This study examined the role of reflection on personal cases for making ethical decisions with regard to new ethical problems. Participants assumed the position of a business manager in a hypothetical organization and solved ethical problems that might be encountered. Prior to making a decision for the business problems, participants reflected on a relevant ethical experience. The findings revealed that application of material garnered from reflection on a personal experience was associated with decisions of higher ethicality. However, whether the case (...) was viewed as positive or negative, and whether the outcomes, processes, or outcomes and processes embedded in the experience were examined, influenced the application of case material to the new problem. As expected, examining positive experiences and the processes involved in those positive experiences resulted in greater application of case material to new problems. Future directions and implications for understanding ethical decision making are discussed. (shrink)

Drawing on social identity theory and organizational identification theory, we develop a model of the impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on employees’ organizational identification. We argue that employees’ perceptions of their company’s social responsibility behaviors are more important than organizational reality in determining organizational identification. After defining perceived corporate social responsibility (PCSR), we postulate how PCSR affects organizational identification when perception and reality are aligned or misaligned. Implications for organizational practice and further research are discussed.

ABSTRACT:We explore the impact on employee attitudes of their perceptions of how others outside the organization are treated above and beyond the impact of how employees are directly treated by the organization. Results of a study of 827 employees in eighteen organizations show that employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility are positively related to organizational commitment with the relationship being partially mediated by work meaningfulness and perceived organizational support and job satisfaction with work meaningfulness partially mediating the relationship but not (...) POS. Moreover, in order to address limited micro-level research in CSR, we develop a measure of employee perceptions of CSR through four pilot studies. Employing a bifactor model, we find that social responsibility has an additional effect on employee attitudes beyond environmental responsibility, which we posit is due to the relational component of social responsibility. (shrink)

How to improve clinical practice and, in particular, that of physical therapy? Currently, several strategies are used which all fit the label scientification. These scientific strategies have to make physical therapy''s clinical practice more homogeneous. Sometimes this homogenization is thought to be necessary for other strategies of innovation including effectiveness research. But it has also been suggested that more homogeneity in the clinic is already itself an improvement. In this article we comment on these strategies. More specifically, we direct our (...) attention at attempts in physical therapy to establish a uniform, generally adopted scientific language. We argue that these attempts fail to appreciate the specificity of therapeutic work. The effectiveness research that follows is therefore liable to take irrelevant variables into account. We illustrate this argument with examples taken from analyses of diverging therapies for stroke patients. (shrink)

This article presents the phenomenon of the refugee, as Hannah Arendt experienced it, to show its paradigmatic function. This was done by a philosopher Giorgio Agamben who tried to show the concept of a refugee as paradigmatic in sense that it has power to change the current theoretical concepts of political philosophy. The main thesis of the article is that not only the concept of refugee can serve as a paradigm, but many others so the emphasis of this article is (...) on a theoretical meaning and a conceptual productivity of a paradigm. In the context of a Forum Junge Theologie and its main theme »transgressions — Grenzüberschreitungen«, the concept of a paradigm is presented as a border–concept. Concept of a refugee as a border concept becomes a paradigm and in that way it can criticize the contemporary concepts such as state, citizenship and human rights and facilitate a new understanding of the society. The article, after presenting the argumentation of Agamben’s interpretation of the concept of a refugee as a paradigm, ends with thoughts about possible ways of overcoming of the border, which man had defined. Maybe this can be achieved by new appreciation of a human as such and not only as a citizen. The realities of state would remain in some way, but the understanding of the border between states should be reconsidered and changed. (shrink)

Ovaj rad predstavlja prikaz članka »Recepcija časopisa Praxis u Slovačkoj« slovačkog filozofa Andreja Kopčoka, koji je objavljen u časopisu Filozofia 2005. godine. Kopčokov članak opširno govori o početku upoznavanja s »praxis-filozofijom« u Slovačkoj, višegodišnjoj suradnji slovačkih filozofa s glavnim protagonistima tog filozofskog usmjerenja, odjeku što ga je ta suradnja imala u Slovačkoj, posebno ukoliko je riječ o razvoju filozofske misli s obzirom na političke i društvene prilike što su vladale u Slovačkoj u vremenu od 60-ih godina XX. stoljeća nadalje.This paper (...) is an account of the article “The Reception of the Praxis Journal in Slovakia” by Slovak philosopher Andrej Kopčok, which was published in 2005 in the Filozofia journal. Kopčok’s article expounds on the beginnings of reception of “praxis philosophy” in Slovakia, yearlong cooperation of Slovak and Czech philosophers with the protagonists of that philosophical orientation, and the responses of that cooperation in Slovakia, especially with regard to the development of philosophical thought concerning political and social circumstances in Slovakia since the 1960s. (shrink)

Successfully navigating the norms of a society is a complex task that involves recognizing diverse kinds of rules as well as the relative weight attached to them. In the United States, different kinds of rules—federal statutes and regulations, scientific norms, and professional ideals—guide the work of researchers. Penalties for violating these different kinds of rules and norms can range from the displeasure of peers to criminal sanctions. We proposed that it would be more difficult for researchers working in the U.S. (...) who were born in other nations to distinguish the seriousness of violating rules across diverse domains. We administered a new measure, the evaluating rules in science task, to National Institutes of Health-funded investigators. The ERST assessed perceptions of the seriousness of violating research regulations, norms, and ideals, and allowed us to calculate the degree to which researchers distinguished between the seriousness of each rule category. The ERST also assessed researchers’ predictions of the seriousness that research integrity officers would assign to the rules. We compared researchers’ predictions to the seriousness ratings of 112 RIOs working at U.S. research-intensive universities. U.S.-born researchers were significantly better at distinguishing between the seriousness of violating federal research regulations and violating ideals of science, and they were more accurate in their predictions of the views of RIOs. Acculturation to the U.S. moderated the effects of nationality on accuracy. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of future research and education. (shrink)

The author considers Rousseau’s concept of the general will to be the categorical groundwork of the modern understanding of democracy, and its transposition from the natural-legal to the social context, as well as its being built into the legal foundation of both social and political life to be the turning point at which the history of democracy is divided into two epochs. In the first section of the article the author reconstructs the prehistory of the concept of democracy based on (...) Herod, Plato and Aristotle’s views. He then identifies the significant changes in the concept and true role of democracy, which emerged in the century of the French Revolution, and differentiates between the concepts of general and common will in order to establish the moral dimension of democracy, in the light of which he focuses on Rousseau’s political philosophy. In the final section the author turns to partitocracy as one of the possible perversion forms of democracy. In doing so, he limits himself to the “transitional type” of systematic partitocracy, which emerged within the framework of the historical phenomenon of Post-Communism. Within this context, as an alternative theoretical approach to explaining Post-Communism – i.e. the prevalent theory of transition – the author opposes the theory of Post-Communist chaos. (shrink)

Raspravu o pluralizmu u području filozofije autor otvara razlikovanjem institucionalne i supstancionalne razine filozofskog pluralizma. Dok se institucionalni pluralizam odnosi na vanjske uvjete i okolnosti mišljenja i obilježava otvorenost i neutralnost filozofskih institucija, supstancionalni pluralizam izražava odnos prema istini kao imanentnom cilju svakog mišljenja. U tom odnosu pluralizam gubi svaki smisao, jer se istina može pluralizirati samo u svojim aspektima, pa se, sukladno tome, i supstancijalni pluralizam može odraziti kao pluralizam perspektiva . Pluriperspektivizam se, u razlici prema relativističkom perspektivizmu, pobliže (...) određuje kao integrativni perspektivizam, odnosno kao interaktivno povezivanje perspektiva u metodološkom obrascu stvaranja orijentacijskog znanja. Paradigma orijentacijskog znanja, koja se artikulira u protuteži prema monoperspektivizmu novovjeke znanosti, postaje tako duhovnim obilježjem nove epohe. U članku se ekspliciraju kategorijalna razlikovanja "objektne i smisaone istine" , te s druge strane "uporabnog i orijentacijskog znanja" , kako bi se prijelom svjetskopovijesnih epoha mogao izraziti ne samo sredstvima teorije istine nego istodobno obrazložiti i na epistemološkoj razini.Die Diskussion über den Pluralismus im Bereich der Philosophie eröffnet der Autor mit der Unter-scheidung zwischen einer institutionalen und einer substantiellen Ebene innerhalb des philosophischenPluralismus. Während sich der institutionale Pluralismus auf die äußeren Bedingungenund Umstände des Denkens bezieht sowie die Offenheit und Neutralität philosophischer Institutionencharakterisiert, bringt der substantielle Pluralismus den Bezug zur Wahrheit als das immanenteZiel allen Denkens zum Ausdruck. In diesem Bezug verliert der Pluralismus jeglichen Sinn,da die Wahrheit nur in ihren Aspekten pluralisiert werden kann, sodass demgemäß der substantiellePluralismus nur als ein Pluralismus von Perspektiven vertretbar ist. ImUnterschied zum relativistischen Perspektivismus wird der Pluriperspektivismus als ein integrativerPerspektivismus bestimmt bzw. als ein interaktives Verknüpfen von Perspektiven nach einem metho-dologischen Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Orientierungswissen. Das Paradigma des Orientierungs-wissens, das sich als Gegengewicht zum Monoperspektivismus der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft artikuliert,wird so zum geistigen Merkmal der neuen Epoche. Der Verfasser expliziert die kategorialeUnterscheidung zwischen »Objekt- und Sinnwahrheit« einerseits und zwischen»Verfügungs- und Orientierungswissen« andererseits, welche die weltgeschichtlicheEpochenwende nicht nur mit den Mitteln der Wahrheitstheorie zum Ausdruck bringen, sondernsie zugleich auch auf epistemologischer Ebene begründen soll. (shrink)

Ovaj rad usmjeren je na proučavanje prijateljskih odnosa unutar razrednog odjela. Odnosi među vršnjacima izuzetno su važni u školskom razdoblju, a nedostatak ili trajne teškoće u prijateljskim odnosima mogu se reflektirati na uspjeh učenika, usvajanje nastavnih sadržaja, sliku učenika o sebi, socijalni status i socijalni uspjeh itd. Cilj empirijskog dijela rada je ispitati kvalitetu prijateljskih odnosa unutar razrednog odjela u kategoriji ‘najbolji prijatelj’. Iz cilja istraživanja proizašla su tri istraživačka pitanja: Kakav je profil prijateljskih odnosa u kategoriji ‘najbolji prijatelj’? Kako (...) izgleda hijerarhijska struktura dimenzija kvalitete prijateljstva u ponuđenim kategorijama? Koje karakteristike opisuju najboljeg prijatelja i idealnog prijatelja? Rezultati istraživanja utvrđuju dva profila: opći te profil blizine i roditeljske uključenosti. Utvrđivanje hijerarhijske strukture ukazalo je na važnost brige i priznanja te pouzdanosti i rješavanja problema. Vrh hijerarhijske ljestvice zauzimaju dimenzije priznanja i pouzdanosti. Kao najznačajnije karakteristike koje opisuju najboljeg prijatelja ističu se razgovor i zajedničko provođenje vremena, povjeravanje i pomoć, a u idealnom prijateljstvu izdvajaju se moralne vrijednosti prijatelja. This paper focuses on studying friend relationships in the classroom. Relationships between peers are exceptionally important in school age, and a lack of such relationships or continued difficulties with them can reflect on student successes, learning outcomes, and student perceptions of self, social status, social success, etc. The goal of the empirical part of the research was to examine the quality of friend relationships within the classroom in the category of ‘best friend’. Three research questions arose from the research goal: What is the profile of friend relationships in the category of ‘best friend’? What is the hierarchical structure of the quality dimensions of friendship in the categories offered? Which characteristics describe one’s best friend and the ideal friend? The results of research affirm two profiles – a general one, and the profile of closeness and parental involvement. The affirmation of hierarchical structure pointed to the importance of care and recognition and reliability and problem solving. The highest point in the hierarchy is held by the dimensions of recognition and reliability. The most significant characteristics that describe one’s best friend include conversation and spending time together, trust and aid; the moral values of the friend are exemplified in an ideal friendship. (shrink)

This paper focuses on studying friend relationships in the classroom. Relationships between peers are exceptionally important in school age, and a lack of such relationships or continued difficulties with them can reflect on student successes, learning outcomes, and student perceptions of self, social status, social success, etc. The goal of the empirical part of the research was to examine the quality of friend relationships within the classroom in the category of ‘best friend’. Three research questions arose from the research goal: (...) What is the profile of friend relationships in the category of ‘best friend’? What is the hierarchical structure of the quality dimensions of friendship in the categories offered? Which characteristics describe one’s best friend and the ideal friend? The results of research affirm two profiles – a general one, and the profile of closeness and parental involvement. The affirmation of hierarchical structure pointed to the importance of care and recognition and reliability and problem solving. The highest point in the hierarchy is held by the dimensions of recognition and reliability. The most significant characteristics that describe one’s best friend include conversation and spending time together, trust and aid; the moral values of the friend are exemplified in an ideal friendship. (shrink)

Every successful health care system should be based on some general humanistic ideals. However, the nationally organized health care systems of most European countries usually suffer from a deficiency in common ethical values based on universal human principles. When transitional societies, such as that of Bosnia-Herzegovina are concerned, health care organizational models are even more dysfunctional. The sources of a dysfunction in medical care system of Bosnia-Herzegovina are manifold and mutually controversial, including a lack of shared principles, an inappropriate involvement (...) of politicians in medical care and practice, administrative difficulties arising from superficial communication systems, as well as economic limits concerned with the financing of health care. The deficiency of a moral culture of medicine, which is correlated to a general collapse of morality is also responsible for many problems affecting various aspects of life including medical care. Hence, medical ethics from a virtue perspective is becoming an important ingredient of any improvement deigned to provide better-quality medical care.The aim of this paper is to underline the influence of humanism on the organization of health care systems and the ethics of medical interrelations in the society of Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is not intended to diagnose or resolve the problems, but to analyze them. It is also a critique of specific socio-political-economic influences on this health care system, inquiring if well-educated individuals in the virtues, which are involved in medical practice and education, would counteract them.In conclusion, humanism creates a universal ethical structure, which is based on human values such as fidelity, trust, benevolence, intellectual honesty, courage, compassion and truthfulness. These values should represent the standard around which medical care is organized. Since the health care system in Bosnia-Herzegovina is not entirely founded upon humanistic ideals, addressing the socio-political-economic conditions that constantly undermine those values is a prerequisite for any much-needed improvements of the medical care. (shrink)

Supported by a qualitative study of triple bottom line firms—those that simultaneously prioritize economic, social, and environmental objectives—we investigated the market logic and practices of TBL firms to better understand how they fulfill their mission and achieve their goals. We explored if and how TBL firms may differ in their approach to stakeholders and the management of their resources, including dynamic capabilities. We employed a research design that emphasizes the iterative comparison of narrative data within themselves and with scholarly literature (...) [i.e., resource-based view ] to develop new theoretical insights. Because the RBV is commonly used to theorize how firms achieve competitive advantage, we explored whether TBL firms achieve competitive advantage differently from what RBV theory would predict. Our data suggest that how a firm defines value has a significant influence on the capabilities it creates and how it treats its resources. We find that TBL firms redefine value to not only focus on the end product or service but also to include the systemic cost of delivering goods. As a result, TBL firms differ from prevailing scholarly thought in RBV. They strive to have resources that are sustainable and therefore imitable, commonly found, and substitutable. Moreover, they are not only transparent in their processes but also collaborate with others in the value chain and in their sector. In doing so, they deliberately create new markets from which other firms can benefit. Rather than focusing on competitive advantage, they focus on collaborative advantage. (shrink)

Researchers encounter challenges that require making complex professional decisions. Strategies such as seeking help and anticipating consequences support decision-making in these situations. Existing evidence on a measure of professional decision-making in research that assesses the use of decision-making strategies revealed that NIH-funded researchers born outside of the U.S. tended to score below their U.S. counterparts. To examine potential explanations for this association, this study recruited 101 researchers born in the United States and 102 born internationally to complete the PDR and (...) measures of basic personal values, values in scientific work, discrimination between the seriousness of rules in research, exposure to unprofessional research practices, and acculturation to American culture. Several variables were associated with PDR scores—discrimination between types of rules in research, exposure to unprofessional research practices, acculturation, and the basic personal values of power, security, and benevolence. However, only security, benevolence, acculturation, and rule discrimination were also associated with nation of origin. In multivariate models, the variance explained by these variables in accounting for the association of nation of origin and PDR scores was somewhat overlapping, thus, only security and benevolence remained as unique, statistically significant predictors. Thus, this study identified some important variables in the association of nation of origin and PDR, but more research is needed. In a secondary analysis to examine the “clinical significance” of scores on the PDR, this study examined aggregated PDR score data from the present sample and past samples of investigators. This analysis identified scores that may suggest a concern versus those scores that may be interpreted as excellent, proficient, or marginal. Implications for training and mentoring, along with considerations for future research are discussed. (shrink)

One distinctive phenomenon in which Christianity differs from all other religions is the custom of naming and honoring those considered blessed and saints. Generally, they are real people, whose lives were characterized by Christian virtues and who “died in sanctity,” and also the people who, in the course of their lives and after their deaths, performed miracles. Consequently, specific protective capabilities are attributed to most of them and they are thus considered to be patrons by certain groups. One hundred and (...) fifty of them are established as patrons of certain diseases or as aids in certain critical situations. The reasons why the pious people accepted individual saints as patrons of certain .. (shrink)

Aristotel je strogo lučio tri bitna načina života: bios poietikos, bios praktikos i bios theoretikos, te je smatrao da samo dva posljednja načina života ozbiljuju najviše dobro pomoću savršenih oblika znanja, i to najviše dobro kao ljudsko dobro pomoću razboritosti praktičnoga uma i kao božansko dobro pomoću mudrosti teoretskoga uma . Oba ta načina postizanja sreće ozbiljuju najviše dobro na svoj vlastiti način, i to praktični um etičko-političkim djelovanjem građana u državi, a teoretski um kontemplacijom kao težnjom za vječnim životom (...) bogova i promatranjem prvih principa i uzroka svih bića u pogledu njihova bitka. Poietički način života Aristotel, pak, rangira niže od praktičnog i teoretskog. Pa ipak, katkada i poietički način života proizvodi sretan život.Na primjeru Gadamerova razumijevanja mnogolikosti iskustva bitnih načina života i mnogolikosti znanja već u okviru poietičkog znanja, u ovom se radu nastoji pokazati da poiesis kao treći bitni oblik života obuhvaća ukupnost proizvodnog znanja, dakle kako znanje na kojemu počiva umjetničko stvaranje tako i znanje koje sve više tehnizira globalni svijet i vodi sudbonosnom razaranju i kobnoj uniformiranosti samoga svijeta.Posebna je Gadamerova zasluga što je u okviru fenomenološke i hermeneutičke filozofije obnovio vlastitost umjetnosti kao oblik znanja koje kao ljudsko razumijevanje čovjeku omogućuje da pomoću povijesnog mišljenja razvije povijesnom bitku i svijetu života primjereno znanje i na njemu utemeljeno življenje i djelovanje.Aristoteles hat strikt zwischen drei wesentlichen Lebensweisen differenziert – dem bios poietikos, dem bios praktikos sowie dem bios theoretikos – und war hiernach des Erachtens, lediglich die letzten zwei Lebensweisen verwirklichten das höchste Gut mithilfe der einwandfreien Wissensformen, und zwar das höchste Gut als das menschliche Gut mittels Klugheit der praktischen Vernunft und als das göttliche Gut mittels Weisheit der theoretischen Vernunft . Beide dieser Wege der Glückserlangung verwirklichen das höchste Gut in ihrer eigenen Manier, sowohl die praktische Vernunft durch ethisch-politische Handlung der Bürger im Staat als auch die theoretische Vernunft durch Kontemplation als Streben nach dem ewigen Götterleben und der Beobachtung der ersten Prinzipien und Ursachen aller Wesen bezüglich ihres Seins. Die poietische Lebensweise stuft Aristoteles jedoch niedriger ein als die praktische und theoretische. Dennoch bringt die poietische Lebensweise bisweilen ein glückliches Leben hervor.Am Beispiel von Gadamers Verständnis der Erfahrungsmannigfaltigkeit der wesentlichen Lebensweisen und der Wissensvielfalt bereits im Rahmen des poietischen Wissens ist man bemüht, in dieser Arbeit darzulegen, dass die poiesis als dritte wesentliche Lebensweise die Gesamtheit des Hervorbringungswissens erfasst, also sowohl das Wissen, auf dem das künstlerische Schaffen ruht wie auch das Wissen, das die globale Welt zunehmend technisiert und zur schicksalhaften Zerstörung sowie verhängnisvollen Uniformierung der Welt selbst führt.Ein beachtliches Verdienst Gadamers ist es, im Rahmen der phänomenologischen und hermeneutischen Philosophie die Eigentümlichkeit der Kunst als Form des Wissens regeneriert zu haben, welches als humanes Verstehen dem Menschen ermöglicht, anhand des geschichtlichen Denkens ein dem historischen Sein und der Lebenswelt adäquates Wissen fortzuentwickeln, und desgleichen die darauf aufbauende Lebensweise und Handlung. (shrink)

Tracce dell'ascolto -- Ascolto in Essere e tempo -- Ascolto e poesia -- Ascolto e storia -- Ascolto e linguaggio.

Der Verfasser bezeichnet den Begriff des allgemeinen Willens bei Rousseau als den kategorialen Grundstein des modernen Demokratieverständnisses und betrachtet das Transponieren dieses Begriffs aus dem naturrechtlichen in den sozialen Horizont sowie seine Verwandlung zur Legitimationsgrundlage des gesellschaftlichen und politischen Lebens als Wendepunkt, an dem sich die Geschichte der Demokratie in zwei Epochen teilt. Im ersten Teil des Artikels wird anhand von Ausführungen bei Herodot, Platon und Aristoteles die Vorgeschichte des Demokratiebegriffes rekonstruiert. Sodann führt der Autor an, zu welchen wesentlichen Veränderungen (...) es im Jahrhundert der Französischen Revolution in der Konzeption und der wirklichen Rolle der Demokratie gekommen ist; er grenzt den allgemeinen vom gemeinsamen Willen ab, um die moralische Dimension der Demokratie zu sichern, und konzentriert vor diesem Hintergrund seine Aufmerksamkeit auf die politische Philosophie Rousseaus. Im Schlussteil nimmt der Autor Stellung zur Partitokratie als einer der die Demokratie entstellenden Formen, wobei er sich auf den „Transitionstyp” der Systempartitokratie beschränkt, die im Gefüge des historischen Phänomens des Postkommunismus auf den Plan tritt. In diesem Kontext wird der dominierenden Transitionstheorie die Theorie des postkommunistischen Chaos als eines alternativen theoretischen Ansatzes bei der Erläuterung des Geschehens nach dem Zerfall des Kommunismus gegenübergestellt. (shrink)

Le concept de volonté générale de Rousseau est présenté par l`auteur comme le fondement catégoriel de la compréhension moderne de la démocratie, et sa transposition d`un contexte naturel légal dans un contexte social, ainsi que la légitimation de la vie sociale et politique est prise comme une ligne de partage qui scinde l`histoire de la démocratie en deux époques. Dans la première partie de l`article l`auteur se base sur les explications de Hérode, Platon et Aristote pour reconstruire l`histoire ancienne du (...) concept de démocratie. Il passe ensuite aux changements essentiels dans la conception et le rôle réel de la démocratie qui se sont manifestés au siècle de la Révolution française, il distingue la volonté générale de la volonté commune pour établir la dimension morale de la démocratie, et sous cet aspect il se concentre sur la philosophie politique de Rousseau. En conclusion il se penche sur la partitocratie qui n`est qu`une forme d`aberration de la démocratie tout en se limitant au type transitoire de la partitocratie systématique qui apparaît dans le cadre du phénomène historique du postcommunisme. Dans ce contexte, à la théorie dominante de la transition l`auteur oppose la théorie du chaos postcommuniste qui est envisagée comme une approche théorique alternative de l`explication des événements postcommunistes. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper was to sketch in the outlines of the New Politics that is necessary following recent changes and events. The requirements of this New Politics aim not to restrict international, national and regional politics solely to the area of rational planning, but to increase the number of its partners by bringing in the religions as well and taking on as tasks their demands for justice, their universal ethics and an education in non-violence. This vision of the (...) tasks is crucially based on peace, ethical standards and promoting the human. Involvement in politics, in the sense of the New Politics described here, gives UNESCO the important role of being the meeting-place for dialogue between religions and civilizations and gives the United Nations the role of political forum for the implementation of the knowledge acquired through dialogue. As regards the university disciplines essential to an advisory function serving this New Politics, the political, economic and social sciences will of course have to be included, but we must also add History now, and particularly the History of Religions (including the Sociology and Psychology of Religion), in order to respond appropriately to the new challenges thrown up by the protest expressed in the name of religion. (shrink)