The growing academic literature on ‘food sovereignty’ has elaborated a food producer-driven vision of an alternative, more ecological food system rooted in greater democratic control over food production and distribution. Given that the food sovereignty developed with and within producer associations, a rural setting and production-side concerns have overshadowed issues of distribution and urban consumption. Yet, ideal types such as direct marketing, time-intensive food preparation and the ‘family shared meal’ are hard to transcribe into the life realities in many non-rural, (...) non-farming households, and it is unclear, in turn, how such realities can fit into models of food sovereignty. A particular practical and research gap exists in how to engage the overwhelming need for food options served under time constraints and (often) outside of the home or a full-service restaurant. The over-generalized vilification of ‘fast food’ should be replaced by a framework that allows us to distinguish between unhealthy, corporate fast foods and both traditional and emerging alternatives that can serve to extend the tenets of food sovereignty further into food processing, distribution and consumption. This article analyzes existing conceptualizations of fast food, explores fast food historically, and studies how food sovereignty can operationalize its tenets and priorities in situations where fast food is an unquestionable necessity. (shrink)

ResumenDado que George Santayana mostró simpatía hacia regímenes no democráticos y hay una faceta escéptica en su filosofía, una cuestión ambigua es la de su auténtica ideología política. Para responderla hay que abordar la sugerente teoría crítica de las ideologías que esbozó en su Dominations and Powers, y tener en cuenta su concepción de la filosofía política. Como resultado relativizamos su simpatía hacia regímenes no democráticos, pero al mismo tiempo señalamos las debilidades de su posición política personal así como las (...) ventajas y límites de su doctrina de las ideologías.Palabras claveFilosofía política, liberalismo, poder, virtud políticaAbstractAs George Santayana showed sympathy to non-democratic regimes and there is a skeptical side in his philosophy, the question of which was his real political ideology becomes elusive. To answer it we should turn to the suggestive critical theory of ideologies he outlined in his Dominations and Powers, and take into account his conception of political philosophy. As a result, we attenuate his sympathy to non-democratic regimes but we also point out the flaws of his personal political position as well as the pros and cons of his doctrine of ideologies.KeywordsPolitical philosophy, liberalism, power, political virtue. (shrink)

Ya Hesíodo hace más de 25 siglos escribía al principio de “Los trabajos y los días” [1] que el sustento, aquello que hace vivir a los hombres, los dioses lo han ocultado, pues de otro modo con trabajar un solo día, podríamos tener todo el año para no hacer prácticamente nada. Si fuera igual de fácil descubrir con la filosofía la explicación de las cosas, con pensarlas un rato sería suficiente y podríamos dedicar el resto del año a no pensar (...) prácticamente nada. Hoy en día la filosofía se halla en un período de disgregación, de fragmentación que no consigue producir un discurso unitario, un discurso coherente sobre la realidad. Este artículo pretende demostrar que la única manera de concebir la filosofía es como esfuerzo constante de reactivación del pensamiento, en donde la verdad, de existir, radica en nuestra propia actividad. [1] HESIODO: Los trabajos y los días , I. 40-45. (shrink)

Es un hecho natural que la vida no puede ser suspendida, al contrario de los juicios. Admitimos que tenemos que decidir en la vida, y que nos movemos o tenemos impulsos hacia las cosas. Por ello, actuamos de una manera o de otra, sirviéndonos y prestando cierta validez a impresiones de nuestros sentidos, frente a otras que no nos merecen confianza. Esto es lo que quiere decir Sexto, cuando advierte que el escéptico tiene un criterio no para distinguir lo verdadero (...) de lo falso, sino para conducirse en la vida. En este artículo queremos defender que las diferencias entre los diversos tipos de filosofías, y hasta de escepticismos, se producen más en el plano gnoseológico que en el práctico. Es más, defendemos que, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, no actuamos con principios establecidos, actuamos con cierto escepticismo “socializado” que todos activamos, dejándonos convencer con los datos que tenemos, de manera relativa, asimilando que lo probable o lo plausible o lo razonable en cada situación decide que actuemos en una dirección u otra, y todo presidido por lo que se nos aparece, por el fenómeno. (shrink)

Cooperative learning (CL) is one of the pedagogical models that has had more application in the area of Physical Education (PE) in recent years, being highly worked in the initial training of teachers. The aim of the study is to check to what extent future PE teachers are able to apply in the classroom the PE training they have received at university, deepening their fears, insecurities and problems when carrying it out. Thirteen future PE teachers (7 girls and 6 boys) (...) aged 20.87±1.43 participated and, after having been trained in CL in various subjects, applied it in the classroom during their internship. A qualitative methodology was used, being the interviews, the teaching diaries and the seminars with the tutor the instruments of data collection used. Three categories of analysis were used: a) initial expectations in the application of the CL; b) problems encountered in its implementation; c) reflection about its application in the future. The results showed how the future teachers did not see their expectations of success fulfilled, encountering resistance from both students and teachers in PE. Furthermore, they reflect the need to continue training in a model that has infinite nuances so that it can be implemented satisfactorily. It is necessary to continue researching a pedagogical model with so many possibilities in the area of PE and with so much transversality on a social level. (shrink)

Siempre se ha reconocido en Pirrón de Élide el inicio puntual del escepticismo griego. Sabemos ya hoy que esta información, sesgada, proviene más de la necesidad de Enesidemo de refundar el movimiento, que de la realidad filosófica. En este artículo demostramos que Pirrón, ni tuvo consciencia de ser un escéptico, ni, en rigor, inició ninguna nueva corriente. Su deslizamiento, y posterior reconocimiento, hacia el escepticismo, debe más bien encuadrarse en el natural desarrollo de la filosofía abderita, a través de Metrodoro (...) de Quíos, discípulo de Demócrito, Anaxarco maestro de Pirrón y Nausífanes su discípulo. Y todo debido al afán aventurero del personaje de Élide al enrolarse en el séquito de Alejandro Magno. (shrink)

la historia del escepticismo es oscura. Si bien se reconoce la existencia, misteriosa y discutida, de un escepticismo académico platónico, hay algunas dudas de la realidad inequívoca de una escuela pirrónica radical. En este artículo vamos a discutir, primero, hasta qué punto puede hablarse de escuela, secta o grupo filosófico pirrónico, y, segundo, si, como veremos, hay dudas del reconocimiento de este homogéneo grupo ¿por qué se habla de ella de ‘escuela’, ‘secta’ o ‘sistema’ pirrónico?

Philosophical skepticism is identified by several signs or names: Aporētikoí, Ephektikoí, Pyrrhōneioi, Skeptikoí and Zētētikoí, with significant all of them valid and some confusion in meaning. The objective of this work is threefold: first, to clarify why some of these names have been more successful than others, second, what are the reasons why one of them has been fixed as a name, in general for all belonging to this philosophical movement, and third to what is due that recognizing the tradition (...) a clear initiator, Pirrón de Elis, and being the name "Pirrónicos" one of the most popular and one of the most used by the writers who speak about this movement, has not been the most successful, as it has been traditional in most other doctrines. (shrink)

Carnéades es un escéptico académico y un pragmático que quiere fundamentar la ética no en la idea de Bien o Valor, sino en la noción de bien útil, convincente y conveniente. Una noción basada no tanto en hacer algo grande que merezca la admiración o el elogio de las personas, sino en no hacer mal a nadie y extender el bienestar personal a la mayoría. Para ello creó una norma o guía, una regla de conducta probable o persuasiva que invitaba (...) a actuar sin pretensiones ni orgullo, decidiendo en cada momento lo que parece más probable o persuasivo en cada ocasión para evitar la apraxia en la acción moral. Además, fue el primero en distinguir entre seguir una acción moral con la pauta de la probabilidad, y la imposibilidad de asentir a ella con seguridad de no equivocarnos. (shrink)

Enesidemo ha sido considerado, tradicionalmente, como figura mediadora entre el escepticismo pirroniano y el escepticismo académico. En el Códice 212 de su Bibliotheca, Focio proporciona alguna infonnación fundamental para reconocer a Enesidemo como figura clave del escepticismo entre Timón de Filunte y Sexto Empírico. Así, es corriente hablar de la pertenencia de Enesidemo a la academia platónica, y de su separación, cuando Filón de Larisa y su sucesor Clitx5maco empiezan a renunciar a los principios académicos y adoptan principios estoicos2, A (...) partir de aquí es corriente concluir que trabajaba por restaurar cierta originalidad de la especulación filosófica, basada en Pirrón, frente a todo el trabajo de reflexión y de análisis que él mismo había realizado en la academia en contra de los dogmáticos estoicos. La hipótesis de este artículo rompe esta ortodoxa interpretachin. Enesidemo es el primero en recuperar sistemáticamente los presupuestos del pensamiento pirroniano, generando un movimiento desconocido como tal hasta ese momento, el pirronismo shrink)

Parece que Platón enseñó en la Academia otras doctrinas diferentes de las expuestas por él en los diálogos. Además, parece también que voluntariamente se abstuvo de consignarlas por escrito al creer que la palabra, la enseñanza oral, era un medio más eficaz que la escritura para transmitir aquello que "tenía importancia". Dicho así, puede resultar una paradoja que el mejor prosista griego, sea un detractor, al menos en parte, de la prosa escrita. A partir de aquí, las interpretaciones novedosas que (...) han provocado las doctrinas no-escritas de Platón han generado debates a veces imposibles de resolver. Añadir unas breves notas a estas discusiones es la intención de este artículo. (shrink)

Antonio Argandoña, Norbert Bilbeny, Victòria Camps, Miquel Calsina, Àngel Castiñeira, Cristian Palazzi, Ferran Requejo, Raimon Ribera, Begoña Román, Ferran Sàez, Miquel Seguró, Francesc Torralba, Josep Maria Vallès, Rosamund Thomas Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics 2012 3(3):9-16.

George Santayana appears emotionally distant and personally uncommitted in many of his writings. In what may have been a related phenomenon, he does not seem to have committed to any school of philosophy, but rather to draw from many of the available schools when it suited him. In this article, we assess his constantly changing use of different philosophies and its implications for both philosophy and politics.

Conceptual congruency effects are biases induced by an irrelevant conceptual dimension of a task (e.g., location in vertical space) on the processing of another, relevant dimension (e.g., judging words’ emotional evaluation). Such effects are a central empirical pillar for recent views about how the mind/brain represents concepts. In the present paper, we show how attentional cueing (both exogenous and endogenous) to each conceptual dimension succeeds in modifying both the manifestation and the symmetry of the effect. The theoretical implications of this (...) finding are discussed. (shrink)

People implicitly associate positive ideas with their dominant side of space and negative ideas with their non-dominant side. Right-handers tend to associate “good” with “right” and “bad” with “left,” but left-handers associate “bad” with “right” and “good” with “left.” Whereas right-handers' implicit associations align with idioms in language and culture that link “good” with “right,” left-handers' implicit associations go against them. Can cultural conventions modulate the body-specific association between valence and left-right space? Here, we compared people from Spanish and Moroccan (...) cultures, which differ in the strength of taboos against the use of the left hand, and therefore in their preference for the right. Results showed stronger explicit associations between space and valence in Moroccan participants than in Spaniards, but they did not show any increased tendency for right-handed Moroccans to associate “good” with “right” implicitly. Despite differences in cultural conventions between Spaniards and Moroccans, we find no evidence for a cross-cultural difference in the implicit association between space and valence, which appears to depend on patterns of bodily experience. (shrink)

El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la manera en que en los últimos veinte años la promoción de un determinado tipo de solidaridad en Chile ha contribuido a la conformación de una gubernamentalidad liberal avanzada, necesaria para la instalación de un programa neoliberal. La reflexión se enmarca en los aportes teóricos de Michel Foucault y tiene por objeto empírico piezas de publicidad de promoción de la solidaridad emitidas en Chile entre los años 2009 y 2010, que han sido analizadas en (...) el contexto del proyecto Fondecyt 1090534. Se presentan tres tipos de resultados: (a) se describen los sectores sociales que se construyen como agentes de la solidaridad, (b) se reflexiona sobre las prácticas solidarias más promovidas y (c) se indaga en la forma en que se interpela a los sujetos a ser solidarios. (shrink)

Antonio Argandoña, Norbert Bilbeny, Victòria Camps, Miquel Calsina, Àngel Castiñeira, Cristian Palazzi, Ferran Requejo, Raimon Ribera, Begoña Román, Ferran Sàez, Miquel Seguró, Francesc Torralba, Josep Maria Vallès, Rosamund Thomas Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics 2012 3(3):9-16.

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} The constructionist approach of philosophy includes an epistemic dimension and a pragmatic emphasis on the interdependence between knowledge and action in the social areas. Appreciative approach to philosophy is based on the work of David Cooperrider on “Appreciative Inquiry”, which is a form of pragmatic discourse that substitutes the (...) focus on the problem with the focus on successful elements of previous experience of individuals, groups, organizations or communities. This experience can be integrated in the philosophical discourse starting from Plato's dialogues and maieutic method promoted by Socrates. Hermeneutic of the real seen as a philosophical reflection on the daily positive experiences falls into tradition of philosophical search of the ultimate meaning of reality. The appreciative speech starts from a postmodern view by a constructivist and constructionist approach, through which reality itself is a social construction generated by successive negotiations on accepted interpretations. Appreciative philosophy is centered on a semiotics grid that seeks positive qualities of existence and its strengths. Appreciative theology reveals a collaborative process between humanity and divine that catalyzes transformations in human being giving them life including eternal life. The communion human-Divinity is seen as a divine-human co-creation. (shrink)

The much-acclaimed present-day philosophical turn to the letters of Saint Paul points to a profound consonance between ancient and modern thought. Such is the bold claim of this study in which scholars from contemporary continental philosophy, new testamentary studies and ancient philosophy discuss with each other the meaning Paul's terms pistis, faith. In this volume, this theme discusses in detail the threefold relation between Paul and continental thought, the Graeco-Roman world, and political theology. It is shown that pistis does (...) not only concern a mode of knowing, but rather concerns the human ethos or mode of existence as a whole. Moreover, it is shown that the present-day political theological interest in Paul can be seen as an attempt to recuperate Paul’s pistis in this comprehensive sense. Finally, an important discussion concerning the specific ontological implications and background of this reinterpretation of pistis is examined by comparing the ancient ontological commitments to those of the present-day philosophers. Thus, the volume offers an insight in a crucial consonance of ancient and modern thought concerning the question of pistis in Paul while not forgetting to stipulate important differences. (shrink)

Boethius and the ideology of the Roman Senatorial aristocracy -- The illness and the healer -- How does Philosophy convey her therapy? -- Christianity and the Consolation.

Trabajar con la figura de Sócrates plantea una doble paradoja: por una parte, como ha sido señalado por Antonio Tovar, se puede pretender construir la biografía y a la vez la historia de un personaje que vive en una época en la que estos dos géneros no existen; por otra, si nos atenemos a la opinión más extendida, la propia filosofía se encuentra sólo en embrión y es imposible, por tanto, intentar recogerla realizando una historia de la filosofía.

La diversidad cultural entre los seres humanos es un fenómeno natural y por símismo germen de potenciales conflictos que no acaban nunca. El creador de la Fenomenología, Edmund Husserl, también se preocupó por este fenómeno y podemos decir, grosso modo, que le dedicó los tres volúmenes de Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. En la perspectiva husserliana, la Einfűhlung surge como complemento necesario de la intersubjetividad, como vía de acceso y comprensión de la interculturalidad y, por consiguiente, como la forma más eficaz (...) de superar divergencias y solucionar conflictos. Al contrario de aquellos que pretenden transformar el mundo de cualquier manera, especialmente a través de la violencia, Husserl preconiza una racionalidad y una habilidad que hagan de tal modo que esa transformación no sea penosa para la humanidad. La evolución del mundo y el progreso de la historia implican una modificación de las conciencias de los hombres-mónadas en orden a un acuerdo universal , para lo que se exige, como mínimo, una coherencia intersubjetiva en un mundo de seres humanos responsables. Para esa coherencia intersubjetiva Husserl apunta como vía indispensable la Einfühlung, de la que distingue diferentes formas y modalidades. También llamada “intencionalidad acoplante”, contribuye a una dinámica asociativa de procesos de “socialidad” y de empatía que testimonian el carácter relacional subjetivo originario presente en el mundo-de-la-vida . Husserl remonta este proceso dinámico, ciertamente con altos y bajos, a los pueblos primitivos, pasando por el mundo de los griegos y por el imperio de los romanos hasta nuestros días. En un mundo tan marcado por el egoísmo y por la violencia como es el nuestro, casi parece una utopía pretender la comprensión exhaustiva del otro por procesos intropáticos, pero es precisamente por eso por lo que la doctrina husserliana sobre esta temática nunca pierde actualidad.The cultural diversity among human beings is a natural phenomenon, which, byitself, can be the start of never-ending conflicts. Edmund Husserl, the creator of the Phenomenology, was also concerned about this phenomenon, and we can say “grossus modus” that he dedicated to this subject the three enormous volumes titled Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. The Einfűhlung, a necessary complement of the inter-subjectivity, appears, in the perspective of Husserl, like the way to access and understanding of the intercultural, and, consequently, the most efficient method to overcome differences and resolve conflicts. Contrary to those who intend to transform the world by any means possible, especially through use of violence, Husserl extols a rationality and a skill that makes the transformation not painful for mankind. The evolution of the world and the progress of history suggest changes in the consciousness of man “as individual” in order to achieve a universal agreement . What is demanded, at least, is an intersubjective coherence in a world of responsible human beings. For this inter-subject coherence, Husserl essentially points out that the Einfűhlung distinguishes different forms and kinds. This theory is also designated by “adding intentionality” that contributes to a dynamic association of processes of “communities biding” and empathy that witness precisely the origins of the intersubjectivity relations in the life-world . Husserl discussed this dynamic process, with its ups and downs, in relation to the primitive civilizations of the Greeks, the Roman Empire, and through history until the present time. In our world, so scarred by selfishness and violence, it almost seems utopian to claim an exhaustive understanding of “other” for processes of intropathy. But it is just for this reason that the doctrine of Husserl on this subject is always updated. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Nietzsche doesn't open the use of the word resentment in German philosophy. However, what he does is expand the meaning of the term, leading him to cover the idea of a physiological weakness of a (...) psychic indigestion and also a social sense. In this article we see some of the characteristics of this use of Nietzsche's term and scope of resignification that he imposes to the concept of resentment. (shrink)

In modern times, the philosophical and theological meaning of work acquires an urgency anticipated by the Marxistic materialism and the Christian spirituality, as witnessed by the Economic-philosophical Manuscripts of Karl Marx and the encyclical letter Laborems Exercens of John Paul II. But this preoccupation was already present in earlier times. In Greco-Roman history there were aulical preconceptions about the work of man 's hands, but there were also religious associations of workers where work was celebrated. The fact that God (...) incarnated in a carpenter made Him familiar with such work. The Church Fathers interpret the work of man 's hands as glorification of God, service to one's neighbor and perfection of self In 1127, during the intellectual and social revolution of the twelfth century, Hugh of Saint-Victor gave a philosophical statute to the mechanical arts in his Didascalicon. Saint Bernard, in De Diligendo Deo, identifies work with the flirts of the four degrees of that love which is the supreme law of the universe ordained for God, the supreme love. (shrink)

O artigo “Encíclica Poética” foi publicado por Eça de Queirós (1845 -1900) na Revista Moderna em 20 de outubro de 1897 e coligido postumamente no volume Notas Contemporâneas , em 1909. Eça versa sobre uma epístola que o Papa Leão XIII (1810-1903) escreveu e dedicou a certo Fabricius Rufus, seu conterrâneo romano, com o intuito de sugerir o que seria uma nobre alimentação cristã. O pontífice, grande conhecedor do latim e adepto de passatempos literários, dava indicações “politicamente corretas” de como (...) colocar a mesa, as bebidas e as suntuosas guloseimas que se iriam servir, constituindo, nas palavras de Eça, uma “encíclica poética sobre a alimentação cristã”. Eça tece comentários sobre a carta papal buscando confrontar os ensinamentos do Papa com as atitudes de vários santos e santas da Igreja Católica que teriam vivido diversas abdicações, dificuldades e renúncias, especialmente com relação à alimentação, para alcançar a santidade. Nas contraposições explicitadas nesse artigo, escrito por Eça apenas alguns anos antes de sua morte, podemos constatar o mesmo discurso crítico e sarcástico voltado à Instituição religiosa e aos seus representantes que permeou obras anteriores como O crime do padre Amaro (1871) e A relíquia (1887). Palavras-chave: Eça de Queirós. “Encíclica Poética”. Notas Contemporâneas. Papa Leão XIII.: The text “Encíclica Poética” was published by Eça de Queirós (1845 -1900) on Revista Moderna magazine on October, 20 th in 1897 and later gathered in the volume Notas Contemporâneas, in 1909. Eça writes about an epistle the Pope Leão XIII (1810-1903) wrote and dedicated to a certain Fabricius Rufus, his Roman countryman, with the aim to suggest what a Christian noble nourishing would be like. The pontiff, great Latin expert and fond of literary pastimes, used to give “politically correct” instructions on how to set the table, the beverages and the opulent dainties about to be served, making, in Eça's words, “ poetic encyclical about Christian food”. Eça comments about the papal letter in the attempt to confront the Pope's teachings with the atittudes of various Catholic Church saints who would have lived several abdications, difficulties and resignations, mainly related to food in order to reach holiness. In the explicit contrasts on this article, written by Eça few years before his death, we can find the same critical and sarcastic discourse towards the religious Institution and its representatives which permeated his previous works as O crime do padre Amaro (1871) and A relíquia (1887). Keywords: Eça de Queirós. “Encíclica Poética”. Notas Contemporâneas. Pope Leo XIII. (shrink)

In this paper we study the presence of elements related to Roman games in the work of the bishop Paulinus of Nola (355-431 AD). References to shows inhis work are not as abundant as they occurs among his contemporaries. Nevertheless, many of these references possess a great importance for us. Certainly, they are similar to other allusions made by his contemporaries; however they express the opinion of one of the most famous and prestigious bishops of the Late Antiquity about (...) these popular exhibitions. In his writings we can see his criticism of the waste of wealth in the organization of the Roman games, and also the use of a metaphorical language with ludical reminiscences whose origins go back to Paul of Tarsus. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to analyze Book III of Bernard of Clairvaux 's treatise De consideratione dedicated to his former disciple, the Pope Eugenius IIL In this particular Book, Bernard considers, on the one hand, the principal duties of the Roman Pontíff concerning spiritual affairs and, on the other reflects about the main problems that at the time were prejudicial of the good order as well as of the religious and moral life and peace expected in the (...) interior of the Ecclesia/Christianitas. The author of the article infers from this analysis that the Doctor Mellífiuous clearly supports the thesis that the Pope must not exercise the fullness of power in spiritualibus (much less in temporalibus), even though there were reasons that could justífy actions of this kind, because they do not have a basis in Scripture nor in Justice; neither does it consider the utility it might have for the faithful, or their sense of decency. The article also underlines the importance and the posterior reception of this Book III in the political writings of William of Ockham and of Marsilius of Padua against the pontifical hierocracy during the first half of the XIV century. (shrink)

La finalidad del presente ensayo consiste en partir de las nociones interrelacionadas de "capitalismo mundial integrado" (Guattari) y de "sociedad de control" (Deleuze) para intentar una deriva que cruce géneros, épocas y nombres propios: de la filosofía al cine y a la poesía (caminos de ida y vuelta), de Benjamin a Serres pasando por Homero, Kavafis, Cioran o Godard, del tardío imperio romano y sus incertidumbres a la imprecisión de nuestro propio tiempo. Posiblemente, pensar hoy la identidad humana sea como (...) nunca antes un asunto de mezcla, de viaje a través de territorios viejos que demandan una nueva cartografía. -/- The purpose of this essay is to depart from the interrelated notions of "whole global capitalism" (Guattari) and the "control society" (Deleuze) to attempt a drift across genders, epochs and proper names: from philosophy to cinema and poetry (roundtrip roads), from Benjamin to Serres, passing through Homer, Kavafis, Cioran or Godard, from the late Roman empire and its uncertainties to our own time. Possibly, thinking today about human identity is as never before, a matter of mixture, of travel through old territories that demand new maps. (shrink)

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In this study, based in the main political works of D. Fr. Alvarus Pelagius O. Min. (c. 1270- c.1350) we analyze his conception on the origin or efficient cause of the spiritual power and, also, his thought about the finality or final cause of the mentioned power. Referring to the first topic, the Bishop of Silves wants principally refutes some Marsilius of Padua’s thesis contained in the Second Dictio of his Defensor Pacis, completely different of the theology of the catholic (...) priesthood and their hierarchic degrees and the Peter’s Primacy. With this purpose, ad litteram, he bases, between other sources, specially, in James’ of Viterbo OSA De regimine christiano (1301). Concerning the finality of the spiritual power, on the one hand, Alvarus supports the Church’s traditional thought about this matter and, the other hand, by consequence, as member and defender of the hierocratic thought, he defends the thesis according which, in the Societas Christiana, the priests, the bishops and, principally, the Roman Pontiff hold the most important position concerning the secular rulers. (shrink)