, that while justice is concerned with the justification and elaboration of norms, (...) care is concerned with finding a solution for specific moral situations. The article then places considerations of care at the centre of ideal discourse and subordinates the importance of rational understanding and moral justification to intuitive communication. (shrink)

This paper provides an interpretation of Sein und Zeit §34, in the context of the existential analytic of Dasein. Dealing with the Rede – Sprache distinction, it tries to show how in Heidegger's conception, at least at the time of writing his main work, language is an existentially founded phenomenon that takes root in the prelinguistic opening of a space of meaning. In the light of this ontological structure of meaning and language it is possible to make sense of the (...) analyzed text and to do justice to the systematic place of language in the broader philosophical project of Sein und Zeit. This particular place makes the heideggerian approach to language radically different from other contemporary approaches to the phenomenon. (shrink)

Cet article est la synthèse d’une recherche approfondie sur l’archétype de la déesse mère exposée dans mon livre, Mère terrible, la déesse dans la religion du Mexique ancien (2007). Ici est présenté un résumé schématique des changements et métamorphoses dans la conception de la divinité féminine tout au long d’une histoire de plus de 4000 ans (2500 avant à 1520 après J.‑C.). Voici certaines des questions qui guident la recherche : Comment les habitants du Mexique ancien concevaient‑ils le mystère de (...) la féminité? Quelle relation mythique détient la déesse avec le miracle de la germination du maïs? Quelle place occupe la déesse, symbole cosmique de la naissance et de la mort, dans la société sacrificielle et guerrière des Aztèques? (shrink)

When discussing genetic prenatal enhancement, we often encounter objections related to “eugenics.” Those who want to defend prenatal enhancement either try to avoid using the term “eugenics” or talk about “liberal eugenics”, implying that what was wrong with the old eugenics was its coercive character, and claiming that while old eugenics went against reproductive freedom, the new liberal eugenics promotes freedom. In this paper we first explore the objection that genetic enhancement is a form of eugenics that limits parental freedom. (...) We then show how the same objection appears in other bioethical debates. Finally, we answer the objection, showing that genetic enhancement does not limit reproductive freedom in any important sense. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the treatment/enhancement distinction as employed by those against using the newest biomedical technologies for purposes other than those strictly curative. First, we analyze the most common definitions related to treatment, such as health, disease or medicine, showing their limitations and problems. Secondly, we consider three different tasks usually assigned to the treatment/enhancement distinction: 1) to establish what we owe to others, 2) to establish what should be included as part of a medical (...) insurance system and 3) to distinguish the morally permissible from the morally impermissible. We conclude that the treatment/enhancement distinction is a useful, if limited, tool for the first two tasks, but an inadequate one for the third. (shrink)

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para evaluar la influencia de la rehabilitación protésica en la calidad de vida de los pacientes desdentados totales tratados en las clínicas estomatológicas docentes "Ismael Clark Mascaró" y "La Vigía" en Camagüey, desde septiembre del 2009 a septiembre del 2013. El universo estuvo comprendido por 254 pacientes desdentados totales rehabilitados y una muestra de 43, a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio. Se obtuvo un predominio del grupo de 50-69 años y el sexo femenino. Al (...) determinar los problemas mecánicos se apreció que los flancos sobreextendidos, seguido de las inserciones frénicas sin liberar y la presencia de puntos prematuros de contacto, fueron las principales dificultades encontradas en los pacientes portadores de prótesis totales. La rehabilitación influyó en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. It was carried out a descriptive study with the objective to evaluate the influence of prosthetic rehabilitation in total toothless patients life quality treated in the teaching stomatological clinics ¨Ismael Clark Mascaró" and "La Vigía" in Camagüey, from September 2009 to September 2013, with a universe of study composed by 254 total toothless patients who were rehabilitated. The sample was of 43, through a random probabilistic sampling. There was a predominance of the female group aged from 50-69 years old, followed by the female group aged 70. While determining the mechanical problems it was appreciated that the flanks overextended, followed of phrenic insertions without being sustained and the presence of premature points of contact, and were the main difficulties found in the patient's carrier of total prostheses. Prosthetic rehabilitation influenced in the patients´ quality life. (shrink)

Recurrent, unvarying, and seemingly purposeless patterns of action and cognition are part of normal development, but also feature prominently in several neuropsychiatric conditions. Repetitive stereotyped behaviors can be viewed as exaggerated forms of learned habits and frequently correlate with alterations in motor, limbic, and associative basal ganglia circuits. However, it is still unclear how altered basal ganglia feedback signals actually relate to the phenomenological variability of RSBs. Why do behaviorally overlapping phenomena sometimes require different treatment approaches−for example, sensory shielding strategies (...) versus exposure therapy for autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder, respectively? Certain clues may be found in recent models of basal ganglia function that extend well beyond action selection and motivational control, and have implications for sensorimotor integration, prediction, learning under uncertainty, as well as aesthetic learning. In this paper, we systematically compare three exemplary conditions with basal ganglia involvement, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and autism spectrum conditions, to gain a new understanding of RSBs. We integrate clinical observations and neuroanatomical and neurophysiological alterations with accounts employing the predictive processing framework. Based on this review, we suggest that basal ganglia feedback plays a central role in preconditioning cortical networks to anticipate self-generated, movement-related perception. In this way, basal ganglia feedback appears ideally situated to adjust the salience of sensory signals through precision weighting of new sensory information, relative to the precision of predictions based on prior generated models. Accordingly, behavioral policies may preferentially rely on new data versus existing knowledge, in a spectrum spanning between novelty and stability. RSBs may then represent compensatory or reactive responses, respectively, at the opposite ends of this spectrum. This view places an important role of aesthetic learning on basal ganglia feedback, may account for observed changes in creativity and aesthetic experience in basal ganglia disorders, is empirically testable, and may inform creative art therapies in conditions characterized by stereotyped behaviors. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 106 Heft: 1 Seiten: 130-134.

The notions of fetishism and mystification constitute the fundamental concepts with which Marx analyzes the forms of appearance relating to capitalist societies. These concepts have an architectural role in the internal structure of Marx’ project of a critique of political economy. This paper aims to expose and discuss the interpretative contributions opened up by the book by Clara Ramas San Miguel: Fetiche y Mistificación capitalistas. La crítica de la economía política de Marx published in 2018 at Siglo XXI.

En replaçant les travaux de Philippe Walter dans les cadres historique et théorique des analyses bachelardiennes et durandiennes sur l’imaginaire, Blanca Solares met en évidence les apports spécifiques de ses thèses, tant du point de vue méthodologique que du point de vue idéologique. Cette entreprise de reconstruction des présupposés conceptuels de Philippe Walter permet de souligner l’importance d’une réévaluation en profondeur d’un imaginaire médiéval trop souvent compris à l’aune d’une conception simplificatrice de la christianisation, tout en montrant la nécessité (...) d’une approche nuancée et renouvelée des sources traditionnelles. By putting the work of Philippe Walter in the historical and theoretical contexts of the Bachelard and Durand’s analysis on the imaginary, Blanca Solares highlights the specific contributions of his theses, both from methodological and ideological points of view. This reconstruction effort on the conceptual presuppositions of Philippe Walter serves to accentuate the importance of a thorough revaluation of a medieval imaginary too often understood, at the beginning of a simplified design to the Christianization, while showing the need for a nuanced and renewed approach to traditional sources. Al situar las investigaciones de Philippe Walter dentro del marco histórico-teórico de los análisis de Bachelard y Durand sobre el imaginario, Blanca Solares evidencia sus aportes específicos, tanto metodológicos como ideológicos. Esta labor de reconstrucción de los fundamentos conceptuales de Philippe Walter muestra cuánto importa cambiar el enfoque al imaginario medieval empobrecido por unas aproximaciones a la cristianización demasiado simplificadoras y justifica plenamente una aproximación renovada y fina a las fuentes tradicionales. (shrink)

The current anti-doping policy in sports has enormous costs in economic, social, and human terms. As these costs are likely to become even bigger with the advent of bioenhancing technologies, in this paper I analyze the reasons for this policy. In order to clarify this issue, I compare sports with dance, an activity that has many similarities with sports but where there are no bans on performance enhancers. Considering the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria for banning a substance, we argue (...) that two of them, the potential to enhance performance and the risk for health, are similar in dance and sports, thus I claim that the difference had to be in the so-called “spirit” of sports and dance. After looking into this matter and analyzing the special case of dancesport, I conclude that the main difference can be found in the competitive character of sports and the subsequent concern about competitive justice. (shrink)

A universal basic income (UBI) would be a guaranteed income floor for both the employed and the unemployed, from which economic theory predicts a gain in bargaining power and a disincentive to work. For high earners, the increase in taxes necessary to fund this program would decrease their motivation to earn. To assess these aspects, we conducted a lab-in-the-field experiment at a State Employment Service office in Spain. The unemployed participants received either an initial unconditional endowment, framed under the logic (...) of the solidarity condition of UBI (UBI treatment) – to examine the taxes’ effect – or as a participation fee (FEE) or no initial endowment (NONUBI). Subsequently, they faced one default randomized task from a set of four paid real-effort tasks. To study bargaining power, they could change the task up to three times and/or skip all tasks and conclude the experiment. In the FEE treatment, they yielded the highest earnings. While we did not find a statistically significant difference in earnings between the FEE and the NON-UBI treatments, the UBI differed from the NON-UBI and FEE. A likely reason could be a crowding-out of motivation by the pressure to reciprocate without believing in other participants’ deservingness of the UBI. In addition, the results reveal that females change tasks more frequently than males. (shrink)

Apoyándose en la Teoría de la Elección Racional y en el contractualismo, Gauthier intenta derivar la moralidad como una restricción en la maximización de la utilidad justificada por la razón a partir de una situación y unos agentes moralmente neutrales. El mantenimiento de los acuerdos satisfactorios sería racionalmente justificable incluso en ausencia de restricciones externas. En este artículo analizamos la argumentación ofrecida por Gauthier en apoyo de su contractualismo moral y defendemos que, en determinadas situaciones, los acuerdos cuyo cumplimiento apoya (...) la razón son, siguiendo a Hobbes, los apoyados por restricciones externas. From Contractualism and the Theory of Rational Choice, Gauthier attempts to infer morality as a rationally justified restriction of utility maximization when considering a situation involving morally neutral agents. Even in absence of external constraints, satisfactory agreements should be kept for a purely rational justification. In this paper, we analyze the reasons offered by Gauthier in favor of a moral contractarianism and, following Hobbes, defend that in particular situations the agreements sustained by reason are those that are also sustained by external constraints. (shrink)

Utilitarianism and democracy had always been related, to the point that for same authors democracy is nothing but political utilitarianism. Though his claim can be challenged, utilitarians had always supported democracy. However, their main arguments and proposals had been remarkably different. In this paper we analyze these differences in terms both of the intrinsic differences in their theoretical proposals and of the changing historical and political context.

Este trabajo trata de las relaciones, inexistentes, probables o seguras, entre ambos escritores teniendo en cuenta cuatro aspectos: si se conocieron; la presencia de Tirso en Cervantes, la influencia de Cervantes en Tirso y la evocación cervantina en la obra del Mercedario. This article analyses the non-existent, probable or concrete relationships between both writers: Cervantes and Tirso de Molina. The analysis focuses on four aspects: the probability that both of them met and knew each other, the presence of Tirso in (...) the works by Cervantes, the influence of Cervantes in the plays of Tirso and Cervantes evocation in the works of the friar. (shrink)

«Je propose ici de comprendre cette nouvelle constellation du monde global comme la dialectique entre le tous et le personne pour expliquer ce que je désignerai, de façon métaphorique, le retour de la piraterie dans cette nouvelle ère de la globalisation.» - Daniel Innerarity.

En junio de 2011 se publicó una importante reforma constitucional en México. Con ella cambiaron la mayoría de las disposiciones dedicadas a los derechos humanos y se reafirmó la apertura del ordenamiento jurídico mexicano al derecho internacional. En este texto se ofrece una reconstrucción de algunas de las decisiones y procesos que están detrás de la reforma y se delinea un mapa de las acciones que los diferentes actores políticos, jurídicos y sociales deberán llevar a cabo para convertir lo que (...) las nuevas normas prometen en una realidad. (shrink)

Uno de los puntos de mayor interés del pensamiento estético de Hegel procede de sus Lecciones de estética, y es aquel que afirma y tematiza el fin del arte. Para entender el sentido y el alcance de esta idea, presentamos en este trabajo el modo como Hegel trata el problema del arte dentro de su filosofía especulativa y en especial en sus Lecciones de Estética. Por medio de este proceso de contextualización rastreamos finalmente las distintas interpretaciones que se han producido (...) en nuestros días acerca de la provocativa tesis del fin del arte y dejamos planteada también la cuestión del lugar que ocupa o puede ocupar el arte después del mencionado fin del arte. (shrink)

El presente texto ofrece las líneas fundamentales de la interpretación que Julius Ebbinghaus realiza de la filosofía del derecho de Kant. En primer lugar, expone la famosa “tesis de la independencia” presentada en numeroso trabajos por J. Ebbinghaus. En segundo lugar, centra su atención en el diagnóstico que hace J. Ebbinghaus de los casos de “injusticia extrema” y se pone en relación la fórmula de Radbruch con la filosofía del derecho de Kant. Por último, y frente al positivismo jurídico, J. (...) Ebbinghaus sitúa los límites de la dominación política en el derecho de la humanidad. Las consecuencias normativas de dicho derecho se ponen de manifiesto en caso de injusticia extrema, cuyo ejemplo paradigmático lo ofrece la Alemania Nacionalsocialista. A partir la ley de la humanidad, Julius Ebbinghaus ofrece una justificación kantiana del concepto de delitos de lesa humanidad. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se analizan tres concepciones de la igualdad de oportunidades que G. A. Cohen presenta en ¿Por qué no el socialismo?, a saber, la acepción liberal burguesa, la liberal de izquierdas y la socialista. Este trabajo pretende exponer y discutir estas tres concepciones de la igualdad de oportunidades a través de la filosofía jurídica y política de Kant y al proyecto de una crítica de la economía política de Marx.

Despite the promise to boost human potential and wellbeing, enhancement drugs face recurring ethical scrutiny. The present studies examined attitudes toward cognitive enhancement in order to learn more about these ethical concerns, who has them, and the circumstances in which they arise. Fairness-based concerns underlay opposition to competitive use—even though enhancement drugs were described as legal, accessible and affordable. Moral values also influenced how subsequent rewards were causally explained: Opposition to competitive use reduced the causal contribution of the enhanced winner’s (...) skill, particularly among fairness-minded individuals. In a follow-up study, we asked: Would the normalization of enhancement practices alleviate concerns about their unfairness? Indeed, proliferation of competitive cognitive enhancement eradicated fairness-based concerns, and boosted the perceived causal role of the winner’s skill. In contrast, purity-based concerns emerged in both recreational and competitive contexts, and were not assuaged by normalization. (shrink)

Throughout History, several arguments have been presented to support that though there are multiple intermediate ends, there is a single ultimate end. In this paper, we analyse the two possible lines of argument, one formal and the other of substantive nature. Both originate in Aristotle, but neither of them are conclusive in my opinion.

In liberal societies, we generally admit the principle of Procreative Liberty (PL) that, though usually defended with no explicit reference to Mill’s Harm Principle (HP), is perfectly coherent with it. It comprises several liberties, such as the liberty to decide when, how many times, with whom and if to procreate at all. On the other hand, we talk about the principle of Parental Autonomy (PA) or Parental Liberty: the parents have the right to raise their children and to make all (...) decisions concerning them free from governmental intervention. Whatever the scope defended for this right, we usually admit that it has more limits than PL. The reason is clear enough: there is a third party involved, the child, and, according to Mill’s HP, the society can rightfully intervene. Though traditionally procreative and parental rights have been considered as independent rights, and though PL and PA have been defended on different basis, in this paper I want to argue that some proposed extensions of PL are best considered as cases of PA. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the important role played by the feeling of pleasure and the feeling of life (Lebensgefühl) in the Critique of Judgment. It argues that dealing with these issues furthers the Kant’s study in his first two Critiques on the theoretical and the practical subject, and allows us the understanding of the vital background in which the transcendental subjectivity factually inhabits. Finally, it shows that in the case of the human being, his subjectivity cannot (...) be understood without its intimate connection to the body. (shrink)

Comunicación defendida ante los XV Encuentros de filosofía, Oviedo 26-27 de marzo de 2010.

El presente trabajo ofrece una clara articulación de la compleja relación que guardan el Estado y la sociedad civil tanto en la Enciclopedia las ciencias filosóficas como en los Principios de la Filosofía del Derecho. Primero, se analiza esta relación a través del papel que Hegel otorga a la sociedad civil dentro del Estado moderno libre. Segundo, se presenta esta relación como una “relación de subordinación” en virtud de la cual los intereses de la sociedad civil deben quedar subordinados a (...) los intereses universales del Estado. Finalmente, presentamos el alcance político que tiene esta “relación de subordinación” a la hora de entender la teoría hegeliana del estamento universal, cuya universalidad es siempre una universalidad concreta. (shrink)

This paper addresses how impairments in prediction in young adults with autism spectrum disorder relate to their behavior during a collaboration. To assess it, we developed a task where participants play in collaboration with a synthetic agent to maximize their score. The agent’s behavior changes during the different phases of the game, requiring participants to model their sensorimotor contingencies to play collaboratively. Our results (n = 30) show differences between autistic and neurotypical individuals in their behavioral adaptation to the other (...) partner. Contrarily, there are no differences in the self-reports of that collaboration. (shrink)