Parce que le temps est une question de pouvoir, la nuit en est également une. À notre collègue Marc Bessin En 2017, le numéro de _Conflits et Cultures _dirigé par le collectif CANDELA avait « pour ambition de démontrer la pertinence de ce champ de recherche [les sciences sociales du politique de la nuit] en constitution » (2017, p. 27). Six ans après, notre appel à articles plus spécifiquement sur les _Temporalités du nocturne_, a recueilli un très vif intérêt, (...) puisque nous avons reçu quarante-deux propositions d’articles, plus stimulantes les unes que les autres. Nous avons retenu celles qui nous semblaient traiter au mieux des dimensions temporelles de la nuit, qui, au-delà d’un contenant préalable à l'action, contrairement à l’espace, résulteraient aussi de l’activité, de pratiques (Bensa, 1997 ; Bessin, 1998). La nuit peut être envisagée comme un élément circonstanciel qui se borne par le lever et le coucher du soleil ; elle peut également indiquer « la noirceur en général, qu’elle soi... (shrink)

Ce texte a déjà paru dans un dossier de la revue SociologieS en novembre 2013 où il est disponible. Nous remercions Rachid Bouchareb de nous avoir autorisé à la reproduire sur RHUTHMOS. Résumé : Le travail à temps partiel constitue une modalité d'emploi typique d'une jeunesse féminine travaillant dans les boutiques de chaîne (enseignes de prêt-à-porter). Dans ce secteur, la flexibilité au service du marché (flux de clients) impose une disponibilité temporelle flexible : temps partiel et variabilité. Cet (...) (...) - Sociologie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Cet article a déja paru dans les Mélanges de l'École française de Rome – Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, 125-1 | 2013 et mis en ligne ici. Résumé : La gestion de l'espace et du temps est au cœur de la pratique des marchands, ici florentins, spécialisés dans le grand commerce. Cette pratique marchande, étudiée ici pour les premières années de la compagnie Salviati de Lyon, est un élément d'une culture marchande commune aux grandes compagnies marchandes florentines de (...) la fin du Moyen Age (...) - Histoire – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Cet article traite de la norme de disponibilité induite par une temporalité marchande et des résistances des employés à une flexibilité maximale. Il s’appuie sur une enquête dans des réseaux de boutiques en France et en Belgique. Nous étudions les principes d’organisation marchande au travers des pratiques managériales d’adaptation au flux marchand et de mise en subordination des salariés par les durées d’emploi. Les enseignes de mode (prêt-à-porter) façonnent un temps marchand dont la rentabilité provient de la (...) concordance entre temps de travail et temps de consommation. L’organisation productive de ces enseignes conduit à placer les managers responsables de ces boutiques dans une fonction de maximisation de la rentabilité des points de vente et à exiger du personnel une disponibilité temporelle flexible. Il en résulte de fortes pressions sur une temporalité personnelle de moins en moins autonome (désarticulations temporelles) mais aussi une opposition à une dépendance permanente au temps imprévisible de la boutique. Cette variabilité du temps de travail entraîne des conduites d’indisponibilité et de défense d’une autonomie temporelle contre le temps marchand. Les résistances ont lieu lors de changements arbitraires des jours de travail ou des horaires ; elles peuvent conduire au refus d’heures supplémentaires ou de passer à temps complet certains mois de l’année. (shrink)

Supervised injectable opioid assisted treament prescribes injectable opioids to individuals for whom other forms of addiction treatment have been ineffective. In this article, we examine arguments that opioid-dependent people should be assumed incompetent to voluntarily consent to clinical research on siOAT unless proven otherwise. We agree that concerns about competence and voluntary consent deserve careful attention in this context. But we oppose framing the issue solely as a matter of the competence of opioid-dependent people and emphasize that it should be (...) considered in the context of inequities in access to siOAT as a medical treatment. Consequently, we suggest that bioethics literature on nonexploitation, which focuses on clinical research in low-income countries, is helpful due to locating ethical issues within systemic social conditions. Finally, we consider the implications of our argument for the ethics of clinical research on siOAT. (shrink)

Casual labor is between the temporal break and the fragmentation of cities. The urban sprawl, as much as the new constraints of production, create intervals, that temporary workers have to, fulfill. These casual workers from immaterial sectors as well as from production sectors, are networking the cities and compensating for their fragmentation. The social guaranted income is an acknowledgement of their roles and an alternative to a purely repressive governance of urban problems.

In this paper we reflect on the effectiveness of cognitive mapping as a method to study farm functioning in its complexity and its diverse forms in the framework of our own experiment with a diverse group of Flemish beef farmers. With a structured direct elicitation method we gathered 30 CMs. We analyzed the content of these maps both qualitatively and quantitatively. The central role of the concept “Income” in most maps indicated a shared concern for economic security. Further, the CMs (...) indicated that farmers dealt with this shared social reality differently, as the relationships included in their maps referred to different functional processes relating to revenue streams, marketing strategies, investment decisions, dependence on production inputs, on-farm resource management, and personal well-being. With a clustering algorithm we grouped farmers based on the relationships in their maps, which allowed us to trace some of the broader patterns within the data, such as the existence of more business- and investment-minded farmers, in contrast to farmers focused on their quality of life, and animal production-oriented in contrast to marketing-oriented farmers. Taking into account farmers’ comments, we find that the applied methods had limited capability to classify farmers based on their perspectives on farming. Still, the system presentations proved useful to study what aspects farmers were working on or towards, and how these aspects may actually fit together as a whole. CMing was therefore mostly effective in exploring farm functioning in its complexity, and less so in exploring farm functioning in its diversity. (shrink)

Claudia Déméné,Anne Marchand | : La diminution de la durée de vie des produits électroniques est à l’origine de nombreux débats. Le fabricant a traditionnellement été désigné comme le principal responsable de ce phénomène, alors que l’usager est généralement considéré comme une victime. Bien que le fait soit peu reconnu, les autorités politiques exercent également une influence sur la pérennité des biens par le biais des stratégies qu’elles adoptent et des règlements qu’elles instaurent. À partir d’une analyse critique de (...) la littérature sur ce thème, le présent article a pour objectif de jeter un nouveau regard sur l’obsolescence en discutant des responsabilités souvent ambiguës de ces trois acteurs qui, à différents niveaux, influencent la durée de vie des appareils électroniques. Cet article révèle que le cadre législatif européen, visant principalement les fabricants, offre des résultats mitigés pour lutter contre l’obsolescence des équipements électroniques. Sur la base de ce constat, les autorités politiques devraient également reconnaître l’influence de l’usager dans la diminution de la durée de vie des produits électroniques en vue d’instaurer des outils de politique environnementale permettant une gestion plus durable et efficace de ce type de biens. À cette fin, l’affichage environnemental de la durée de vie est explorée dans le but de mieux informer l’usager, à l’achat, de la durée de vie des appareils électroniques, et potentiellement minimiser l’obsolescence. | : The decrease in the lifespan of electronic products is the source of many debates. The manufacturer has traditionally been designated as the main cause of the decrease in the lifespan of electronic devices, while the consumer is usually considered as a victim. Although it is little known, political authorities have also an influence on the goods durability regarding the strategies they choose and the regulations they establish. Based on a critical analysis of literature, the present article aims at bringing a new perspective on obsolescence by discussing the ambiguous responsibilities of these three actors who, at different levels, influence the lifespan of electronic appliances. This article reveals that the current legal framework first aims at the manufacturers, but offers mitigated results to take concrete measures against obsolescence. In the view of this finding, political authorities should also recognize the influence of user in the decrease in product lifetimes in order to introduce environmental policy instruments to tend towards sustainable management of electronic equipment. To this end, the environmental labelling in product lifetimes is explored to better inform the user, at the time of purchase, on the electronic device lifespan and potentially minimize obsolescence. (shrink)

Sextus Empiricus présente le scepticisme néo-pyrrhonien comme une philosophie qui cherche la vérité (PH I, 1-3). Il est difficile de le croire, pourtant, lorsque l ’ on étudie les longues séries d ’ arguments qu ’ il met en opposition afin de produire l ’ isosthénie, la force égale des arguments, qui amène à la suspension du jugement. Comment faut-il interpréter ce qui pourrait apparaître comme un décalage entre la théorie et la pratique du scepticisme? Plutôt que de conclure à (...) l ’ inconséquence du scepticisme, (i) l ’ article se propose de reprendre à nouveaux frais les passages où Sextus présente le scepticisme comme une recherche de la vérité. Pour ce faire, il faut d ’ une part (ii) lier cette présentation à l ’ opération de différenciation entre le scepticisme de la Nouvelle Académie et celui des néo-pyrrhoniens ; d ’ autre part (iii) revenir sur la pratique du scepticisme par les néo-pyrrhoniens. Loin d ’ être une recherche de la vérité, le pyrrhonisme présenté par Sextus Empiricus recherche l ’ incertitude à l ’ origine du bonheur sceptique. (shrink)

We analyze the quantum mechanical measuring process from the standpoint of information theory. Statistical inference is used in order to define the most likely state of the measured system that is compatible with the readings of the measuring instrument and the a priori information about the correlations between the system and the instrument. This approach has the advantage that no reference to the time evolution of the combined system need be made. It must, however, be emphasized that the result is (...) to be interpreted as the statistically inferred state of the original system rather than the state of the system after measurement. The phenomenon of “reduction of states” appears in this light as a consequence of incomplete information rather than the physical interaction between measured system and measuring instrument. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to determine how a Pyrrhonian considers the Law and can respond to Aristocles’ objection that a Pyrrhonian is unable to obey laws. First, we analyze the function of the Law in the 10th Mode of Aenesidemus, in order to show laws as a dogmatic source of value. But Sextus shows also that the Sceptic can live in a human society by following laws and customs, according to so-called ‘sceptical conformism’. In the light of Pyrrhonian (...) Hypotyposes 1.23–24 and Against the Mathematicians 11.162–164, I discuss the validity of the label ‘conformism’ in order to understand the nature of the political effect of the suspension of judgement. The real nature of the political position of Pyrrhonian Scepticism – that lack of commitment does not mean indifference to politics but rather a criticism of fanaticism and praise for political cautiousness – appears by comparison with the Scepticism of the New Academy. (shrink)

The contributors to this new philosophi­cal and historical examination of Vico, Herder, Schiller, and Goethe are Karl J. Fink, James W. Marchand, Harry Ritter, K. Michael Seibt, and David R. Ste­venson. Their essays and commentary address the question why this generation represent­ed by its great minds suddenly discov­ered science—a question posed previ­ously but only tentatively explored. Taken together, the essayists reveal significant new insights into the roles of language, imagination, intuition, em­pathy, modes of perception, and indiv­idualism in scientific creativity (...) and pro­vide important new contributions to the history of arts and sciences. (shrink)

The problem of statistical inference based on a partial measurement (“coarse-graining”) requires the specification of an a priori distribution. We reformulate the ordinary theory such as to encompass systematically a wide range of a priori distributions (“relative coarse-graining”). This is done in a mathematical setting which admits an interpretation in both classical probability and quantum mechanics. The formalism is illustrated in a few simple examples, such as the die whose geometrical shape is known, the spin in thermal equilibrium with an (...) unknown reservoir, and the position measurement of a one-dimensional particle. It is shown that some of the limitations of the usual theory are a consequence of the fact that it is restricted to “equidistributed” (symmetric) a priori states. (shrink)

The paper considers apprenticeship as a model of education that both teaches technical skills and provides the grounding for personal formation. The research presented is based on long-term anthropological fieldwork with minaret builders in Yemen, mud masons in Mali and fine-woodwork trainees in London. These case studies of on-site learning and practice support an expanded notion of knowledge that exceeds propositional thinking and language and centrally includes the body and skilled performance. Crafts -- like sport, dance and other skilled physical (...) activities -- are largely communicated, understood and negotiated between practitioners without words, and learning is achieved through observation, mimesis and repeated exercise. The need for an interdisciplinary study of communication and understanding from the body is therefore underlined, and the paper suggests a way forward drawing on linguistic theory and recent neurological findings. It is argued that the validation and promotion of skilled practice as 'intelligent' is necessary for raising the status and credibility of apprenticestyle learning within our Western systems of education. (shrink)

This essay argues that in overlooking the assault on the autonomy, unity, and tenacity of the classical world underway in Europe after 1880, historians have failed to appreciate an important element of historiographical reorientation at the fin de siècle. This second "revolution" in humanistic scholarship challenged the conviction of the educated elite that European culture was rooted exclusively in classical antiquity in part by introducing as evidence non-textual forms of evidence; the testimony of artifacts allowed writers to reach beyond romantic-nationalist (...) histories toward the identification of cultural areas, defined by morphological similarities, and to disrupt the traditional categories of the civilized and the barbaric. The essay focuses on a relatively obscure Austrian art historian, Josef Strzygowski, whose insistence upon Europe's dependence on Oriental forms and upon the superior historical value of material, over textual, evidence provided critics of philologically-based humanism with two important argumentative avenues. Strzygowski also represents a para-academic type, whose rise to power and prestige contributed to the so-called "decline of the German mandarins." In sketching his career, the essay attempts to show how this "decline" is bound up with the waning institutional and popular status of Renaissance humanism--and a corresponding rise of biologistic Germanophilia--in the two intellectual milieux Strzygowski inhabited . A final section suggests that this antihumanist crusade contributed not only to the articulation of racist historiography, but also to the eventual transference of politico-moral legitimacy to a non-elitist, anthropological definition of culture. (shrink)

Making Knowledge presents the work of leading anthropologists who promote pioneering approaches to understanding the nature and social constitution of human knowledge. The book offers a progressive interdisciplinary approach to the subject and covers a rich and diverse ethnography. Presents cutting-edge research and theory in anthropology. Includes many beautiful illustrations throughout. The contributions cover a rich and diverse ethnography. Offers a progressive interdisciplinary approach to the eternal questions concerning 'human knowledge' Contributions by leading scholars in the field who explore a (...) wide range of disciplines through an anthropological perspective"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Determinants of Health Who, If Anyone, Allocates Health Resources? Determining the Share of the Overall Budget To Be Devoted to Health Allocation Within the Budget for Health Health Needs and Benefits Ethical Issues in Measuring Health Benefits: Quantity and Quality of Life Ethical Issues in the Distribution of Health Benefits Other Principles of Allocation Allocation and Social Justice Democratic Choice Conclusion References Further reading.

Quel rôle joue le concept de vie quotidienne dans le scepticisme de Sextus Empiricus? À partir d’une analyse du concept de βιωτικὴ τήρησις, il s’agit de faire apparaître, d’une part (i) que la vie quotidienne, par opposition à la vie philosophique, est un fait empirique qui permet au sceptique d’agir sans pour autant avoir d’opinions et d’autre part que (ii) la vie quotidienne est une valeur qui donne sens à la philosophie sceptique. Bien que ces deux approches paraissent contradictoires, le (...) but de cet article est de montrer que le scepticisme philosophique proposé par Sextus les rend compatibles. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to examine the political implications of Sextus Empiricus’ neo-Pyrrhonism by considering two fundamental texts (PH I23-24; AM XI 162- 165). Both texts are usually interpreted as endorsing political conformism insofar as Sextus allegedly claims that one should follow the laws and customs of one’s community. But it seems possible to interpret the reference to laws and customs merely as a description of what humans in fact do. What Sextus would therefore recommend is to abandon (...) any theoretical approach to politics in favor of a pragmatic one. (shrink)

Questo volume investiga il rapporto che intercorse tra due dei più rilevanti movimenti filosofici dell’Antichità, l’Epicureismo e lo Scetticismo. I contributi qui raccolti esplorano le diverse modalità teoriche attraverso le quali queste due filosofie sono venute in contatto, spesso scontrandosi o, comunque, proponendo prospettive in ambito epistemologico, fisico ed etico profondamente divergenti. Il volume si presenta come un contributo particolarmente significativo e innovativo nell’ambito degli studi, finalizzato a chiarire e ad approfondire, dal punto di vista storiografico e teorico, i termini (...) di una vicenda filosofica certamente rilevante per la storia del pensiero antico. (shrink)

Saint Augustin parvient-il à réfuter le scepticisme académicien dans le Contra Academicos ? Une lecture attentive du premier dialogue philosophique d’Augustin laisse apercevoir une compréhension profonde de la nature du scepticisme académicien par le jeune Augustin. Le Contra Academicos propose une stratégie de réfutation du scepticisme à plusieurs niveaux : il s’agit, d’une part, de réfuter un à un les arguments sceptiques exposés dans les Academica de Cicéron afin de ne pas laisser croire aux esprits faibles que ces arguments pourraient (...) être définitifs. Mais Augustin a compris que le scepticisme est bien plutôt confirmé par une telle réfutation. Il faut donc proposer aussi des moyens de dépasser le scepticisme dans son intention philosophique en en proposant une réduction psychologique : le choix philosophique du scepticisme est alors interprété comme un mouvement de désespoir dans la vérité. Enfin, il faut donner les moyens de surmonter le scepticisme en montrant comment l’accès à la vérité est conditionné par la foi. L’étude de cette stratégie complexe de réponse au scepticisme montre ainsi que les principaux arguments contre le scepticisme développés dans la suite de l’œuvre d’Augustin trouvent leur origine dans ce débat avec Cicéron et les Académiciens. (shrink)

Que comprenons-nous du monde dans lequel nous vivons? Alors que celui-ci est entièrement pénétré par les technologies numériques, alors qu'elles modifient en profondeur nos pratiques intellectuelles, nous manquons singulièrement de moyens pour les comprendre. Puisque les machines et les algorithmes constituent une partie de notre réalité, il est de première importance, non seulement de savoir utiliser les outils numériques, mais, plus profondément, de s'approprier ce nouvel univers symbolique auquel nous appartenons tous.

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 97 Heft: 1 Seiten: 389-391.

We discuss in what sense the decay-scattering system is a minimal phenomenological theory for particle decay and resonance scattering.

The Gibbs states of binary lattice systems can be characterized by their stability with respect to certain microscopic transitions which have a simple physical interpretation. A detailed analysis is provided for the case of a one-dimensional lattice gas with nearest-neighbor interactions.

Sebbene la questione della liceità della guerra non si ponga per Machiavelli, come non si pone per la maggior parte dei pensatori italiani del primo Cinquecento, la componente etica non è assente dalla riflessione machiavelliana nell’Arte della guerra. Infatti, accanto all’assunto tecnico della creazione di una milizia d’ordinanza e dei suoi vari modi di combattere in campo, strettamente legato peraltro ai requisiti politici di una repubblica virtuosa, fondamentali sono le esigenze etiche sia nelle qualità morali dei cittadini-soldati, sia nella virtù (...) dei comandanti, sia nella dirittura dei dirigenti politici che li reclutano e li impiegano nelle operazioni militari. È quanto può essere più particolarmente evidenziato nella parte introduttiva e in quella conclusiva del trattato. (shrink)

Aunque la cuestión de la licitud de la guerra no se plantee para Maquiavelo, como no lo hace para la mayoría de los pensadores italianos de principios del siglo XVI, el componente ético no está ausente de la reflexión maquiaveliana en El arte de la guerra. De hecho, junto al aspecto técnico de la creación de una milicia de ordenanza y sus diversos modos de combatir en el campo, sin embargo, se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas a los requisitos políticos de una (...) república virtuosa las fundamentales exigencias éticas tanto en las cualidades morales de los ciudadanos-soldados como en la virtud de los comandantes y en la rectitud de los dirigentes políticos que los reclutan y emplean en las operaciones militares. Esto se evidencia, particularmente, en las partes introductoria y final del tratado. (shrink)

SUMMARYThis essay discusses Hans Aarsleff's long battle to demonstrate the importance of the French and British thinkers of the mid-eighteenth century to the development of modern linguistic thought. Contesting claims that German scholars were the first to develop historicised theories of language, Aarsleff, along with his Princeton colleagues Lionel Gossman and Anthony Grafton, helped pioneer longue durée studies of the history of philology and of historiography that cross national boundaries as well as the so-called Sattelzeit. Although the importance of his (...) work was, for a long time, little appreciated by modern intellectual historians, this essay argues that it is time that we fully learned Aarsleff's lessons. (shrink)